Confusion cannot explain cooperative behavior in public goods games.

Some scholars find that behavioral variation in the public goods game is explained by variations in participants' understanding of how to maximize payoff and that confusion leads to cooperation. Their findings lead them to question the common assumption in behavioral economics experiments that choices reflect motivations. We conduct two experiments, in which we minimize confusion by providing participants with increased training. We also introduce a question that specifically assesses participants' understanding of payoff maximization choices. Our experimental results show that the distribution of behavior types is significantly different when participants play with computers versus humans. A significant increase in contributions is also observed when participants play with humans compared to when they play with computers. Moreover, social norms may be the main motive for contributions when playing with computers. Our findings suggest that social preferences, rather than confusion, play a crucial role in determining contributions in public goods games when playing with humans. We therefore argue that the assumption in behavioral economics experiments that choices reveal motivations is indeed valid.

Pollen diet diversity across bee lineages varies with lifestyle rather than colony size.

The shift to a pollen diet and the evolution of more highly organized societies, i.e., eusocial, were key milestones in bee diversification over their evolutionary history, culminating in a high dependence on feeding broods with a large variety of floral resources. Here, we hypothesized that obligatory eusocial bees have a wider diet diversity than their relatives with solitary lifestyles, and this would be related to colony size. To test both hypotheses, we surveyed diet breadth data (palynological analysis) based on the Shannon-Wiener index (H') for 85 bee taxa. We also obtained colony size for 47 eusocial bee species. These data were examined using phylogenetic comparative methods. The results support the generalist strategy as a derived trait for the bee taxa evaluated here. The dietary diversity of eusocial bees (H': 2.1, on average) was 67.5% higher than that of noneusocial bees (H': 1.21, on average). There was, however, no relationship between diet breadth and colony size, indicating that smaller colonies can harvest a pollen variety as diverse as larger colonies. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the impact of lifestyle on the diversity of collected pollen. Furthermore, this work sheds light on an advantage of living in more highly structured societies irrespective of the size of the colony.

Miconazole Promotes Cooperative Ability of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease.

BACKGROUND: Cooperative defect is 1 of the earliest manifestations of disease patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) exhibit, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: We evaluated the cooperative function of APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice at ages 2, 5, and 8 months by using a cooperative drinking task. We examined neuropathologic changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Another experiment was designed to observe whether miconazole, which has a repairing effect on myelin sheath, could promote the cooperative ability of APP/PS1 mice in the early AD-like stage. We also investigated the protective effects of miconazole on cultured mouse cortical oligodendrocytes exposed to human amyloid ß peptide (Aß1-42). RESULTS: We observed an age-dependent impairment of cooperative water drinking behavior in APP/PS1 mice. The AD mice with cooperative dysfunction showed decreases in myelin sheath thickness, oligodendrocyte nuclear heterochromatin percentage, and myelin basic protein expression levels in the mPFC. The cooperative ability was significantly improved in APP/PS1 mice treated with miconazole. Miconazole treatment increased oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin sheath thickness without reducing Aß plaque deposition, reactive gliosis, and inflammatory factor levels in the mPFC. Miconazole also protected cultured oligodendrocytes from the toxicity of Aß1-42. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that mPFC hypomyelination is involved in the cooperative deficits of APP/PS1 mice. Improving myelination through miconazole therapy may offer a potential therapeutic approach for early intervention in AD.

Self-Benefit and Others' Benefit in Cooperative Behavior in Shared Space.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to clarify the nature of cooperative moving behavior that realizes smooth traffic with others from the viewpoint of the trade-off between self-benefit and others' benefit in the shared space. BACKGROUND: The shared space is not constrained by formal rules or behavioral norms, and is a potentially ambiguous situation where it is not clear who has priority. Therefore, the nature of cooperative behavior in the shared space is unclear. METHOD: An experimental task was conducted to compare cooperative and nonurgent moving behavior regarding completion time (self-benefit), the amount of interruption (others' benefit), and the amount of operation (cognitive effort). RESULTS: First, cooperative behavior benefits others. Second, although cooperative behavior decreases self-benefit compared to the baseline without any instructions, it can obtain relatively more self-benefit than nonurgent behavior without considering self-benefit. Third, cooperative behavior requires cognitive effort. CONCLUSION: Cooperative behavior provides benefit to both oneself and others by spending cognitive effort in not interrupting others. APPLICATION: If the nature of the cooperative behavior can be clarified, a cooperative module can be implemented into the algorithms of various mobilities.

[Roles of pharmacists in multidisciplinary protocols of medical homes in 2020: A multi-methods cross-sectional descriptive study]. / Rôle des pharmaciens d'officine dans les protocoles des maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles en 2020 : étude descriptive transversale multi-méthodes.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and analyze the roles of pharmacists in the multi-disciplinary protocols of French medical homes (MHs). METHODS: Multi-methods study combining: (i) a descriptive cross-sectional study identifying the MHs with active pharmacists in Loire-Atlantique and Vendée in 2020, (ii) an analysis of the roles of the pharmacists within the multi-disciplinary protocols of these MHs, (iii) a qualitative study by semi-directed interviews with the pharmacists participating in these protocols. RESULTS: Among the 40 MHs in Loire-Atlantique and Vendée in 2020, 22 (55%) included a pharmacist and 8 (20%) reported at least one protocol between GPs and pharmacists. Three roles of the pharmacist were identified: identification of a target population according to the inclusion criteria of the protocols, counseling and education, and new missions of the pharmacist. The interviews carried out highlighted a gap between the actions stated in the protocols and the actions carried out with the patient. CONCLUSION: There are many barriers to the involvement of pharmacists in the protocols: significant administrative difficulties, low financial profitability, lack of time, and even persistent mistrust between general practitioners and pharmacists. Despite these barriers, pharmacists experience improvements in communication between professionals and in their practice conditions.

A large-scale group decision making method to select the ideal mobile health application for the hospital.

Mobile health, which is not limited by time and space, can effectively alleviate the imbalance of medical resources. Currently, more and more hospitals begin to pay attention to online medical care and actively expand their mobile channels. Among of which, the cooperation with the third-party platform is an effective way to expand the online services of most hospitals. With the increasing number of mobile health applications (mHealth apps), it is difficult to select the ideal application. Most of the existing studies on mHealth app selection are conducted from the perspective of users who have health needs, which is insufficient. The views of multiple stakeholders should be taken into account. mHealth app selection can be regarded as a large-scale group decision making (LSGDM) problem. In this paper, a hybrid LSGDM method is proposed to select the mHealth app with the highest user satisfaction. First, the weights of criteria are obtained based on quality function deployment and 2-additive measure. Furthermore, a consensus model that considers cooperative and non-cooperative behaviors of decision makers is applied to select the ideal mHealth app. Finally, an illustrative example is implemented to exhibit the utility and validity of the proposed model.

Huddles and their effectiveness at the frontlines of clinical care: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Brief, stand-up meetings known as huddles may improve clinical care, but knowledge about huddle implementation and effectiveness at the frontlines is fragmented and setting specific. This work provides a comprehensive overview of huddles used in diverse health care settings, examines the empirical support for huddle effectiveness, and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research. METHODS: A scoping review was completed by searching the databases PubMed, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and OvidSP for studies published in English from inception to May 31, 2019. Eligible studies described huddles that (1) took place in a clinical or medical setting providing health care patient services, (2) included frontline staff members, (3) were used to improve care quality, and (4) were studied empirically. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts; seven reviewers independently abstracted data from full texts. RESULTS: Of 2,185 identified studies, 158 met inclusion criteria. The majority (67.7%) of studies described huddles used to improve team communication, collaboration, and/or coordination. Huddles positively impacted team process outcomes in 67.7% of studies, including improvements in efficiency, process-based functioning, and communication across clinical roles (64.4%); situational awareness and staff perceptions of safety and safety climate (44.6%); and staff satisfaction and engagement (29.7%). Almost half of studies (44.3%) reported huddles positively impacting clinical care outcomes such as patients receiving timely and/or evidence-based assessments and care (31.4%); decreased medical errors and adverse drug events (24.3%); and decreased rates of other negative outcomes (20.0%). DISCUSSION: Huddles involving frontline staff are an increasingly prevalent practice across diverse health care settings. Huddles are generally interdisciplinary and aimed at improving team communication, collaboration, and/or coordination. Data from the scoping review point to the effectiveness of huddles at improving work and team process outcomes and indicate the positive impact of huddles can extend beyond processes to include improvements in clinical outcomes. STUDY REGISTRATION: This scoping review was registered with the Open Science Framework on 18 January 2019 ( https://osf.io/bdj2x/ ).

Acting with shared intentions: A systematic review on joint action coordination in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Joint actions, described as a form of social interaction in which individuals coordinate their actions in space and time to bring about a change in the environment, rely on sensory-motor processes that play a role in the development of social skills. Two brain networks, associated with "mirroring" and "mentalizing", are engaged during these actions: the mirror neuron and the theory of mind systems. People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) showed impairment in interpersonal coordination during joint actions. Studying joint action coordination in ASD will contribute to clarify the interplay between sensory-motor and social processes throughout development and the interactions between the brain and the behavior. METHOD: This review focused on empirical studies that reported behavioral and kinematic findings related to joint action coordination in people with ASD. RESULTS: Literature on mechanisms involved in the joint action coordination impairment in ASD is still limited. Data are controversial. Different key-components of joint action coordination may be impaired, such as cooperative behavior, temporal coordination, and motor planning. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal coordination during joint actions relies on early sensory-motor processes that have a key role in guiding social development. Early intervention targeting the sensory-motor processes involved in the development of joint action coordination could positively support social skills.

Collective Force Generation by Molecular Motors Is Determined by Strain-Induced Unbinding.

In the living cell, we encounter a large variety of motile processes such as organelle transport and cytoskeleton remodeling. These processes are driven by motor proteins that generate force by transducing chemical free energy into mechanical work. In many cases, the molecular motors work in teams to collectively generate larger forces. Recent optical trapping experiments on small teams of cytoskeletal motors indicated that the collectively generated force increases with the size of the motor team but that this increase depends on the motor type and on whether the motors are studied in vitro or in vivo. Here, we use the theory of stochastic processes to describe the motion of N motors in a stationary optical trap and to compute the N-dependence of the collectively generated forces. We consider six distinct motor types, two kinesins, two dyneins, and two myosins. We show that the force increases always linearly with N but with a prefactor that depends on the performance of the single motor. Surprisingly, this prefactor increases for weaker motors with a lower stall force. This counter-intuitive behavior reflects the increased probability with which stronger motors detach from the filament during strain generation. Our theoretical results are in quantitative agreement with experimental data on small teams of kinesin-1 motors.

Compliance with containment measures to the COVID-19 pandemic over time: Do antisocial traits matter?

This study investigated the relationships between antisocial traits and compliance with COVID-19 containment measures. The sample consisted of 1578 Brazilian adults aged 18-73 years who answered facets from the PID-5, the Affective resonance factor of the ACME, and a questionnaire about compliance with containment measures. Latent profile analyses indicated a 2-profile solution: the antisocial pattern profile which presented higher scores in Callousness, Deceitfulness, Hostility, Impulsivity, Irresponsibility, Manipulativeness, and Risk-taking, as well as lower scores in Affective resonance; and the empathy pattern profile which presented higher scores in Affective resonance and lower scores in ASPD typical traits. The latent profile groups showed significant differences between them and interaction with the containment measures and weeks. The antisocial and empathy groups showed significant differences. These differences were sustained in the interaction with the containment measures and weeks separately, but not when all were interacting together. Our findings indicated that antisocial traits, especially lower levels of empathy and higher levels of Callousness, Deceitfulness, and Risk-taking, are directly associated with lower compliance with containment measures. These traits explain, at least partially, the reason why people continue not adhering to the containment measures even with increasing numbers of cases and deaths.

Social processes in academic-community partnership in health care. A grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: International and national guidelines state that palliative care should be offered to everyone who needs it. To promote the implementation of palliative care in nursing homes, a partnership collaboration was initiated with the goal of implementing high quality palliative care. The partnership consisted of three partner groups: a project group from a non-profit organisation providing health care, managers at the nursing homes and an academic partner. The aim was to explore the social processes within academic-community partnership in a collaboration project. METHODS: Digital focus group discussions were conducted with 16 participants, representing all three partner groups. One individual digital interview was also carried out. A constructivist perspective of a grounded theory approach was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The core category, partnership positioning, covers the social processes of the academic-community partnership in a collaboration project to implement and evaluate health-promoting interventions in clinical health care. The core category was found to have four categories: Pre-positioning, Co-positioning, Re-positioning and GoOn-positioning. The process of partnership positioning is conceptualised in a model. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a new partnership in an implementation project needs holistic, systemic thinking. To enhance implementation in a collaborative project involving different professionals and actors a plan is required to facilitate positioning activities. The process, the roles and the components need to be clearly defined and documented, and the management of a system requires knowledge of the interrelationships between all the components within the system. The development of a conceptual model of Partnership Positioning contributes to knowledge concerning the social dynamic processes which can be applied to support future academic-community collaboration and/or implementation projects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable. The present study has not been considered as a clinical trial.

Disentangling social support mobilization via online neighborhood networks.

This paper proposes and tests a theoretical model to investigate the mechanism underpinning local social support exchange via online neighborhood networks (ONNs). We drew on community psychology, social support, and social media literature and used a survey conducted in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium among 561 ONN users (nfemales = 409; 72.9%) between 18 and 82 years old (Mage = 43.73; SDage = 15.37). We found that engaging in online neighboring behaviors was associated to both online and offline neighborhood sense of community. Subsequently, these provide access to perceived local social support and the intention to mobilize local social support online. The latter was predominantly explained via the path along online sense of community. ONNs facilitate local bridging behavior, connecting otherwise distinct local networks and ties. At the same time, online neighboring behaviors provide the normative context that supports the exchange process.

A consensus model to manage the non-cooperative behaviors of individuals in uncertain group decision making problems during the COVID-19 outbreak.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought lots of losses to the global economy. Within the context of COVID-19 outbreak, many emergency decision-making problems with uncertain information arose and a number of individuals were involved to solve such complicated problems. For instance, the selection of the first entry point to China is important for oversea flights during the epidemic outbreak given that reducing imported virus from abroad becomes the top priority of China since China has achieved remarkable achievements regarding the epidemic control. In such a large-scale group decision making problem, the non-cooperative behaviors of experts are common due to the different backgrounds of the experts. The non-cooperative behaviors of experts have a negative impact on the efficiency of a decision-making process in terms of decision time and cost. Given that the non-cooperative behaviors of experts were rarely considered in existing large-scale group decision making methods, this study aims to propose a novel consensus model to manage the non-cooperative behaviors of experts in large-scale group decision making problems. A group consistency index simultaneously considering fuzzy preference values and cooperation degrees is introduced to detect the non-cooperative behaviors of experts. We combine the cooperation degrees and fuzzy preference similarities of experts when clustering experts. To reduce the negative influence of the experts with low degrees of cooperation on the quality of a decision-making process, we implement a dynamic weight punishment mechanism to non-cooperative experts so as to improve the consensus level of a group. An illustrative example about the selection of the first point of entry for the flights entering Beijing from Toronto during the COVID-19 outbreak is presented to show the validity of the proposed model.

The Undiagnosed Diseases Network: Accelerating Discovery about Health and Disease.

Diagnosis at the edges of our knowledge calls upon clinicians to be data driven, cross-disciplinary, and collaborative in unprecedented ways. Exact disease recognition, an element of the concept of precision in medicine, requires new infrastructure that spans geography, institutional boundaries, and the divide between clinical care and research. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund supports the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) as an exemplar of this model of precise diagnosis. Its goals are to forge a strategy to accelerate the diagnosis of rare or previously unrecognized diseases, to improve recommendations for clinical management, and to advance research, especially into disease mechanisms. The network will achieve these objectives by evaluating patients with undiagnosed diseases, fostering a breadth of expert collaborations, determining best practices for translating the strategy into medical centers nationwide, and sharing findings, data, specimens, and approaches with the scientific and medical communities. Building the UDN has already brought insights to human and medical geneticists. The initial focus has been on data sharing, establishing common protocols for institutional review boards and data sharing, creating protocols for referring and evaluating patients, and providing DNA sequencing, metabolomic analysis, and functional studies in model organisms. By extending this precision diagnostic model nationally, we strive to meld clinical and research objectives, improve patient outcomes, and contribute to medical science.

Is the juice worth the squeeze? Transdisciplinary team science in bladder health.

AIMS: Prior research on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has focused on the treatment and management of these conditions with scant attention to prevention. The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium was formed to address the complexities of preventing LUTS and promoting bladder health. METHODS: Herein, we describe challenges faced and strategies used to develop the PLUS Research Consortium into an engaged and productive transdisciplinary scientific team. We apply four previously defined team science phases (development, conceptualization, implementation, and translation) to frame our progress. RESULTS: Strategies to progress through the development phase included the generation of a shared mission, and valuing of other disciplinary perspectives. The conceptualization phase included generating a shared language and developing a team transdisciplinary orientation. During the implementation phase, the group developed roles and procedures and focused on conflict management. The translation phase includes continued refinement of the mission and goals, implementation of research protocols, and robust dissemination of the scientific work products related to bladder health. CONCLUSION: A diverse group has matured into a productive transdisciplinary team science consortium. Achieving this outcome required dedicated effort for each member to engage in activities that often required more time than single discipline research activities. Provision of the necessary time and tools has fostered a transdisciplinary team science culture and rich research agenda that reflects the complexity of the health issue to be addressed. Our experience may be useful for others embarking on team science projects.

Accuracy Analysis of Distinguishing the Cooperation Degree during Image Completion Test by Eye Movement Parameters.

ABSTRACT: Objective To analyze the differences in accuracy of different eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation and non-cooperation during image completion test of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma. Methods One hundred and forty cases of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma who took psychiatric impairment assessments were collected. The 21 pictures from "image completion" of Wechsler intelligence test were used as stimulating pictures, then divided into cooperation group and non-cooperation group according to binomial forced-choice digit memory test and expert opinions. The eye movement parameters of research subjects during completion of images were obtained by the SMI eye-tracker. The accuracy of eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation or non-cooperation of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma in psychiatric impairment assessments were evaluated by the ROC curve. Results During the process of the image completion test, the area under curve （AUC） value of frequency of blink, frequency of fixation, pupil size, frequency of saccade, latency of saccade, average acceleration of saccade, the average and peak longitudinal velocity of saccade was above 0.5. When it comed to a specific stimulating picture, the AUC value of frequency of blink in looking at a specific stimulating picture could be above 0.8, and the AUC value of X axis diameter of pupil size could be above 0.7. Conclusion The accuracy of eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation or disguise of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma is related with the stimulating picture. The accuracy of frequency of blink in distinguishing cooperation and non-cooperation is better than that of other eye movement parameters.

Assessing Research Activity and Capacity of Community-Based Organizations: Refinement of the CREAT Instrument Using the Delphi Method.

Community-based organizations (CBOs) are essential partners in community-engaged research, yet little is known about their research capacity. Community experts and organizations bring unique knowledge of the community to research partnerships, but standard validated measures of CBO research capacity do not yet exist. We report here on the refinement through a structured Delphi panel of a previously developed and piloted framework of CBO research capacity and an accompanying instrument, the Community REsearch Activity Assessment Tool (CREAT). A Delphi panel composed of twenty-three experts recruited from community (52%) and academic researchers (48%) from around the USA participated in five rounds of review to establish consensus regarding framework domains, operational definitions, and tool items. Panelists rated the importance of items on a 5-point Likert scale and assessed for the inclusion and language of items. Initial rounds of review began with reviewing the framework and definitions, with subsequent rounds including review of the full instrument. Concluding rounds brought back items that had not yet reached consensus for additional review. Median response values (MRV) and intra-quartile ranges (IQR) were calculated for each Likert item. Items with an MRV > 3.5 were deemed as having reached consensus and were retained. Language changes were made for items with MRV > 2.0 and < 3.5 and an IQR > 1.5. Items with MRV < 2.0 were excluded from the final tool. Panelist response rate was high (> 75%). Consensus was achieved for the inclusion of all domains, subdomains and operational definitions except "evidence-based practices." Extensive changes to the CREAT instrument were made for clarification, to provide additional detail and to ensure applicability for CBOs. The CREAT framework and tool was refined through input from community and academic researchers. Availability of a validated tool to assess research capacity of CBOs will support targeted research capacity building for community organizations and partners, thus strengthening collaborations.

Protecting User Privacy and Rights in Academic Data-Sharing Partnerships: Principles From a Pilot Program at Crisis Text Line.

Data sharing between technology companies and academic health researchers has multiple health care, scientific, social, and business benefits. Many companies remain wary about such sharing because of unaddressed concerns about ethics, data security, logistics, and public relations. Without guidance on these issues, few companies are willing to take on the potential work and risks involved in noncommercial data sharing, and the scientific and societal potential of their data goes unrealized. In this paper, we describe the 18-month long pilot of a data-sharing program led by Crisis Text Line (CTL), a not-for-profit technology company that provides a free 24/7 text line for people in crisis. The primary goal of the data-sharing pilot was to design, develop, and implement a rigorous framework of principles and protocols for the safe and ethical sharing of user data. CTL used a stakeholder-based policy process to develop a feasible and ethical data-sharing program. The process comprised forming a data ethics committee; identifying policy challenges and solutions; announcing the program and generating interest; and revising the policy and launching the program. Once the pilot was complete, CTL examined how well the program ran and compared it with other potential program models before putting in place the program that was most suitable for its organizational needs. By drawing on CTL's experiences, we have created a 3-step set of guidelines for other organizations that wish to develop their own data-sharing program with academic researchers. The guidelines explain how to (1) determine the value and suitability of the data and organization for creating a data-sharing program; (2) decide on an appropriate data sharing and collaboration model; and (3) develop protocols and technical solutions for safe and ethical data sharing and the best organizational structure for implementing the program. An internal evaluation determined that the pilot satisfied CTL's goals of sharing scientific data and protecting client confidentiality. The policy development process also yielded key principles and protocols regarding the ethical challenges involved in data sharing that can be applied by other organizations. Finally, CTL's internal review of the pilot program developed a number of alternative models for sharing data that will suit a range of organizations with different priorities and capabilities. In implementing and studying this pilot program, CTL aimed both to optimize its own future data-sharing programs and to inform similar decisions made by others. Open data programs are both important and feasible to establish. With careful planning and appropriate resources, data sharing between big data companies and academic researchers can advance their shared mission to benefit society and improve lives.

Identification of Parameters of Host Cell Vulnerability during Salmonella Infection by Quantitative Image Analysis and Modeling.

Salmonella targets and enters epithelial cells at permissive entry sites: some cells are more likely to be infected than others. However, the parameters that lead to host cell heterogeneity are not known. Here, we quantitatively characterized host cell vulnerability to Salmonella infection based on imaged parameters. We performed successive infections of the same host cell population followed by automated high-throughput microscopy and observed that infected cells have a higher probability of being reinfected. Establishing a predictive model, we identified two combined origins of host cell vulnerability: pathogen-induced cellular vulnerability emerging from Salmonella uptake and persisting at later stages of the infection and host cell-inherent vulnerability. We linked the host cell-inherent vulnerability with its morphological attributes, such as local cell crowding, and with host cell cholesterol content. This showed that the probability of Salmonella infection success can be forecast from morphological or molecular host cell parameters.

Neuromolecular correlates of cooperation and conflict during territory defense in a cichlid fish.

Cooperative behavior is widespread among animals, yet the neural mechanisms have not been studied in detail. We examined cooperative territory defense behavior and associated neural activity in candidate forebrain regions in the cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. We find that a territorial male neighbor will engage in territory defense dependent on the perceived threat of the intruder. The resident male, on the other hand, engages in defense based on the size and behavior of his partner, the neighbor. In the neighbor, we find that an index of engagement correlates with neural activity in the putative homolog of the mammalian basolateral amygdala and in the preoptic area, as well as in preoptic dopaminergic neurons. In the resident, neighbor behavior is correlated with neural activity in the homolog of the mammalian hippocampus. Overall, we find distinct neural activity patterns between the neighbor and the resident, suggesting that an individual perceives and processes an intruder challenge differently during cooperative territory defense depending on its own behavioral role.