COVID-19 acts like a stress test, uncovering the vulnerable part of the human body: a retrospective study of 1640 cases in China.

BACKGROUND: Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exhibits multi-organ damage with diverse complications, the correlation between age, gender, medical history and clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was investigated. METHODS: 1640 patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from 22 December 2022 to 1 March 2023 were categorized and analysed. Normal distribution test and variance homogeneity test were performed. Based on the test results, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were conducted in the study. RESULTS: According to the ANOVA, there was a significant difference in the age distribution (P = .001) between different clinical presentations, while gender did not (P = .06). And regression analysis showed that age, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cancer were significant hazard factors for the development of predominant clinical manifestations in patients hospitalized with novel COVID-19. Additionally, infection with SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to exacerbate the burden on specific diseased or related organs. CONCLUSION: The elderly who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 ought to be treated with emphasis not only on antiviral therapy but also on individualized treatment that takes their medical history and comorbidities into account.

Brain structural and functional connectivity alterations are associated with fatigue in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with neurological disorders experience chronic fatigue, but the neural mechanisms involved are unclear. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigated whether the brain structural and functional connectivity alterations were involved in fatigue related to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS: This prospective pilot study used structural and resting-state functional brain magnetic resonance imaging to compare total cortical thickness, cortical surface area, deep gray matter volume and functional connectivity (FC) between 33 patients with NMOSD and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Patients were subgrouped as low fatigue (LF) and high fatigue (HF). RESULTS: HF patients scored higher on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression than LF patients and HCs. The two patient subgroups and HC group did not differ significantly in cortical thickness, cortical surface area and volumes of the bilateral caudate nucleus, bilateral putamen, bilateral amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, bilateral thalamus proper or right nucleus accumbens (p > 0.05). However, after correcting for age, sex, years of education, anxiety and depression, HF patients showed larger left pallidum than HCs (0.1573 ± 0.0214 vs 0.1372 ± 0.0145, p = 0.009). Meanwhile, both LF patients (0.0377 ± 0.0052 vs 0.0417 ± 0.0052, p = 0.009) and HF patients (0.0361 ± 0.0071 vs 0.0417 ± 0.0052, p = 0.013) showed smaller left nucleus accumbens than HCs.. Compared with LF patients, HF patients showed significantly decreased FC between the left pallidum and bilateral cerebellar posterior lobes. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first evidence linking structural and functional alterations in the brain to fatigue in NMOSD, and in the future, long term follow-up was necessary.

Effects of Molecular Structure on Organic Contaminants' Degradation Efficiency and Dominant ROS in the Advanced Oxidation Process with Multiple ROS.

In this study, the previously overlooked effects of contaminants' molecular structure on their degradation efficiencies and dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are investigated with a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system selected as the typical AOP system. Averagely, degradation efficiencies of 19 contaminants are discrepant in the CoCaAl-LDO/PMS system with production of SO4•-, •OH, and 1O2. Density functional theory calculations indicated that compounds with high EHOMO, low-energy gap (ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO), and low vertical ionization potential are more vulnerable to be attacked. Further analysis disclosed that the dominant ROS was the same one when treating similar types of contaminants, namely SO4•-, 1O2, 1O2, and •OH for the degradation of CBZ-like compounds, SAs, bisphenol, and triazine compounds, respectively. This phenomenon may be caused by the contaminants' structures especially the commonly shared or basic parent structures which can affect their effective reaction time and second-order rate constants with ROS, thus influencing the contribution of each ROS during its degradation. Overall, the new insights gained in this study provide a basis for designing more effective AOPs to improve their practical application in wastewater treatment.

Virtual Reality in Treatment for Psychological Problems in First-Line Health Care Professionals Fighting COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Series.

ABSTRACT: Virtual reality therapy (VRT) is a new psychotherapeutic approach integrating virtual reality technology and psychotherapy. This case series aimed to study effectiveness of VRT in treating psychological problems. We described four cases of first-line health care professionals with emerging clinically significant early psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak, and specifically received the VRT treatment. We compared the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 items (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), PHQ-15, and Athens Insomnia Scale to evaluate psychological symptoms and sleep quality before and after sessions. All four cases showed a reduction in scale comparison. General scores of the PHQ-9 reduced 65%, GAD-7 reduced 52.17%, PHQ-15 decreased 38.17%, and scores of the Athens Insomnia Scale reduced 67.44%. Meanwhile, a reduction in depression, anxiety, psychosomatic, and sleeping symptoms was also found, which decreased 76.92% in general. These results are highly significant statistically. This case series demonstrated the effectiveness of VRT on psychological problems as a promising approach to apply on various psychological distress and disorders.

[Effect and Mechanism of Treating Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice with Butylphthalide Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and mechanism of using 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) in combination with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. METHODS: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) was used for the induction and establishment of the EAE model in C57BL/6 mice. The mice were randomly assigned to the EAE group, which received intraperitoneal injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the NBP-treated EAE group, or the NBP group, which received intraperitoneal injection of NBP, the BMSCs transplantion EAE group, or the BMSCs group, which received BMSCs injected into the lateral ventricle and intraperitoneal injection of PBS, and the BMSCs and NBP combination treatment EAE group, or the BMSCs+NBP group, which received BMSCs injected into the lateral ventricle and intraperitoneal injection of NBP. Each group had 10 mice, while ten normal mice were used as the blank control group receiving intraperitoneal injection of PBS. The neurological function scores were documented daily. The mice were sacrificed 22 days after EAE induction, and the demyelination state of of the spinal cords was observed through Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining. In addition, the levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-17, IL-22 and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) were examined with ELISA. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the brain were examined with immunofluorescence staining. Western blot was used to check the expressions of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) pathway, IL-17 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in the spinal cords. RESULTS: The neurological function scores and average scores of each treatment group were significantly lower than those of the EAE group ( P<0.05). The scores of the BMSCs+NBP group decreased more significantly than those of the single treatment groups (the NBP group and the BMSCs group) ( P<0.05). LFB staining results of the spinal cords were consistent with the neurological function scores and the average scores. Compared with the EAE group, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22, significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß significantly increased ( P<0.05). The change in cytokine expression was more significant in the BMSCs+NBP group ( P<0.05). The expressions of GFAP, MAP-2 and MBP in the BMSCs+NBP group were significantly higher than those of the BMSCs group ( P<0.05). Compared with the EAE group, the p-NF-κB/NF-κB ratio and the IL-17/Foxp3 ratio in NBP group, BMSCs group and BMSCs+NBP group decreased, while P-IκBα/IκBα, p-pI3k/PI3K and P-Akt/Akt ratios increased, especially in the BMSCs+NBP group( P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combined treatment of NBP and BMSCs can help alleviate the symptoms of EAE model mice, showing better efficacy than treatment with NBP or BMSCs alone. The mechanism is related to the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway to regulate Th17/Foxp3 ratio and the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway to promote the neurogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

Tuning the catalytic activity of a single Mo atom supported on graphene for nitrogen reduction via Se atom doping.

Electrochemical nitrogen (N2) fixation as an effective method has realized the sustainable production of ammonia where efficient electrocatalysts for converting N2 into NH3 at room temperature have become a key scientific issue. Herein, we proposed that the catalytic activity of a single Mo atom supported on graphene (Mo/G) for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) can be tuned by non-metal heteroatom (B, N, P, S, Se etc.) doping. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the Se atom is the best doping element to tune the optimal electronic structure of the Mo atom for catalyzing the NRR among these heteroatoms, leading to the lowest potential of 0.41 V vs. RHE for Mo/SeG, which is much better than the current metal-based catalysts. Our work provided a new strategy to design electrocatalysts for the NRR.

Inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetic of ibrutinib by UPLC-MS/MS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of resveratrol on the metabolism of ibrutinib in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In vitro, rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were used to study. In vivo, 18 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6): ibrutinib and the multiple dose of 100 mg/kg resveratrol for consecutive 7 days (Group A), ibrutinib and the single dose of 100 mg/kg resveratrol (Group B), ibrutinib (Group C). Processed samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Resveratrol showed inhibition on RLM and HLM in vitro. The IC50 of resveratrol was 8.745 µM in RLM and 7.789 µM in HLM. Furthermore, Groups A and B both increased the AUC and reduced the CLz/F. The Cmax of Group A and the MRT(0-t) of Group B were significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol inhibits the pharmacokinetic of ibrutinib in vitro and in vivo. It is necessary to pay more attention to adjust the dose of the drug when resveratrol is used in combination with ibrutinib.

[Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica].

OBJECTIVE: To assess anxiety and depression in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). METHODS: Eligible patients with NMO were assessed with Hamilton anxiety rating scale-14 (HARS-14),Hamilton depression rating scale-21 (HDRS-21) and expanded disability status scale (EDSS). RESULTS: A total of 65 NMO patients [(39.85±10.36) yr., male/female: 5/60) participated in this study. They had a median EDSS score of 2.5 and a mean score of (37.37±20.44) for bodily pain. About 76.9% of patients were NMO-IgG seropositive. The participants had (11.03±6.95) HARS-14 scores and (11.74±7.78) HDRS-21 scores,with 27.69% (18/65) being diagnosed with anxiety and 24.62% (16/65) being depressed. The EDSS scores were correlated with HARS-14 scores (r=0.285, P=0.004) and HDRS-21 scores (r=0.328, P=0.008). Bodily pain was negatively correlated with HARS-14 scores (r=-0.561, P<0.001) and HDRS-21 scores (r=-0.496, P<0.001). Relapse was correlated with anxiety (r=0.285, P=0.022). Age,sex,duration of disease,and serum NMO-IgG were not correlated with HARS-14 scores and HDRS-21 scores. The logistic regression model identified bodily pain as a predictor of anxiety and depression in NMO patients (OR=1.052,1.046,respectively P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Disability and bodily pain are associated with anxiety and depression in NMO patients,while relapse is associated with anxiety only. Bodily pain is a predictor of anxiety and depression in NMO patients.

Meta-analysis of prophylactic entecavir or lamivudine against hepatitis B virus reactivation.

UNLABELLED:  Introduction and aim. Studies suggest that entecavir and lamivudine are useful as prophylactics against hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy, but which drug is more effective is unclear. Here we meta-analyzed available evidence on relative efficacy of prophylactic entecavir or lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis B infection who were undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two reviewers searched PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar as well as reference lists in relevant articles to find studies published between January 2005 and May 2015 that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on HBV reactivation, HBV-related hepatitis and all-cause mortality were extracted from the studies and meta-analyzed. RESULTS: A total of eight studies involving 593 patients were included in the meta-analysis, which was performed using a fixed-effect model since no significant heterogeneity was found. Entecavir was associated with significantly lower risk of HBV reactivation than lamivudine (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.52) as well as lower risk of HBV-related hepatitis (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.40). The two drugs were associated with similar risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.35). Egger's test suggested no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that entecavir is more effective than lamivudine for preventing HBV reactivation and HBVrelated hepatitis in patients with chronic or resolved HBV infection who are undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy.

Effects of 22 CYP2D6 Genetic Variations Newly Identified in Chinese Population on Olanzapine Metabolism in vitro.

The objective of this study was to assess the catalytic activity of 22 novel CYP2D6 allelic variants (2D6*87-*98, R25Q, F164L, E215K, F219S, V327M, D336N, V342M, R344Q, R440C and R497C) to olanzapine in vitro. Their protein products expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) insect cells were incubated with olanzapine 100-2,000 µmol/l for 30 min. The kinetic parameters of Km, Vmax and intrinsic clearance were determined by 2-hydroxymethylolanzapine, the metabolite of olanzapine mediated by CYP2D6, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the kinetic parameters of 2 alleles, CYP2D6*92 and 2D6*96, could not be detected; 17 allelic variants, CYP2D6*87-*88, 2D6*90-*91, 2D6*93-*95, 2D6*97, R25Q, F164L, E215K, F219S, V327M, V342M, R344Q, R440C and R497C, significantly reduced the intrinsic clearance of olanzapine; 2 variants, CYP2D6*89 and 2D6*98, increased the intrinsic clearance of olanzapine; no difference was found in intrinsic clearance of D336N. Furthermore, 6 alleles, CYP2D6*87, 2D6*88, 2D6*91, 2D6*93, 2D6*97 and R497C, exhibited higher Km values in a range of 120.80-217.56% relative to wild-type CYP2D6*1. The research demonstrated the metabolic phenotype of the 22 novel CYP2D6 variants for olanzapine that were different from probe drugs we used previously and might provide beneficial information to the personalized medicine of olanzapine.

[Correlates of Fatigue in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica].

OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical characteristics associated with fatigue in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted in NMO patients, measuring fatigue using the fatigue impact scale (FIS). RESULTS: A total of 64 NMO patients (mean age: 50.0 years; male/female: 3/61) completed the survey: 71.9% were NMO-IgG seropositive and 43 (67.2%) received immunosuppressive treatments. The patients obtained a global FIS score of 64.8±36.1, with 13.2±8.5, 20.6±11.6 and 31.0±18.7 for the cognitive, physical and social dimensions, respectively. No significant differences were found in global FIS scores ( P=0.294 9), and cognitive ( P=0.467 1), physical ( P=0.472 2) and social ( P=0.212 6) dimensional scores between those with and without immunosuppressive treatments. Age, sex, serum NMO-IgG, duration of disease and annual relapse rates were neither correlated with global FIS scores ( P>0.05), nor with the three dimensional scores ( P>0.05). The Expanded Disability Status Scale score was positively associated with global FIS scores ( P=0.000 5)and cognitive( P=0.018 7), physical( P=0.000 4) and social ( P=0.000 5)dimensional scores. The frequency of attack was also positively correlated with cognitive dimensional scores ( P=0.007 9). CONCLUSIONS: Disability is associated with cognitive, physical and social dimensions of fatigue. High frequency of attack is positively correlated with the cognitive dimension of fatigues.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for submucosal uterine fibroids.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the efficiency and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) in treating symptomatic submucosal uterine myomas. DESIGN: Self-controlled study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING: Single center. PATIENTS: Twenty-two premenopausal women with 22 symptomatic submucosal uterine myomas. INTERVENTION: All patients underwent ultrasound-guided PMWA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PMWA was performed in 22 premenopausal women with 22 symptomatic submucosal uterine myomas. Mean (SD) patient age was 42 (4.60) years (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.96-44.04). Five symptomatic submucosal uterine myomas were identified as type 0, 7 as type 1, and 10 as type 2. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after surgery. Myoma volume, hemoglobin concentration, and scores on the UFS-QOL (Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life) questionnaire were recorded before and at 3 and 12 months after ablation. Complications were also recorded. In all patients, therapy was completed with a single ablation. The baseline diameter of the symptomatic submucosal uterine myomas was 4.90 (1.60) cm. Mean myoma volume reduction rate was 81.46% (16.33%) (95% CI, 73.06%-89.86%) at 3 months (p < .001) and reached 90.00% (9.79%) (95% CI, 85.07-95.13) at 12 months (p < .001). At 3 months after ablation, hemoglobin concentration increased from 88.64 (21.87) g/L (95% CI, 78.94-98.34) to 123.21 (15.77) g/L (95% CI, 115.10-131.32) (p < .001), and remained stable at 12 months, with a value of 125.92 (14.90) g/L (95% CI, 117.98-133.86). Scores on the UFS-QOL were comparable, with normal levels observed at 1 year. No major complications were observed. Nine patients were discharged with necrotic masses. CONCLUSION: PMWA seems to be effective and safe for treatment of submucosal myomas.

Time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression and steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells after acute immobilization stress.

Leydig cells secrete testosterone, which is essential for male fertility and reproductive health. Stress increases the secretion of glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT; in rats), which decreases circulating testosterone levels in part through a direct action by binding to the glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1) in Leydig cells. The intratesticular CORT level is dependent on oxidative inactivation of glucocorticoid by 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) in Leydig cells. In the present study, we investigated the time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression levels after acute immobilization stress in rats. The plasma CORT levels were significantly increased 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 h after immobilization stress, while plasma testosterone levels were significantly reduced 3 and 6 h, after stress and luteinizing hormone (LH) did not change. Immobilization stress caused the down-regulation of Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels in the rat testis starting at the first hour of stress, ahead of the significant decreases of plasma testosterone levels. Other mRNA levels, including Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1 and Hsd17b3, began to decline after 3 h. Hsd11b1 and Nos2 mRNA levels did not change during the course of stress. Administration of glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 significantly restored plasma testosterone levels. In conclusion, Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels are more sensitive to acute stress, and acute immobilization stress causes the decline of the steroidogenic pathway via elevating the levels of glucocorticoid, which binds to NR3C1 in Leydig cells to inhibit steroidogenic gene expression.

A Survey on Graph Neural Networks and Graph Transformers in Computer Vision: A Task-Oriented Perspective.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have gained momentum in graph representation learning and boosted the state of the art in a variety of areas, such as data mining (e.g., social network analysis and recommender systems), computer vision (e.g., object detection and point cloud learning), and natural language processing (e.g., relation extraction and sequence learning), to name a few. With the emergence of Transformers in natural language processing and computer vision, graph Transformers embed a graph structure into the Transformer architecture to overcome the limitations of local neighborhood aggregation while avoiding strict structural inductive biases. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of GNNs and graph Transformers in computer vision from a task-oriented perspective. Specifically, we divide their applications in computer vision into five categories according to the modality of input data, i.e., 2D natural images, videos, 3D data, vision + language, and medical images. In each category, we further divide the applications according to a set of vision tasks. Such a task-oriented taxonomy allows us to examine how each task is tackled by different GNN-based approaches and how well these approaches perform. Based on the necessary preliminaries, we provide the definitions and challenges of the tasks, in-depth coverage of the representative approaches, as well as discussions regarding insights, limitations, and future directions.

Enhancing representation in radiography-reports foundation model: a granular alignment algorithm using masked contrastive learning.

Recently, multi-modal vision-language foundation models have gained significant attention in the medical field. While these models offer great opportunities, they still face crucial challenges, such as the requirement for fine-grained knowledge understanding in computer-aided diagnosis and the capability of utilizing very limited or even no task-specific labeled data in real-world clinical applications. In this study, we present MaCo, a masked contrastive chest X-ray foundation model that tackles these challenges. MaCo explores masked contrastive learning to simultaneously achieve fine-grained image understanding and zero-shot learning for a variety of medical imaging tasks. It designs a correlation weighting mechanism to adjust the correlation between masked chest X-ray image patches and their corresponding reports, thereby enhancing the model's representation learning capabilities. To evaluate the performance of MaCo, we conducted extensive experiments using 6 well-known open-source X-ray datasets. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of MaCo over 10 state-of-the-art approaches across tasks such as classification, segmentation, detection, and phrase grounding. These findings highlight the significant potential of MaCo in advancing a wide range of medical image analysis tasks.

Concepts and applications of digital twins in healthcare and medicine.

The digital twin (DT) is a concept widely used in industry to create digital replicas of physical objects or systems. The dynamic, bi-directional link between the physical entity and its digital counterpart enables a real-time update of the digital entity. It can predict perturbations related to the physical object's function. The obvious applications of DTs in healthcare and medicine are extremely attractive prospects that have the potential to revolutionize patient diagnosis and treatment. However, challenges including technical obstacles, biological heterogeneity, and ethical considerations make it difficult to achieve the desired goal. Advances in multi-modal deep learning methods, embodied AI agents, and the metaverse may mitigate some difficulties. Here, we discuss the basic concepts underlying DTs, the requirements for implementing DTs in medicine, and their current and potential healthcare uses. We also provide our perspective on five hallmarks for a healthcare DT system to advance research in this field.

Intractable hiccup caused by spinal cord lesions in demyelination disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to summarize the clinical features of patients who presented intractable hiccup (IH) without brain and medulla oblongata (MO) lesions. METHOD: This study included six patients who were diagnosed with inflammatory demyelinating myelitis, categorized as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MS), and myelitis. Patients who presented IH with cervical lesions but without MO lesions were also included. Clinical profiles, laboratory data, and magnetic resonance imaging findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Three out of six patients were diagnosed with NMO, whereas the remaining three were diagnosed with acute myelitis, recurrent myelities, and MS, respectively. The duration of hiccup was from 2 to 23 days (average = 9.33 ± 8.64 days). Five patients (83.33%, patients 1-5) had long segmental lesions and one had a patchy lesion. None of these patients had any MO lesions. Half of them were successfully treated with high-dose methylprednisolone combined with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitor. CONCLUSION: IH occurred in patients without MO lesion. However, the mechanism remained unclear. Immune factors of demyelinating neuropathy stimulated the hiccup reflex arch. Cervical cord lesions may activate the hiccup center. In general, IH can be controlled by IVMP combined with GABA inhibitor. Unilateral phrenic nerve block may elicit no effect.

[Respiratory physicians' knowledge, attitude and practice of tobacco control and their smoking status in the city of Chongqing].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the smoking status, knowledge of smoking hazards, attitude of tobacco control and skill of assisting smoking cessation in respiratory physicians in the city of Chongqing and therefore to provide references for their further participation in social tobacco control. METHODS: With a self-designed questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted on respiratory physicians of 8 hospitals in Chongqing, which were selected with stratified random sampling method. All the data were inputted with software Epidata 3.1 and were analyzed with SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: A total of 428 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with a valid rate of 95.1% (428/450). The total smoking rate was 12.4% (95%CI: 9.3% - 15.5%), with 7.4% in physicians of teaching hospitals, 8.13% in those of hospitals located in urban areas, and 19.0% in those of hospitals located in suburban district counties. The differences in smoking rates in the respiratory physicians among different hospitals showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 11.734, P = 0.014). The smoking rate of the male was higher than that of the female. Of the surveyed doctors, 80.14% had awareness that tobacco dependence was a neuropsychiatric disease characterized as nicotine addiction, while 34.8% claimed that they had no idea about quitting smoking drugs. Although all participants claimed that they knew the harm of secondhand smoke, 16.36% of them still had never come forward to prevent smoking behavior in hospitals. There was only 27.4% of the surveyed discouraging smoking behavior with the reason of unwillingness to breath in secondhand smoke, while 53.9% of the surveyed discouraged smoking behavior because of regulations of hospitals. Most of the surveyed did relatively well in routinely inquiring and recording the smoking status of patients, but only 27.1% of them had recommended specific quitting smoking methods to patients, and there were few successful cases in practice. The situations of smoking cessation assistance in hospitals located in urban areas and suburban district counties were better than that in teaching hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The smoking rate of the respiratory physicians (especially male doctors) in Chongqing is high. There is lack of enthusiasm in preventing smoking behavior in public area of hospitals. The knowledge and skills of smoking cessation are lacking as well. Therefore more training programs for smoking control are needed. Respiratory physicians in primary hospitals or community health centers can play a more important role in smoking control.

A Unified Visual Information Preservation Framework for Self-supervised Pre-Training in Medical Image Analysis.

Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) in computer vision are primarily comparative, whose goal is to preserve invariant and discriminative semantics in latent representations by comparing siamese image views. However, the preserved high-level semantics do not contain enough local information, which is vital in medical image analysis (e.g., image-based diagnosis and tumor segmentation). To mitigate the locality problem of comparative SSL, we propose to incorporate the task of pixel restoration for explicitly encoding more pixel-level information into high-level semantics. We also address the preservation of scale information, a powerful tool in aiding image understanding but has not drawn much attention in SSL. The resulting framework can be formulated as a multi-task optimization problem on the feature pyramid. Specifically, we conduct multi-scale pixel restoration and siamese feature comparison in the pyramid. In addition, we propose non-skip U-Net to build the feature pyramid and develop sub-crop to replace multi-crop in 3D medical imaging. The proposed unified SSL framework (PCRLv2) surpasses its self-supervised counterparts on various tasks, including brain tumor segmentation (BraTS 2018), chest pathology identification (ChestX-ray, CheXpert), pulmonary nodule detection (LUNA), and abdominal organ segmentation (LiTS), sometimes outperforming them by large margins with limited annotations. Codes and models are available at https://github.com/RL4M/PCRLv2.

nnFormer: Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation via a 3D Transformer.

Transformer, the model of choice for natural language processing, has drawn scant attention from the medical imaging community. Given the ability to exploit long-term dependencies, transformers are promising to help atypical convolutional neural networks to learn more contextualized visual representations. However, most of recently proposed transformer-based segmentation approaches simply treated transformers as assisted modules to help encode global context into convolutional representations. To address this issue, we introduce nnFormer (i.e., not-another transFormer), a 3D transformer for volumetric medical image segmentation. nnFormer not only exploits the combination of interleaved convolution and self-attention operations, but also introduces local and global volume-based self-attention mechanism to learn volume representations. Moreover, nnFormer proposes to use skip attention to replace the traditional concatenation/summation operations in skip connections in U-Net like architecture. Experiments show that nnFormer significantly outperforms previous transformer-based counterparts by large margins on three public datasets. Compared to nnUNet, the most widely recognized convnet-based 3D medical segmentation model, nnFormer produces significantly lower HD95 and is much more computationally efficient. Furthermore, we show that nnFormer and nnUNet are highly complementary to each other in model ensembling. Codes and models of nnFormer are available at https://git.io/JSf3i.