Prognostic implications of atrial fibrillation in heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: a report from 14 964 patients in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry.

Aim: To investigate the characteristics long-term prognostic implications (up to ∼2.2 years) of atrial fibrillation (AF) compared to sinus rhythm (SR), between acute and chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF < 40%), mid-range (HFmrEF 40-49%), and preserved (HFpEF ≥ 50%) ejection fraction (EF). Methods and results: Data from the observational, prospective, HF long-term registry of the European Society of Cardiology were analysed. A total of 14 964 HF patients (age 66 ± 13 years, 67% male; 53% HFrEF, 21% HFmrEF, 26% HFpEF) were enrolled. The prevalence of AF was 27% in HFrEF, 29% in HFmrEF, and 39% in HFpEF. Atrial fibrillation was associated with older age, lower functional capacity, and heightened physical signs of HF. Crude rates of mortality and HF hospitalization were higher in patients with AF compared to SR, in each EF subtype. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratio of AF for HF hospitalizations was: 1.036 (95% CI 0.888-1.208, P = 0.652) in HFrEF, 1.430 (95% CI 1.087-1.882, P = 0.011) in HFmrEF, and 1.487 (95% CI 1.195-1.851, P < 0.001) in HFpEF; and for combined all-cause death or HF hospitalizations: 0.957 (95% CI 0.843-1.087, P = 0.502), 1.302 (95% CI 1.055-1.608, P = 0.014), and 1.365 (95% CI 1.152-1.619, P < 0.001), respectively. In patients with HFrEF, AF was not associated with worse outcomes in those presenting with either an acute or a chronic presentation of HF. Conclusions: The prevalence of AF increases with increasing EF but its association with worse cardiovascular outcomes, remained significant in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF, but not in those with HFrEF.

Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter trial to study efficacy, security, and long term effects of intermittent repeated levosimendan administration in patients with advanced heart failure: LAICA study.

BACKGROUND: Advanced heart failure (HF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality; it represents a major burden for the health system. Episodes of acute decompensation requiring frequent and prolonged hospitalizations account for most HF-related expenditure. Inotropic drugs are frequently used during hospitalization, but rarely in out-patients. The LAICA clinical trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of monthly levosimendan infusion in patients with advanced HF to reduce the incidence of hospital admissions for acute HF decompensation. METHODS: The LAICA study is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. It aims to recruit 213 out-patients, randomized to receive either a 24-h infusion of levosimendan at 0.1 µg/kg/min dose, without a loading dose, every 30 days, or placebo. RESULTS: The main objective is to assess the incidence of admission for acute HF worsening during 12 months. Secondarily, the trial will assess the effect of intermittent levosimendan on other variables, including the time in days from randomization to first admission for acute HF worsening, mortality and serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The LAICA trial results could allow confirmation of the usefulness of intermittent levosimendan infusion in reducing the rate of hospitalization for HF worsening in advanced HF outpatients.

Efficacy and safety of intermittent repeated levosimendan infusions in advanced heart failure patients: the LAICA study.

AIMS: The aim of the LAICA study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of intermittent levosimendan infusion in patients with advanced heart failure (AdHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intermittent levosimendan 0.1 µg/kg/min as a continuous 24-h intravenous infusion administered once monthly for 1 year in patients with AdHF. The primary endpoint [incidence of rehospitalization (admission to the emergency department or hospital ward for >12 h) for acute decompensated HF or clinical deterioration of the underlying HF] occurred in 23/70 (33%) of the levosimendan group (Group I) and 12/27 (44%) of the placebo group (Group II) (P = 0.286). The incidence of hospital readmissions for acute decompensated HF (Group I vs. Group II) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 4.2% vs. 18.2% (P = 0.036); 12.8% vs. 33.3% (P = 0.02); 25.7% vs. 40.7% (P = 0.147); 32.8% vs. 44.4% (P = 0.28), respectively. In a secondary pre-specified time-to-event analysis no differences were observed in admission for acute decompensated HF between patients treated with levosimendan compared with placebo (hazard ratio 0.66; 95% CI, 0.32-1.32; P = 0.24). Cumulative incidence for the aggregated endpoint of acute decompensation of HF and/or death at 1 and 3 months were significatively lower in the levosimendan group than in placebo group [5.7% vs. 25.9% (P = 0.004) and 17.1% vs. 48.1% (P = 0.001), respectively], but not at 6 and 12 months [34.2% vs. 59.2% (P = 0.025); 41.4% vs. 66.6% (P = 0.022), respectively]. Survival probability was significantly higher in patients who received levosimendan compared with those who received placebo (log rank: 4.06; P = 0.044). There were no clinically relevant differences in tolerability between levosimendan and placebo and no new safety signals were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, intermittent levosimendan in patients with AdHF produced a statistically non-significant reduction in the incidence of hospital readmissions for acute decompensated HF, a significantly lower cumulative incidence of acute decompensation of HF and/or death at 1 and 3 month of treatment and a significant improvement in survival during 12 months of treatment.

Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiographic Measurement of Left Ventricular Wall Thickness in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Comparison with Standard Echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) measurement is key in the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Recent investigations have highlighted discrepancies in LVWT by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and standard echocardiography (S-Echo) in this condition. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of contrast-enhanced echocardiography (C-Echo) to optimize LVWT measurement in patients with HCM. METHODS: Fifty patients with HCM were prospectively enrolled, undergoing S-Echo, C-Echo, and CMR. Blinded LVWT measurements were performed according to a 16-segment left ventricular model using all three imaging techniques. Agreement between both echocardiographic modalities and CMR (as the reference technique) at the segmental level was tested using Bland-Altman analyses. Reproducibility on segmental measurements by S-Echo and C-Echo was also investigated. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 47 ± 21 years, and 35 (70%) were men. Maximal mean LVWT by S-Echo (20.1 ± 3.8 mm) was greater than the values derived using C-Echo (17.6 ± 4.0 mm, P < .01) and CMR (17.7 ± 4.5 mm, P < .01), with no statistically significant difference between the latter two. Segmental Bland-Altman models demonstrated globally smaller bias and narrower 95% limits of agreement for C-Echo compared with S-Echo. Across all left ventricular segments, LVWT by C-Echo was 2.4 mm lower (range, 1.0-2.5 mm) than that derived by S-Echo, which accounted for a 25% intertechnique difference. Regarding maximal LVWT, the mean absolute difference between C-Echo and S-Echo was 3.0 ± 1.9 mm (range, 0.0-7.9 mm), which represented a 15% intertechnique change. Data analyses demonstrated globally less intra- and interobserver variability in segmental LVWT derived from C-Echo compared with S-Echo. CONCLUSIONS: C-Echo rendered LVWT measurements closer to those derived by the reference technique (CMR) and improved reproducibility compared with S-Echo. C-Echo represents a suitable tool for LVWT measurement in patients with HCM as an alternative to CMR whenever this is not available or possible.

Impact of Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization of Severe Coronary Lesions on Secondary Branches.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the percutaneous revascularization strategy for severe lesions in the secondary branches (SB) (diameter ≥ 2mm) of major epicardial arteries compared with conservative treatment. METHODS: This study analyzed patients with severe SB lesions who underwent percutaneous revascularization treatment compared with patients who received pharmacological treatment. The study examined the percentage of branch-related events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction attributable to SB, or the need for revascularization of the SB). RESULTS: We analyzed 679 SB lesions (662 patients). After a mean follow-up of 22.2±10.5 months, there were no significant differences between the 2 treatment groups regarding the percentage of death from cardiovascular causes (1.7% vs 0.4%; P=.14), nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (1.7% vs 1.7%; P=.96), the need for SB revascularization (4.1% vs 5.4%; P=.45) or in the total percentage of events (5.1% vs 6.3%; P=.54). The variables showing an association with event occurrence on multivariate analysis were diabetes (SHR, 2.87; 95%CI, 1.37-5.47; P=.004), prior AMI (SHR, 3.54; 95%CI, 1.77-7.30; P<.0001), SB reference diameter (SHR, 0.16; 95%CI, 0.03-0.97; P=.047), and lesion length (SHR, 3.77; 95%CI, 1.03-1.13; P<.0001). These results remained the same after the propensity score analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of SB-related events during follow-up is low, with no significant differences between the 2 treatment strategies. The variables associated with event occurrence in the multivariate analysis were the presence of diabetes mellitus, prior AMI, and greater lesion length.

Short- and Long-Term Prognostic Relevance of Cardiogenic Shock in Takotsubo Syndrome: Results From the RETAKO Registry.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe the incidence, determinants, and prognostic impact of cardiogenic shock (CS) in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). BACKGROUND: TTS can be associated with severe hemodynamic instability. The prognostic implication of CS has not been well characterized in large studies of TTS. METHODS: We analyzed patients with a definitive TTS diagnosis (modified Mayo criteria) who were recruited for the National RETAKO (Registry on Takotsubo Syndrome) trial from 2003 to 2016. Cox and competing risk regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality and recurrences. RESULTS: A total of 711 patients were included, 81 (11.4%) of whom developed CS. Male sex, QTc interval prolongation, lower left ventricular ejection fraction at admission, physical triggers, and presence of "a significant" left intraventricular pressure gradient, were associated with CS (C index = 0.85). In-hospital complication rates, including mortality, were significantly higher in patients with CS. Over a median follow-up of 284 days (interquartile range: 94 to 929 days), CS was the strongest independent predictor of long-term, all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.60 to 8.38); cardiovascular (CV) death (sub-HR: 4.29; 95% CI: 2.40 to 21.2), and non-CV death (sub-HR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.70 to 6.53), whereas no significant difference in the recurrence rate was observed between groups (sub-HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.10 to 5.95). Among patients with CS, those who received beta-blockers at hospital discharge experienced lower 1-year mortality compared with those who did not receive a beta-blocker (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.79; pinteraction = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: CS is not uncommon and is associated with worse short- and long-term prognosis in TTS. CS complicating TTS may constitute a marker of underlying disease severity and could identify a masked heart failure phenotype with increased vulnerability to catecholamine-mediated myocardial stunning.

[Non-cardiac aspects of aortic stenosis in the elderly: A review]. / Aspectos no cardiológicos de la estenosis aórtica en los más mayores. Revisión.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most frequent valve disease in the elderly population Treatment is valve replacement either by open surgery, or in the case of patients at high surgical risk, by TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation). However, almost 40% of patients who have undergone TAVI show poor health outcomes, either due to death or because their clinical status does not improved. This review examines the non-cardiac aspects of patients with AS, which may help answer three key questions in order to evaluate this condition pre-surgically: 1) Are the symptoms presented by the patient exclusively explained by the AS, or are there other factors or comorbidities that could justify or increase them?, 2) What possibilities for improvement of health status and quality of life has the patient after the valve replacement?, and 3) How can we reduce the risk of a futile valve replacement?

Adherence to the ESC Heart Failure Treatment Guidelines in Spain: ESC Heart Failure Long-term Registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate the percentage of heart failure patients in Spain that received the European Society of Cardiology recommended treatments, and in those that did not, to determine the reasons why. METHODS: The study included 2834 consecutive ambulatory patients with heart failure from 27 Spanish hospitals. We recorded general information, the treatment indicated, and the reasons why it was not prescribed in some cases. In patients who met the criteria to receive a certain drug, true undertreatment was defined as the percentage of patients who, without justification, did not receive the drug. RESULTS: In total, 92.6% of ambulatory patients with low ejection fraction received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, 93.3% beta-blockers, and 74.5% mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. The true undertreatment rates were 3.4%, 1.8%, and 19.0%, respectively. Target doses were reached in 16.2% of patients receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, 23.3% of those with angiotensin receptor blockers, 13.2% of those prescribed beta-blockers, and 23.5% of those with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Among patients who could benefit from ivabradine, 29.1% received this drug. In total, 36% of patients met the criteria for defibrillator implantation and 90% of them had received the device or were scheduled for implantation, whereas 19.6% fulfilled the criteria for resynchronization therapy and 88.0% already had or would soon have the device. In patients who met the criteria, but did not undergo device implantation, the reasons were not cost-related. CONCLUSIONS: When justified reasons for not administering heart failure drugs were taken into account, adherence to the guideline recommendations was excellent. Exclusive use of the percentage of treated patients is a poor indicator of the quality of healthcare in heart failure. Measures should be taken to improve the attainment of optimal dosing in each patient.

Scimitar syndrome in an asymptomatic adult: fortuitous diagnosis by imaging technique.

Congenital cardiopathies in adults are a rare clinical entity in the cardiology consultations. Advances in imaging techniques allow the fortuitous diagnosis of mild forms of these congenital abnormalities. We describe a case of an asymptomatic 41-year-old man, with a medical history of recurrent pneumonia during childhood and an established diagnosis of scimitar syndrome by computed tomography.