Cross-Cultural Validation of the RosaQoL Scale in Spanish Language. / Validación transcultural al idioma español de la escala RosaQoL.

INTRODUCTION: Rosacea is a chronic disease negatively impacting the patients' quality of life and mental health. The Rosacea Quality of Life (RosaQoL) scale could be a useful tool to monitor patients while on therapy vs rosacea, as it measures the impact on quality of life and helps individualize treatment to meet the patients' needs. RosaQoL is a validated scale that can be completed within a few minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original scale was translated and back translated by 2 native translators, with input from an expert committee when necessary. This version was tested on 21 patients to ensure proper understanding. Psychometric characteristics and validity were determined using various measures (sensitivity and specificity via ROC curve and internal consistency via Cronbach's alpha). The correlation between RosaQoL and SF-12 scales was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 531 participants responded to the scale (481 with rosacea and 50 controls). The scale demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity (ROC curve, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.92-0.99) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.96). RosaQoL correlated with SF-12. A higher score on the RosaQoL scale was associated with worse quality of life in all dimensions of the SF-12 scale. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RosaQoL scale exhibits psychometric characteristics, which are similar to the original scale. Also, the RosaQoL scale is useful to assess the quality of life of patients with rosacea.

[Translated article] Cross-Cultural Validation of the RosaQoL Scale in Spanish Language.

INTRODUCTION: Rosacea is a chronic disease negatively impacting the patients' quality of life and mental health. The Rosacea Quality of Life (RosaQoL) scale could be a useful tool to monitor patients while on therapy vs rosacea, as it measures the impact on quality of life and helps individualize treatment to meet the patients' needs. RosaQoL is a validated scale that can be completed within a few minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original scale was translated and back translated by 2 native translators, with input from an expert committee when necessary. This version was tested on 21 patients to ensure proper understanding. Psychometric characteristics and validity were determined using various measures (sensitivity and specificity via ROC curve and internal consistency via Cronbach's alpha). The correlation between RosaQoL and SF-12 scales was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 531 participants responded to the scale (481 with rosacea and 50 controls). The scale demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity (ROC curve, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.92-0.99) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.96). RosaQoL correlated with SF-12. A higher score on the RosaQoL scale was associated with worse quality of life in all dimensions of the SF-12 scale. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RosaQoL scale exhibits psychometric characteristics, which are similar to the original scale. Also, the RosaQoL scale is useful to assess the quality of life of patients with rosacea.

Validation and psychometric properties of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in type 2 diabetes patients in Spain.

AIMS: To validate a translated and culturally adapted version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale for use in Spanish population, and to examine the psychometric properties of this scale in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a single university hospital in Spain. Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at least 1 year before inclusion, being treated with anti-diabetic medication were included. INTERVENTION: We used the Spanish version of the scale to measure treatment adherence. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: three level categorical scale is broken down into low adherence (score of <6), medium adherence (score of 6 to <8) and high adherence (score of 8). To validate the questionnaire, we measured internal consistency through Cronbach's α, confirmed construct validity through an exploratory principal component analysis and assessed test-retest reliability. RESULTS: 232 patients met the inclusion criteria. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.40 (95% CI 0.28-0.52). The exploratory principal component analysis showed three components. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.718 (95% CI 0.564-0.823). CONCLUSIONS: the Spanish version of the Morisky Medication Adherence scale showed low internal consistency, the exploratory factor analysis identified three dimensions, and the test-retest reliability was acceptable, therefore, psychometric properties of MMAS-8 are not suitable for measuring medication adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients from Spain.

[Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ARMS-scale for measuring medication adherence in polypathological patients]. / Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español del cuestionario ARMS para la medida de la adherencia en pacientes pluripatológicos.

AIM: Translate the ARMS scale into Spanish ensuring cross-cultural equivalence for measuring medication adherence in polypathological patients. DESIGN: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and pilot testing. LOCATION: Secondary hospital. MEASUREMENTS: (i)Forward and blind-back translations followed by cross-cultural adaptation through qualitative methodology to ensure conceptual, semantic and content equivalence between the original scale and the Spanish version. (ii)Pilot testing in non-institutionalized polypathological patients to assess the instrument for clarity. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the ARMS scale has been obtained. Overall scores from translators involved in forward and blind-back translations were consistent with a low difficulty for assuring conceptual equivalence between both languages. Pilot testing (cognitive debriefing) in a sample of 40 non-institutionalized polypathological patients admitted to an internal medicine department of a secondary hospital showed an excellent clarity. CONCLUSIONS: The ARMS-e scale is a Spanish-adapted version of the ARMS scale, suitable for measuring adherence in polypathological patients. Its structure enables a multidimensional approach of the lack of adherence allowing the implementation of individualized interventions guided by the barriers detected in every patient.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Urticaria Control Test From German to Castilian Spanish.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical concept of urticaria embraces a heterogeneous group of conditions classified according to their clinical course as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (lasting 6 weeks or more). Chronic urticaria may be either spontaneous or induced. Few tools are available for monitoring the various clinical forms of this disease or for evaluating its impact on quality of life. The recently developed Urticaria Control Test to evaluate disease control is available in German, the original language, and American English. OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the long and short versions of the Urticaria Control Test to Castilian Spanish to ensure equivalence between the translated items and those of the original version. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To translate the Urticaria Control Test we followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines, starting with forward translation and moving through back translation and cognitive debriefing steps. RESULTS: Three items were modified when the first Spanish version, translated from German, was discussed (cognitive debriefing). The revised translation was then translated back to German and sent to the Urticaria Control Test authors, who modified one item they considered had acquired a different focus through translation. A third Spanish version was then prepared and after minor proofreading changes was considered definitive. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first step in making it possible to use the Urticaria Control Test questionnaire in Castilian Spanish. The next step will be to validate the translated questionnaire.

[Translated article] 4 Domain Sports PROM in Spanish: Cross-cultural adaptation in the Chilean population and reliability analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are tools of increasing interest in the sports population. The purpose of this study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analysis of the 4 Domain Sports Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (4 DSP) into Spanish. METHODS: A six-stage cross-cultural adaptation protocol was executed to obtain the Spanish version of the 4 DSP (S-4DSP). Subsequently, the questionnaire was administered to a population of 108 postoperative athletes with ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) injuries. The questionnaire was administered again after 30 days. Acceptability, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation) were evaluated. RESULTS: The S-4DSP was fully completed by 108 participants (mean age 34±10.75, 26% women), achieving 100% acceptability. No floor effect was detected. The statistical analysis yielded a global Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire of 0.65, and domain-specific alphas of 0.88, 0.72, 0.27, and 0.68 for the first, second, third, and fourth domains, respectively. The Intraclass Correlation test reached a maximum of 0.94 and a minimum of 0.48 for the first and fifth questions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The S-4DSP is a reliable and useful tool for evaluating Spanish-speaking athletes after ACL reconstruction.

4 Domain Sports PROM in Spanish: Cross-cultural adaptation in the Chilean population and reliability analysis. / 4 Domain Sports PROM en español: adaptación transcultural en la población chilena y análisis de confiabilidad.

BACKGROUND: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are tools of increasing interest in the sports population. The purpose of this study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analysis of the 4 Domain Sports Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (4DSP) into Spanish. METHODS: A six-stage cross-cultural adaptation protocol was executed to obtain the Spanish version of the 4DSP (S-4DSP). Subsequently, the questionnaire was administered to a population of 108 postoperative athletes with ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) injuries. The questionnaire was administered again after 30 days. Acceptability, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation) were evaluated. RESULTS: The S-4DSP was fully completed by 108 participants (mean age 34±10.75, 26% women), achieving 100% acceptability. No floor effect was detected. The statistical analysis yielded a global Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire of 0.65, and domain-specific alphas of 0.88, 0.72, 0.27, and 0.68 for the first, second, third, and fourth domains, respectively. The Intraclass Correlation test reached a maximum of 0.94 and a minimum of 0.48 for the first and fifth questions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The S-4DSP is a reliable and useful tool for evaluating Spanish-speaking athletes after ACL reconstruction.

[Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale]. / Adaptación transcultural al español de la Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients' views regarding the actions and side effects of medicines can be measured with the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines (PSM) scale. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The translation and cultural adaptation of the PSM scale and a pretest of the Spanish version were carried out with 50 patients receiving outpatient care in various specialties. RESULTS: There were no difficulties in the stages of the translation and adaptation process. In the cognitive interview, participants found the five items easy to understand (mean score of 3.86±0.24 out of 4). CONCLUSION: Given its brevity, the Spanish version of the PSM scale represents an easily applicable tool for both research and clinical purposes.

[Adaptation and validation of the MoVac-flu scale on motivation towards the flu vaccine]. / Adaptación y validación de la escala MoVac-flu sobre motivación hacia la vacuna de la gripe.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt and validate the psychometric properties of MoVac-flu scale in order to be used in Spanish. METHOD: The present research was an analytical observational study of cross-cultural adaptation and validation into Spanish of the MoVac-flu scale. It has been carried out between the months of March and July 2022. The sample size was 142 people who were obtained by consecutive sampling. The processes used for the adaptation have been translation, validation by a committee of experts, back-translation and pilot test. For validation, the psychometric properties of reliability, internal consistency, appearance validity, content validity, utility and ceiling-floor effect have been verified. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the MoVac-flu scale in its version translated into Spanish was high, showing a McDonald's ω of 0.914. CONCLUSIONS: The MoVac-flu scale in Spanish allows to measure the degree of motivation towards vaccination against influenza in the adult population.

Cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish of the MULTIPleS scale in elderly patients with multimorbidity. / Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español de la escala MULTIPleS en pacientes de edad avanzada con multimorbilidad.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Multimorbidity Illness Perceptions Scale (MULTIPleS) analyzes whether suffering from two or more chronic diseases affects the quality of life, cost and clinical results of patients. The objective was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the MULTIPleS scale into Spanish. METHODS: Direct translation and back translation followed by synthesis and adaptation by a third translator and a panel of experts to guarantee the conceptual, semantic and content equivalence between both versions. Subsequently, a comprehensibility analysis was performed on a sample of patients. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the MULTIPleS scale was obtained. The medium degree of difficulty in the direct translation and the back translation of the title and the questions showed a low difficulty. In the synthesis and adaptation phase, 6 discrepancies were resolved. The comprehensibility analysis was performed in 10 patients, achieving the established requirement (> 80%) for all items. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the MULTIPleS scale. Having this back-translated scale will make it possible to analyze patients' perception of the disease and thus apply improvements in their healthcare.

Cross-cultural adaptation to the Spanish version of the "Structured HIstory of Medication Use" questionnaire for medication reconciliation at admission. / Adaptación transcultural a la versión española del cuestionario "Structured HIstory of Medication Use" para la conciliación de la medicación al ingreso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The "Structured HIstory of Medication use" (SHIM) questionnaire is a tool developed to obtain an accurate pre-admission overview of medications, involving a structured interview with patients, and has demonstrated its potential to prevent reconciliation errors. The objective of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the SHIM questionnaire to Spanish. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forward and blind-back translations followed by a synthesis and adaptation, with the participation of an expert panel, to guarantee the equivalence between the original questionnaire and the Spanish version. Subsequently, pilot testing of the Spanish version was carried out through cognitive interviews in a sample of polymedicated patients under follow-up by the Department of Internal Medicine. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the SHIM questionnaire (SHIM-e) was obtained. Scores for difficulty assigned by translators involved in forward and back translations were low. During the synthesis and adaptation phase, three discrepancies were resolved, and the expert panel decided to include some terms commonly used for clinical interviews in the Spanish version of the questionnaire. The pilot testing, which was performed in a sample of 10 polymedicated patients admitted to the Department of General and Digestive Surgery, showed 100% comprehensibility for all items, except for number 13, which was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: This work presents the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the SHIM questionnaire. The forward and blind-back translations presented low difficulty and the results of the pilot testing showed a high level of comprehensibility for the Spanish version of this tool.

[Cross-cultural adaptation and validation into Spanish of the deprescription questionnaire in the elderly patient]. / Adaptación transcultural y validación al español del cuestionario de desprescripción en el paciente de edad avanzada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In 2017, a questionnaire was developed in Italian with the aim of determining clinicians' perceptions of deprescription in the elderly population. The objective was to translate and cross-culturally adapt this deprescription questionnaire to Spanish. METHODS: Forward and blind-back translations, followed by a synthesis and adaptation by a third translator. Development of an expert panel to evaluate the adequacy of the translation, the understandability of the translated question and the usefulness of each question. A comprehensibility analysis was carried out on physicians familiar with deprescription. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the questionnaire was obtained, where the average degree of difficulty in the direct and the back-translation was low/moderate. In the first phase of the panel of experts, 4 questions had sections considered "indeterminate" and one question was "doubtful". After the second phase, all the questions were considered "adequate" except for one. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of this questionnaire, which will provide a tool to assess clinicians' perception of this practice and establish improvements to carry out this activity.

[Foot and ankle ability measure: Validation of a Spanish version with 29 items in rehabilitation setting]. / Foot and ankle ability measure: validación de la versión española de 29 ítems en el área de rehabilitación.

OBJECTIVE: The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is an internationally widely used outcome measure of foot and ankle disorders available in several languages. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a FAAM Spanish-version with 29 items of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and SPORT subscales in rehabilitation setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A two-stage observational study was conducted. The FAAM was cross-culturally adapted to Spanish through a double-forward translation and a double-backward translation; the psychometric properties were then validated. The participants (n = 147), with various chronic foot and ankle disorders, completed the Spanish version of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure ADL and SPORT, SF-36, and a pain intensity visual analogue scale (Pain VAS). The full sample was used to determine the factor structure, the internal consistency, and the convergent criterion validity, and a subgroup (n = 46) was used to determine the reliability at 48-72 h. RESULTS: The factor structure of Spanish version of FAAM ADL and SPORT subscales were both one-dimensional, demonstrating high internal consistency (α = 0.97 and α = 0.93, respectively). The reliability values were ICC = 0.90 and ICC = 0.76, respectively. The convergent validity criterion of Spanish version of FAAM with the Pain VAS (r = 0.50) and Physical Function of SF-36 (r = 0.64) were moderately correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of FAAM with 29 items are a valid foot and ankle disorder outcome measure with similar psychometric properties to the original version and versions in other languages.

Cross-cultural adaptation, content validity, and feasibility of the school physical activity and nutrition environment tool.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation, content validity and feasibility of The School Physical Activity and Nutrition Environment Tool (SPAN-ET) for the Spanish context. It is a valuable tool for making comprehensive assessments of school environments in three environmental categories: policy, situation/social, and physical. METHOD: We followed the cross-cultural adaptation guidelines which consist of a five-stage methodological approach: 1) forward translation, 2) synthesis, 3) back translation, 4) adaptation to the Spanish context, and 5) pilot testing. In addition, an expert panel performed a content validity analysis to assess the level of comprehensibility, applicability, and cultural appropriateness of the SPAN-ET for its use in Spain. The pilot test was carried out in five schools to assess the feasibility of the tool in the Spanish context. RESULTS: After applying the guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation of the SPAN-ET into the Spanish context, the new tool (SPAN-ET-ES) preserves the main dimensions of the original document to evaluate school environments in Spain. The evaluation of the SPAN-ET-ES, done by an expert panel, concluded that items included in the revised version of the SPAN-ET-ES were relevant (S-CVI/Ave=0.96), clear (S-CVI/Ave=0.96), simple (S-CVI/Ave=0.98), and non-ambiguous (S-CVI/Ave=0.98) for the Spanish context. Finally, the pilot test offered empirical evidence for the feasibility and content validity of the SPAN-ET-ES at assessing school environments in Spain. CONCLUSIONS: SPAN-ET-ES is a feasible tool for assessing nutrition and physical activity environments at schools in Spain.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the STOP-bang Questionnaire from English to Spanish as a tool for the early detection of sleep apnea syndrome in the surgical patient and in the general population.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) or Apnea-Hypoapnea Syndrome (SAHS) is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders in the general population. It is associated with an increase in the prevalence of difficult orotracheal intubation and postoperative complications. The application of validated early detection tests, such the STOPbang test in English (STBC), is recommended; a test of high methodological quality, sensitivity and specificity in the early detection of SAHS in both surgical and general populations. OBJECTIVE: The validation, translation, cross-cultural adaptation of the STBC to the Spanish population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The transcultural adaptation of the STBC to Spanish was carried out and a subsequent validation study with 77 consecutive patients was carried out. The statistical analysis evaluated the reliability, validity and feasibility of the translated and culturally adapted version. RESULTS: 44% of women and 56% of men were included, with a mean age of 53.58 ± 12.88 years. The reliability results were: a Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient of 0.767, a Pearson correlation r = 0.777 (P < .001) and a Sperman correlation rho = 0.455 (P = .044). The feasibility of the study was 100%. Criterion validity was evaluated using the Kappa coefficient, which was 0.444. For a score >3 of the questionnaire adapted to Spanish, the results of sensitivity, specificity according to the different cut-off levels of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) >5, >15, >30) were: Sensitivity 87%, 91% and 100% respectively and Specificity of 50%, 31% and 22%. CONCLUSIONS: The STBC questionnaire translated, adapted and validated into Spanish, evaluated in the present study, is reliable and valid with respect to the original design of the questionnaire. It is a useful tool that is easy to understand and implement, which can be used rigorously to stratify surgical risk and carry out adequate perioperative planning of those patients at risk of SAHS.

Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish and content validity of three nutritional risk scales.

INTRODUCTION: There are various scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition at hospital admission in children. However, most of these instruments are developed and published in English. Their cross-cultural adaptation and validation being mandatory in order to be used in our country. OBJECTIVES: Cross-culturally adapt three scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition linked to the disease and determine the validity of their content. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation using the translation-back-translation method in accordance with the recommendations of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. Content validity was measured by a panel of experts (under seven basic selection criteria adapted from the Fehring model) who evaluated each item of the scales by measuring 4 criteria: ambiguity, simplicity, clarity and relevance. With the extracted score, Aiken's V statistic was obtained for each item and for the complete scales. RESULTS: Starting from three independent translations per scale, 3 definitive versions in Spanish of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales were obtained semantically equivalent to their original versions. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales presented an Aiken's V greater than 0.75 in all their items, while the STAMP scale presented a value less than 0.75 for the item "weight and height". CONCLUSION: This study provides the transculturally adapted Spanish versions of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales present valid content to be applied in the state hospital context. STAMP requires the adaptation of its item "weight and height" to consider its use in a Spanish child population adequate.

[Transcultural adaptation of AGRASS questionnaire to evaluate the management of heathcare risks]. / Adaptación transcultural del Questionário AGRASS para evaluar la gestión de riesgos asistenciales.

OBJECTIVE: To cross-culturally adapt the Questionário AGRASS for evaluation of healthcare risk management in health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The work was carried out following 5 stages: 1) initial translation to Spanish; 2) Synthesis; 3) translation back to Portuguese; 4) experts review, and 5) pretest performed in a specialized Costa Rican hospital. RESULTS: The AGRASS Questionnaire translated and adapted into Spanish has the same dimensional structure as the original, with 2 dimensions and 9 subdimensions. Thirty-nine of the 40 original items were approved (general validation index=100% per item). Its application was considered viable, with items well understood and with useful results that identify opportunities for improvement in healthcare risk management. CONCLUSIONS: The AGRASS Questionnaire is culturally adapted to the Costa Rican reality and future studies can evaluate its contribution to other hospital contexts in Ibero-American countries.

Transcultural Adaptation and Validation of the Methodology of the Community Oriented Programme for Control of Rheumatic Disease (COPCORD) in the Indigenous Wayuu Population. Venezuela. / Adaptación transcultural y validación de la metodología del Programa Orientado a la Comunidad para el Control de Enfermedades Reumáticas (COPCORD) en población indígena Wayuu. Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt cross-culturally and validate the COPCORD methodology in the indigenous Wayuu population of Zulia state, Venezuela. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on Wayuu indigenous people from the Mara and Guajira municipalities of the state of Zulia, Venezuela. The Venezuelan version of the COPCORD questionnaire was transculturally adapted and translated from Venezuelan Spanish to Wayuunaiki (Wayuu language). One hundred indigenous Wayuu, agreed to participate, they were administered the instrument, house by house, by health personnel, who were bilingual and previously trained. Positive COPCORD individuals were evaluated by rheumatologists. A descriptive analysis of variables was performed, Cronbach's alpha was measured, Spearman's correlation, screening test analysis (sensitivity, specificity, VPP and SVR+). RESULTS: 66% were women, average age 41.4years, 20% monolingual, 21% illiterate, 69% in a couple/married, 57% with informal work. Sixty-two percent reported pain, 56% with criteria of rheumatic diseases, the most frequent were: osteoarthritis (32.3%), mechanical lower back pain (13.9%), and regional rheumatic pain syndrome (12.3%). Five dimensions of the instrument presented Cronbach's alpha >0.7. The sensitivity was 100% and specificity 11.1%, VPP 14.3%, SVR+ 1.13%. CONCLUSION: The COPCORD is valid and useful as a screening tool for the detection of musculoskeletal complaints and rheumatic diseases in the indigenous Wayuu population.

Transcultural adaptation into Spanish of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interactions for assessing nurse-patient relationship competence. / Adaptación transcultural de la escala Caring Nurse-Patient Interactions para la evaluación de la competencia en la relación enfermera-paciente.

OBJECTIVE: Cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interactions (CNPI - 70 items) for assessing nurse-patient relationship competence level. METHOD: Cross-cultural adaptation using translation and back-translation method of the CNPI, and consensus by panel of experts to determine the face and content validity. RESULTS: The cross-cultural translation and adjustment procedure was used, and a panel of experts agreed on the final Spanish version of the scale. CONCLUSIONS: This research study provides a Spanish version of the CNPI, which has appearance and content validity. The internal consistency, criteria validity, and construct validity should be evaluated in future research studies.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the German Mastocytosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MC-QoL) into Spanish. / Adaptación transcultural del cuestionario Mastocytosis Quality of Life questionnaire (MC-QoL) del alemán al castellano.

BACKGROUND: Mastocytosis encompasses a spectrum of disorders in which different organs and tissues are affected by the clonal expansion of mast cells. The skin is one of the most frequently affected organs. The clinical manifestations of mastocytosis are linked to the release of proinflammatory mediators, and the impact of this disorder on patient quality of life has been described in various studies. The Mastocytosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MC-QoL), which was recently developed in Germany and now also exists in English, is an important tool for evaluating the psychosocial impact of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To create a Spanish version of the MC-QoL that was culturally equivalent to the original German questionnaire. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The adaptation process, which involved forward translation, cognitive interviews, and back translation, was conducted in accordance with the principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation of patient-reported measures of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. The MC-QoL contains 27 items in 4 domains: symptoms, emotions, social life/functioning, and skin. RESULTS: The first version of the Spanish questionnaire, obtained by forward translation from German, was tested in cognitive interviews, after which 3 items were modified to make them easier to understand. The German back translation of the Spanish questionnaire was analyzed by the authors of the original MC-QoL, who modified 1 item they considered to have lost specificity in the adaptation process. The definitive Spanish MC-QoL was then produced following minor modifications agreed on with the German authors. CONCLUSION: We have produced a cultural adaptation of the MC-QoL in Spanish that can be used in routine clinical practice to obtain a more complete picture of the impact of mastocytosis on patient quality of life.