Exploring flatfeet morphology in children aged 6-12 years: relationships with body mass and body height through footprints and three-dimensional measurements.

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between flatfoot morphology and body mass and height in children aged 6-12 years. A total of 6471 Chinese children (mean age 9.0 ± 1.9 years, 41% female) were assessed for foot morphometry, body height, and body mass index. Foot morphology, including foot length, width, girth, arch height, hallux valgus angle, and rearfoot valgus angle, was measured using a 3D laser scanner. Flatfoot evaluations were conducted using the Sztriter-Godunov index (KY) from footprints. All measurements were analyzed by age and sex using the mean values of the left and right sides. Comparisons were performed between flatfoot groups, between body mass index (BMI) groups, and between body height groups. The study revealed a significant decrease in the incidence of bipedal flatfoot with age (p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of obesity remained consistent (p > 0.05). Bipedal flatfoot was associated with distinct morphological changes, including lower arches, reduced instep height, diminished ankle heights and a greater rearfoot valgus angle (p < 0.05). When comparing the BMI groups, overweight children had larger and thicker feet (p < 0.05), but no differences were found in arch height and ankle height (p > 0.05). When comparing the body height groups, short-statured children had a shorter feet girth, shorter arches, and shorter ankle height (p < 0.05), but no differences were found in the rearfoot valgus angle (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The main characteristics of flat feet include lower arches and instep heights and ankle heights but higher rearfoot valgus angles. In general, overweight children's feet do not have the common features of flat feet. In contrast, short children had similar features of flatfoot except for rearfoot valgus. Assessment of posture, such as rearfoot valgus, can be critical in identifying children with flat feet. WHAT IS KNOWN: • The morphology of children's feet is associated with body growth, but the relationship between flatfeet and body mass and height remains controversial. WHAT IS NEW: • Three-dimensional foot measurement shows that body mass is generally not associated with flatfeet, while short children have lower arches but no rearfoot valgus.

Effects of calcitonin on lumbar spinal stenosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: There is some controversy about the effects of calcitonin (CT) on lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). This systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of CT in the treatment of patients with LSS. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed an electronic search depicting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through 4 databases from the date of database creation to January 2023. 3 different researchers conducted independent literature screening, data extractions, and quality assessments. The outcome measures included visual analogue scale (VAS), walking distance, and oswestry disability index (ODI). Meta-analysis and trial sequence analysis (TSA) were carried out using RevMan 5.4, Stata 16.0, and TSA 0.9. GRADE 3.6 was used to evaluate the evidence quality. RESULTS: We accepted 9 studies with 496 participants. The meta-analysis revealed that CT offered no significant improvement in VAS, walking distance, or ODI in patients with LSS. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that CT has a benefit in patients with LSS, either alone or in combination with other treatments, or depending on the route of administration, according to the systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant RCTs.

Impact of the uniaxial strain on terahertz modulation characteristics in flexible epitaxial VO2 film across the phase transition.

Exploring flexible electronics is on the verge of innovative breakthroughs in terahertz (THz) communication technology. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) with insulator-metal transition (IMT) has excellent application potential in various THz smart devices, but the associated THz modulation properties in the flexible state have rarely been reported. Herein, we deposited an epitaxial VO2 film on a flexible mica substrate via pulsed-laser deposition and investigated its THz modulation properties under different uniaxial strains across the phase transition. It was observed that the THz modulation depth increases under compressive strain and decreases under tensile strain. Moreover, the phase-transition threshold depends on the uniaxial strain. Particularly, the rate of the phase transition temperature depends on the uniaxial strain and reaches approximately 6 °C/% in the temperature-induced phase transition. The optical trigger threshold in laser-induced phase transition decreased by 38.9% under compressive strain but increased by 36.7% under tensile strain, compared to the initial state without uniaxial strain. These findings demonstrate the uniaxial strain-induced low-power triggered THz modulation and provide new insights for applying phase transition oxide films in THz flexible electronics.

[Expert consensus for Jiegu Qili Tablets (Capsules) in treatment of fracture in clinical practice].

Fracture is one of the common diseases in the department of orthopaedics and traumatology. Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules) are a Chinese patent medicine commonly used to treat fractures in clinical practice, which has been included in the Class A drugs of the catalog of medicines covered by the National Medical Insurance System. However, no consensus or guideline has yet been developed to guide clinicians based on an evidence-based approach in detail, which has severely limited the clinical value of this drug. According to the guiding principle of evidence as the key, consensus as the supplement, and experience as the reference, a consensus was developed in strict accordance with the steps stipulated in the expert consensus on clinical applications of proprietary Chinese medicines. Based on literature review and questionnaire survey, the consensus was a timely summary of the existing clinical evidence on the treatment of fractures with Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules), and incorporated the treatment experience of a number of clinical experts. The preparation process took more than a year and the consensus(GS/CACM 293-2021) was officially released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine in September 2021, with the participation of multidisciplinary experts from 27 organizations of Chinese and Western medicine and research institutions. This article introduces the background and objectives of the consensus in detail, and describes the main process of proposal, drafting, expert consensus, and consultation. In particular, 5 consensus recommendations and 12 consensus suggestions are formed with regard to the key issues of indications, treatment timing, dose, duration, and safety in the clinical application of Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules) for the treatment of fractures, which guide and standardize the rational use by clinicians and improve the accuracy and safety of drugs.

[Expert consensus for Jingtong Granules in treatment of cervical radiculopathy in clinical application].

With the effects of activating blood and resolving stasis, and moving Qi to relieve pain, Jingtong Granules is widely used in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy in China. Long-term clinical application and related evidence have shown that the prescription has ideal effect in alleviating the pain in neck, shoulder, and upper limbs, stiffness or scurrying numbness, and scurrying pain caused by this disease. However, there is a lack of consensus on the clinical application of Jingtong Granules. Therefore, clinical first-line experts and methodology experts from all over the country were invited to compile this expert consensus. This expert consensus is expected to guide clinicians to use Jingtong Granules in a standardized and reasonable way, improve clinical efficacy, reduce medication risks, and benefit patients. First, according to the clinical experience of experts and the standard development procedures, the indications, syndrome characteristics, clinical advantages, and possible adverse reactions of Jingtong Granules were summarized. Then, through face-to-face interview of clinical doctors in traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine and survey of the clinical application, the clinical problems were summed up, and the consensus was reached with the nominal group method to form the final clinical problems. Third, evidence retrieval was carried out for the clinical problems, and relevant evidence was evaluated. The GRADE system was employed to rate the quality of evidence. Fourth, 5 recommendation items and 3 consensuses items were summarized with the nominal group method. Opinions and peer reviews on the consensus content were solicited through expert meetings and letter reviews. The final consensus includes the summary of evidence on the clinical indications, effectiveness, and safety of Jingtong Granules, which can serve as a reference for clinicians in hospitals and primary health institutions.

[Advantages, development opportunities, and practice paths of traditional Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of elderly comorbidities].

This article focused on the significant public health issue of comorbidities in the elderly population and highlighted the important role of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the prevention and treatment of comorbidities in the elderly. It suggested that TCM should fully utilize its advantages in holistic perspective, syndrome differentiation and treatment, and preventive medicine in the process of preventing and treating comorbidities in the elderly. At the same time, in response to the significant shift in the disease spectrum of the elderly, the increasingly innovative concepts in diagnosis and treatment, the growing demand for proactive health by the el-derly population, and the current emphasis on patient-centered evaluation standards, it is necessary to further conduct basic theoretical and experimental research on comorbidities in the elderly using TCM, emphasize clinical research on comorbidities in the elderly, explore appropriate efficacy evaluation systems, improve TCM prevention and treatment strategies and comprehensive intervention programs for comorbidities in the elderly, and leverage the unique role of TCM in the rehabilitation of elderly comorbidity patients. By analyzing the potential of TCM in the field of comorbidities in the elderly, this article is expected to provide new insights for future clinical practice and scientific research.

[Research progress in mechanism of Chinese herbal compounds and monomers in delaying lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration].

Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the treatment of degenerative bone and joint diseases, and its widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, many scholars have conducted a large number of basic studies on the delay of intervertebral disc degeneration by herbal compound and monomeric components from different perspectives. In order to further elucidate its mechanism of action, this paper summarizes the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies conducted at the level of both herbal compound and single components, respectively, in order to provide references for the basic research on the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration by Chinese medicine. A summary shows that commonly used herbal compound prescriptions include both classical prescriptions such as Duhuo Jisheng Decoction, as well as clinical experience prescriptions such as Yiqi Huoxue Recipe. Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, and Eucommiae Cortex were used most frequently. Tonic for deficiency and blood stasis activators were used most frequently. The most utilized monomeric components include icariin, ginsenoside Re, salvianolic acid B and aucubin. The main molecular mechanisms by which herbal compound and monomeric components delay of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration include improving the intervertebral disc microenvironment, promoting the synthesis of aggregated proteoglycans and type Ⅱ collagen in the intervertebral disc, reducing the degradation of the extracellular matrix, and inhibiting apoptosis in the nucleus pulposus cells, etc. The main signaling pathways involved include Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, MAPK-related signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Fas/FasL signaling pathway, PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and hedgehog signaling pathway, etc.

Active control of terahertz waves based on p-Si hybrid PIT metasurface device under avalanche breakdown.

Active control of terahertz waves is a critical application for terahertz devices. Silicon is widely used in large-scale integrated circuit and optoelectronic devices, and also shows great potential in the terahertz field. In this paper, a p-Si hybrid metasurface device is proposed and its terahertz characteristics under avalanche breakdown effect is investigated. In the study, a plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect caused by the near-field coupling of the bright mode and the dark mode is observed in the transmission spectrum. Due to avalanche breakdown effect, the resonance of the PIT metamaterial disappears as the current increased. Carriers existed in the interface between the metasurface and substrate result to a dipole resonance suppression. When the current continues increasing, the maximal modulation depth can reach up to 99.9%, caused by the avalanche effect of p-Si. Experimental results demonstrate that the avalanche breakdown p-Si can achieve a performance modulation depth, bringing much more possibilities for terahertz devices.

Mid-infrared multispectral confocal microscope using off-axis parabolic mirrors to study epiretinal membranes.

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) multispectral microscopy, especially operating at the wavelength of 5-11 µm, is an effective tool for detecting, identifying, and quantifying the structure and composition of biological tissues. Compared with that based on the optical lens, the mid-infrared microscope composed of off-axis parabolic (OAP) mirrors is low cost, simple, and suitable for longer range of wavelength without chromatic aberrations, while keeping the optical transmission efficiency. Here we report a compact and versatile mid-infrared multispectral confocal microscope based on off-axis parabolic mirrors. We also perform numerical calculations based on the vectorial diffraction theory on OAP mirrors and analyze the typical aberrations and misalignment of the OAP-based optical system. Finally, we perform multispectral imaging of the epiretinal membrane of the human eyes with the spectrum selected according to its resonance absorption peak. The system is designed to perform multispectral or even hyperspectral imaging to identify and predict potential disease.

Tanshinone IIA Ameliorates Inflammation Response in Osteoarthritis via Inhibition of miR-155/FOXO3 Axis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage and joint destruction with an associated risk of mobility disability in elderly people. Although a lot of achievements have been made, OA is still regarded as an incurable disease. Therefore, the pathological mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies of OA need more investigation. METHODS: MTT assay was conducted to measure the viability of chondrocytes after LPS treatment. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V/propidium iodide labeling. ELISA was used to determine the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the culture supernatant of chondrocytes. The expression level of miR-155, IL-1ß, FOXO3, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in chondrocytes was analyzed by RT-qPCR or Western blot. RESULTS: We found that LPS led to inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis, and increased miR-155 expression in human articular chondrocytes. Tanshinone IIA could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis of chondrocytes via regulating the expression of miR-155 and FOXO3. miR-155 directly targeted the 3'-UTR of FOXO3 to regulate its expression. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data suggest tanshinone IIA ameliorates inflammation response in OA via inhibition of the miR-155/FOXO3 axis, and provide some evidences that tanshinone IIA could be designed and developed as a new promising clinical therapeutic drug for OA patients.

[Study on mechanism of "Epimedii Folium-Paeoniae Radix Alba" in treatment of lumbar disc herniation based on network pharmacology].

The aim of this paper was to investigate the key targets and mechanism of "Epimedii Folium-Paeoniae Radix Alba" in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation by means of network pharmacology. The currently recognized databases and analysis software at home and abroad were used to construct the network from drugs and diseases. The chemical components of Epimedii Folium and Paeo-niae Radix Alba were collected by using databases such as TCMSP, while their active components were determined and the action targets were predicted according to threshold screening and literature reports. The genes for lumbar disc herniation were collected by using GeneCards, OMIM, and DisGeNET databases. The drug targets were mapped to disease targets, and protein interaction network analysis for key targets, GO function enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Finally, 23 active components of Epimedium Folium and 13 active components of Paeoniae Radix Alba were determined, and a total of 624 drug targets were obtained. After standardization, 214 drug targets were obtained. In addition, 306, 2 and 5 related targets of lumbar disc herniation were collected from GeneCards, OMIM, and DisGeNET database, respectively, and a total of 293 disease targets were obtained after deduplication. After the mapping of drug target and disease target, 44 common targets were obtained. PPI protein interaction network analysis showed that IL-6, TNF, AKT1, MAPK1, and VEGFA may be the core targets for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. GO enrichment analysis identified 56 items(P<0.05), among which biological processes mainly included immune response, apoptosis, etc.; cell components mainly included extracellular space, extracellular region, etc.; molecular functions mainly included cytokine activity, metallopeptidase activity and so on. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 91 signaling pathways related to inflammation, metabolism, and senescence were identified, mainly including IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway and so on. "Epimedii Folium-Paeoniae Radix Alba" showed the characteristics of multi-channel and multi-target for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. This study preliminarily explored the key targets for its role and the biological processes and signaling pathways involved. It was found that it may play a therapeutic role by affecting inflammation and immune regulation, which laid the foundation for further experimental verification.

[Efficacy and safety of Shentong Zhuyu Decoction for lumbar disc herniation: systematic review and Meta-analysis].

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Shentong Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, in order to provide evidence for its clinical application. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM and Clinical Trials.gov databases were sysmatically retrieved. Two researchers independently searched, screened and extracted data. Randomized controlled trials in line with the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The article quality was assessed with the bias risk tool in the Cochrane Handbook. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3. A total of 604 articles were obtained from the retrieval, and 824 patients in 9 studies were finally selected through screening. The course of treatment was about 1 month, and all of the studies were completed in China. Meta-analysis showed that the efficacy of Shentong Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation was better than that of the control group(RR=1.19, 95%CI[1.12, 1.26], P<0.000 01), including the comparison with Yaotongning Capsules(RR=1.10, 95%CI[1.02, 1.19], P=0.01) and diclofenac sodium tablets(RR=1.26, 95%CI[1.11, 1.44], P=0.000 4). In VAS pain score, Shentong Zhuyu Decoction had also obvious advantages(MD=-3.70, 95%CI[-6.31,-1.09], P=0.005). In addition, the number of adverse events in the Shentong Zhuyu Decoction group was lower than that in the control group. Shentong Zhuyu Decoction can effectively alleviate discomfort symptoms of patients with LDH. It has an obvious clinical efficacy and less adverse reactions. However, restricted by the quality of the included literatures, prospective, multi-center, large-sample-size randomized controlled trials are still needed to further improve the clinical evidence of the effect of Shentong Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of LDH.

Giant dual-mode graphene-based terahertz modulator enabled by Fabry-Perot assisted multiple reflection.

We report a high-performance terahertz (THz) modulator with dual operation mode. For the pulse operation mode, the proposed THz modulator has the advantage of high modulation depth (MD) and can operate in a broadband frequency range. We have experimentally achieved a MD larger than 90% for the fifth-order pulse THz echo at 0.8 THz, and the MD stays larger than 75% in a broadband frequency range larger than 1 THz, whereas, for the coherent operation mode, the Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference effect has been taken into consideration and a MD larger than 75% at 0.76 THz has also been realized.

Terahertz wave near-field compressive imaging with a spatial resolution of over λ/100.

We demonstrate terahertz (THz) wave near-field imaging with a spatial resolution of ∼4.5 µm using single-pixel compressive sensing enabled by femtosecond-laser (fs-laser) driven vanadium dioxide (VO2)-based spatial light modulator. By fs-laser patterning a 180 nm thick VO2 nanofilm with a digital micromirror device, we spatially encode the near-field THz evanescent waves. With single-pixel Hadamard detection of the evanescent waves, we reconstructed the THz wave near-field image of an object from a serial of encoded sequential measurements, yielding improved signal-to-noise ratio by one order of magnitude over a raster-scanning technique. Further, we demonstrate that the acquisition time was compressed by a factor of over four with 90% fidelity using a total variation minimization algorithm. The proposed THz wave near-field imaging technique inspires new and challenging applications such as cellular imaging.

Compression therapy following posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a prospective, randomized, clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Wound-related complications are an inevitable issue faced by spinal surgeons. Negative pressure drainage remains the most commonly used method to prevent postoperative hematoma and related complications. This prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of compression therapy following posterior lumbar interbody fusion, with emphasis on pain, anemia, and inflammation. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients who have undergone posterior lumbar interbody fusion in the age range 43-78 years, with an average age of 59 years, were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. Factors, such as drainage volume, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score for back pain, white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels assessed on the 1st, 3rd, and 10th days postoperatively, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 6 months, ranging from 3 to 11 months. Drainage volume, VAS score, and CRP levels on the 10th day after the surgery were found to be significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. RBC count and Hb levels on the 3rd and 10th postoperative days were observed to be significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). During discharge, the wounds of the patients of the both groups had healed and neither showed any symptoms of infection, hematoma, or necrosis. CONCLUSION: Compression therapy relieves pain, alleviates anemia, and the inflammatory response following posterior lumbar interbody fusion. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1800015825 on chictr.org.cn, April 23, 2018, the trial registry is Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.

Giant impact of self-photothermal on light-induced ultrafast insulator-to-metal transition in VO2 nanofilms at terahertz frequency.

Ultrafast detection and switching of light are key processes in high-speed optoelectronic devices. However, the performances of VO2-based optoelectronics are strongly degraded by photothermal. The mechanism of the latter is still unclear. Here, by using femtosecond-laser (fs-laser) driven kinetic terahertz wave absorption, we quantitatively separate slow photothermal response and ultrafast photodoping response (e.g. light-induced insulator-to-metal transition) from second- to picosecond-timescales, and discover the competing interplay between them. With self-photothermal (mainly determined by fs-laser pulse repetition rate and pump fluence), the ultrafast transition time was degraded by 190% from 50 ps to 95 ps, the ultrafast transition threshold was decreased to 82% from 11mJ/cm2 to 9mJ/cm2, while the amplitudes of the two photoresponse are competing. Percolation theory, along with the macroscopic conductivity response, is used to explain the competing interplay. Our findings are relevant for designing and optimizing VO2-based ultrafast optoelectronic devices.

Ultrasensitive specific terahertz sensor based on tunable plasmon induced transparency of a graphene micro-ribbon array structure.

We proposed an ultrasensitive specific terahertz sensor consisting of two sets of graphene micro-ribbon with different widths. The interference between the plasmon resonances of the wide and narrow graphene micro-ribbons gives rise to the plasmon induced transparency (PIT) effect and enables ultrasensitive sensing in terahertz region. The performances of the PIT sensor have been analyzed in detail considering the thickness and refractive index sensing applications using full wave electromagnetic simulations. Taking advantage of the electrical tunability of graphene's Fermi level, we demonstrated the specific sensing of benzoic acid with detection limit smaller than 6.35 µg/cm2. The combination of specific identification and enhanced sensitivity of the PIT sensor opens exciting prospects for bio/chemical molecules sensing in the terahertz region.

All-dielectric metalens for terahertz wave imaging.

Terahertz wave imaging offers promising properties for non-destructive testing applications in the areas of homeland security, medicine, and industrial inspection. However, conventional optical lenses are heavy and bulky and difficult to integrate. An all-dielectric metasurface provides an attractive way to realize a planar lens of light weight that is ultrathin and offers ease of integration. Terahertz lenses based on various metasurfaces have been studied, especially for the application of wave focusing, while there are few experimental demonstrations of terahertz wave imaging lenses based on an all-dielectric metasurface. In the present work, we propose a metalens based on an all-dielectric metasurface with a sub-wavelength unit size of 0.39λ for terahertz wave imaging and experimentally demonstrate its performance in focusing and imaging. A large numerical aperture metalens was fabricated with a focal length of 300λ, radius of 300λ, and numerical aperture of 0.707. The experimental results show that the lens can focus THz waves with an incident angle up to 48°. More importantly, clear terahertz wave images of different objects were obtained for both different cases of forward- and inverse-incident directions, which demonstrate the reversibility of the metalens for imaging. Such a metalens provides a way for realization of all-planar-lens THz imaging system, and might find application in terahertz wave imaging, information processing, microscopy, and others.

Dual-mode tunable terahertz generation in lithium niobate driven by spatially shaped femtosecond laser.

A new approach for dual-mode (namely broadband mode and narrowband mode) terahertz (THz) pulses generation in a single lithium niobate (LN) crystal excited by spatially shaped tilted-pulse-front femtosecond (fs) laser pulse was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The two THz emission modes are generated simultaneously while spatially separated. Both central frequency and bandwidth of narrowband THz emission is controllable by in situ tuning the spatial modulation period and beam size of the fs-laser, and the broadband (0.1-1.5 THz) THz emission keeps almost unchanged while tuning the narrowband emission. Further optimization achieves the narrowband THz emission with energy spectral density up to 0.27 µJ/THz and with bandwidth narrowly down to 23 GHz. Such dual-mode THz source is useful for nonlinear THz optics, such as selected resonant THz excitation with broadband THz probe spectroscopy of crystalline matters.

Generation of 0.19-mJ THz pulses in LiNbO3 driven by 800-nm femtosecond laser.

A cylindrical lens telescope tilted-pulse-front pumping scheme was proposed for high energy terahertz (THz) pulse generation. This scheme allows higher pump energy to be used with lower saturation effects under high pump fluence, and higher THz generation efficiency was achieved within large range of pump energy. The optimum pump pulse duration and crystal cooling temperature for THz generation in LiNbO3 (LN) crystal were also researched systematically. Excited by 800-nm laser, up to 0.19 mJ THz pulse energy and 0.27% conversion efficiency was demonstrated under 800-nm 400-fs laser excitation with ~100-mJ pulse energy and 150-K LN cooling temperature.