Local development challenge in lagging-behind areas: insights from new & evolutionary economic geography.

Lagging-behind regions, as an example of the failure of convergence in a country, has attracted the attention of many researchers who are attempting to adopt applicable policies and strategies to overcome the problem of low growth paths. The present study focuses on the policy proposals in the context of new economic geography and evolutionary economic geography for lagging-behind areas. Industrial agglomeration, as an essential element of the new economic geography, has restricted the potential for policy-making in lagging-behind regions. Creating regional advantages, as a policy in evolutionary economic geography, has provided diversified policy options for lagging-behind regions. However, this approach faces multi-level challenges in lagging-behind regions, including the lack of critical mass about low diversity and the gap in the knowledge base between lagging-behind and affluent areas. Therefore, if this policy is to be the basis for creating regional objectives, it should provide a structure for simulating external knowledge links and distinguishing the nature of the various related industries.

Creative Approach to Development: Leveraging the Sino-African Belt and Road Initiatives to Boost Africa's Cultural and Creative Industries for Africa's Development.

The present study identifies investment in Africa's cultural and creative industries (CCIs) as one of the strategic moves in the right direction for achieving sustainable development across the African continent. Cultural and creative industries (CCIs) offer an alternative approach to development through their wealth creation potential, socioeconomic development, employment opportunities, and promotion of cultural diversity. Nevertheless, CCIs are yet to feature categorically as a development strategy, owing to their many challenges, as indicated by the study. The study submits that partnerships under the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) could offer an alternative source of mobilizing support for CCIs, as the BRI is a development framework with robust financing, infrastructure, and human resources development. However, it will require the pragmatic support of policymakers to leverage BRI and boost the expansion of CCIs in Africa.

Protein mapping of peanut extract with capillary electrophoresis.

Protein separation can be achieved with different modes of capillary electrophoresis, such as with capillary gel electroporesis (CGE) or with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). CZE protein mapping of peanut extract was approached in four different ways, combining neutral-coated or multilayer-coated capillaries with pHs well over or under the isoelectric point range of the proteins of interest. At acidic pHs, the mobility ranges of the major peanut allergens Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and Ara h6 were identified. Although the pH is a major factor in CZE separation, buffers with different compositions but with the same pH and ionic strength showed significantly different resolutions. Different components of the electrolyte were studied in a multifactorial design of experiment. CE-SDS and CZE proved to be suitable for protein mapping and we were able to distinguish different batches of peanut extract and burned peanut extract.

STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDIATRIC SERVICE AT THE LEVEL OF MEDICAL INSTITUTION POLTAVA.

THE AIM: To analyze the activities of a medical institution in providing medical care to the children's population. One of the priorities of the work of the Poltava Children's City Clinical Hospital team is close cooperation and contact with the National Health Service of Ukraine under the program of medical guarantees. Since March 2020, on the basis of the Pediatric Department No. 1, infectious and diagnostic beds have been opened for medical care for patients with COVID-19 for residents of the city of Poltava and the Poltava region, which are 100% equipped with a centralized oxygen supply. The main principles for the effective formation and implementation of the strategic tasks of the hospital are: a programmatic and targeted approach to the management of the institution, the implementation of state, regional and local programs. It is important to form a financial, personnel, material and technical plan, to determine the economic efficiency of the measures taken. The main strategic directions of the hospital are active work on the formation and signing of packages of medical guarantees for 2022 with the National Health Service of Ukraine, carrying out analytical work to comply with quality standards during the treatment and diagnostic process. Important is the high level of surgical activity in the surgical departments with the implementation of modern surgical interventions.

[Development strategy and current situation of Chinese patent medicine for children in China].

This study took the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP) and the 2018 edition of National Essential Drug List(NEDL) for children as research carriers to systematically analyze the current situation of and problems in the use of Chinese patent medicine for children(CPMC) in China. In view of the problems of imprecise dosage, incomplete safety information, and lack of sui-table varieties, dosage form and specification of CPMC in China, development strategy of CPMC in the future was proposed. It is reco-mmended to carry out systematic post-marketing revaluation studies of CPMC, encourage the development of new varieties or new dosa-ge forms suitable for children, advocate the continuous promotion of real-world studies on children, and expand the information on the use of CPMC with real-world data, so as to lay the foundation for post-marketing revaluation of CPMC and guide the rational use of clini-cal medicines. This study was expected to build a positive policy ecosystem to ensure the supply of CPMC, and promote the high-quality development of CPMC.

[Current status and development strategy of ISO/TC 249 standards for Chinese materia medica].

The internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is one of the strategic development objectives in China, which has been incorporated into the national strategy as an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative development strategy. As the basis and prerequisite of TCM development, Chinese materia medica(CMM) has a direct impact on the internationalization of TCM. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is a global organization composed of national standardization bodies, and the ISO standards impact the world's economy, trade, communication and cooperation. Based on a brief introduction to ISO/Traditional Chinese Medicine Technical Committee(ISO/TC 249), this study elaborates the necessity of establishing ISO standards for CMM and analyzes the current status and challenges faced by the formulation of international standards for CMM. Finally, this study puts forward the development strategy of international standards for CMM. Specifically, efforts should be made to develop top-level design with international market demands as the guidance and improve the quality of standards to accelerate the transformation of domestic high-quality standards into international standards. Moreover, measures should be taken to give full play to the positive role of enterprises in the formulation of standards, vigorously cultivate compound talents for international standardization of TCM, and constantly strengthen international cooperation. The experience and thinking are of guiding significance for the scientific, efficient and reasonable formulation of high-quality ISO standards for CMM in the future.

[State policy of development of resort business in Russia: legal and organizational aspects, including those in an emergency]. / Gosudarstvennaya politika razvitiya kurortnogo dela v Rossii: pravovye i organizatsionnye aspekty realizatsii, v tom chisle v ekstremal'noi situatsii.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the normative and regulatory support of the state policy of development of health resort business in Russia and organizational and methodological aspects of its implementation, including those in emergency and coronavirus pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following current methods of community hygienic and medical-organizational research were applied: analytical, statistical, best practice study, monographic, etc. Data from state and departmental official sources, statistical books, scientific publications, and other sources were studied. RESULTS: The main normative, regulatory, organizational and methodological aspects of the strategy implementation, developed in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation «On approval of the development strategy of the health-resort complex of the Russian Federation¼ dated 26.11.18 №2581-p were analyzed. Some discrepancies in the state and departmental statistics of health-resort organizations were found. The nomenclature of the health-resort area was reviewed, and the used term «health-resort treatment¼ was criticized, which does not correspond to the parts of this type of daily practice medical care, unlike the concepts «health-resort care¼ or «health-resort business¼. The article presents the author's vision of the issue of normative and organizational support of health-resort organizations in an emergency such as COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that the national and local experience of coronavirus infection control contributed to the development of a considerable number of federal regulatory documents in a short time frame. The publication describes an analysis and systematic review of the most important documents, including those related to the spa resorts. Addressing the demanding challenges of further development of the country's health-resort complex largely relies on the state of its facilities and resources. However, its objective analysis is hindered by the identified significant discrepancies in the state and departmental statistic data concerning the number of functioning health-resort organizations and its change over time. As opposed to the concept of «health-resort treatment¼, the term «health-resort care¼ most accurately describes its complexity.

[The development of basic research in the field of male reproductive health in China over the past 30 years supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China].

Reproductive health is a key aim of the population health strategy, and male reproductive health constitutes an important part of reproductive health. This article systematically analyzes the applications to and grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and some related scientific problems in the field of male reproductive health in the past 30 years. It also discusses the development of the basic researches on male reproductive health in China and the facilitating role of NSFC in this field.

[Prospects for the development of the sanatorium-and-spa industry of the Russian Federation]. / Perspektivy razvitiya sanatorno-kurortnoi otrasli Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK: Is to analyze the current state of the sanatorium-and-spa complex of the Russian Federation and to develop promising ways of its development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The state analysis was carried out on the basis of the results of field events, including the assessment of the quality of medical care; video conference call results; data from the State Register of the Resort Fund of the Russian Federation; reports on medical rehabilitation for people with disabilities and children with disabilities in medical and sanatorium-and-spa organizations. When assessing, an integral indicator of the current state of the medical industry was used, based on which the total integral indicator of the sanatorium-and-spa complex was calculated. RESULTS: Based on the analysis, a rating of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was compiled depending on the state of the sanatorium-and-spa treatment, the problems of the industry and ways to solve them were highlighted. The development paths of the sanatorium-and-spa complex of the Russian Federation are substantiated, which are reflected in the Development Strategy of the sanatorium-and-spa complex of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2018 №2581-r. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the proposed measures will restore the world-recognized achievements of domestic balneology and increase the effectiveness and accessibility of sanatorium-and-spa treatment, as well as achieve the targets specified in the Development Strategy of the spa complex of the Russian Federation.

[The hospital-substituting technologies: condition and strategic tasks of their development].

The program of state guarantees of free medical care of citizens for 2019 and up to 2020-2021 plans to reduce volume of inpatient medical care through development of hospital-replacing technologies. The economic feasibility of hospital-replacing technologies is in significantly lower cost of medical services in a day hospital as compared with twenty-four hours hospital (UPC). However, the existing legislative framework and the lack of proactive financial mechanisms do not stimulate development of hospital-replacing technologies. The purpose of study is to analyze reporting data and results of SWOT analysis of rating of factors affecting introduction of day hospitals, On the basis of analysis the strategic objectives of development of hospital-replacing technologies are formed. The study applied statistical analysis, direct observation, sociological survey, SWOT analysis. The analysis was applied to data from forms of Federal statistical observation No. 14 and industrial statistical monitoring No. 14 for 2009-2018. Based on results of SWOT analysis, experts were interviewed by the heads of health care authorities and medical organizations regarding development of strategy of medical care of children with disabilities. The expert survey was carried out with health care managers in Moscow, the Moscow oblast, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Ivanovo, Ryazan oblasts and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The analysis established that in 2018 the number of medical care organizations increased up to 6495, including medical institutions providing outpatient medical care (41.4%) and in-patient medical care (58.6 %). The analysis demonstrated that percentage of treated patients in day hospitals out of the total number of hospitalized patients (in hospitals was 29,1% in 2018, while in 2009 this percentage was significantly lower - 15,6%, which indicates the intensification of the use of the bed fund of the UPC, which to some extent is associated with increased development of hospital-replacing technologies. The results of SWOT analysis demonstrated that the strategic objectives of development of hospital-replacing technologies should be targeted to develop financial stability of health care, active position of the heads managers of health care institutions and medical organizations and introduction of innovations if needed. It is necessary to develop modern management methods, rational application of health care resources, implementation of economic incentives in all components of health care system, ensure functioning of the system, including effective contract.

Data-Independent Acquisition for the Orbitrap Q Exactive HF: A Tutorial.

Data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a powerful mass spectrometric technique to perform both protein identification and quantification of complex protein samples. Setting up DIA methods on Orbitrap analyzers requires a thorough overview of the actions the Orbitrap mass spectrometers carry out. This Tutorial is written with the intention to give an overview of the important parameters to consider as well as which measurements to carry out to get the most out of your DIA method when setting it up on an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Instead of giving the optimal DIA settings, all steps in the construction and optimization of the DIA method are shown and discussed in a way that allows tailored DIA methods. They key steps are building the spectral library after sample fractionation, deciding upon the number of data points per chromatographic peak, determining the scan times of each mass spectrometric step, constructing various DIA methods using these data, and evaluating their performance. This proposed DIA method development strategy was tested on digested lysates from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and compared with conventional DDA analysis to put the DIA results into perspective.

Country Case Studies in Economic Fitness: Mexico and Brazil.

We leverage a new complexity framework called Economic Fitness, which characterizes an economy's level of diversification and its capabilities to produce more complex products. It can be used to predict economic growth and competitiveness. This paper describes an application of Economic Fitness called the Country Opportunity Spotlight (COS) that assesses a country's current level of capabilities and demonstrates which industries have upgrade and diversification potential given those capabilities. It helps unlock the explanatory and predictive power of Economic Fitness for policymakers. COS results serve as a starting point for policymakers to shape and validate priorities, compare countries, asses the capabilities needed in specific industries and begin identifying constraints to growth. We showcase the use of this framework for Mexico and Brazil. These countries provide an interesting case study, as they have similar growth outlooks yet demonstrate different productive capabilities. Examining Mexico and Brazil side by side illustrates the value this analysis can have on deciphering structural change and decision making and at the same time reinforces the need for a nuanced consideration of each country's unique context.

Highway investment in deindustrialization: A territorial analysis of office property transactions in Hong Kong, 2002-2013.

Transportation investment continues to grow in aid of economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability worldwide, but limited empirical research has been conducted on the changing value of highway investment in deindustrializing economies. This study examines the influences of highway proximity and traffic on office values in Hong Kong using hedonic price analysis on 13,670 transactions around highway interchanges for 2002-2013. Our hedonic regressions, controlling for unobservable district effects and incorporating instrumental variables, reveal that the associations of highway proximity and traffic with office prices appear to exhibit mixed results across Hong Kong's three territorial divisions. The negative externalities generated by excess traffic cancel out the accessibility benefits of highway proximity on Hong Kong Island, where densely built-up office districts are suited for amenity-sensitive knowledge businesses that tend to create value-added services through face-to-face communications. By contrast, highway proximity uplifts the value of office properties with lower transportation costs and higher market accessibility in Kowloon and the New Territories, where spacious workplaces near hub-port and logistics facilities are advantageous for mobility-driven trade and transportation businesses that tend to increase value-added throughput in cross-border relations with mainland China. These territorial findings are of particular importance for progressive policymakers to deploy the strategic applications of underground bypasses, greenway creation, interchange improvement, congestion charges, and smart technology to manage mobility and alleviate disamenity, accompanied by supportive public transit services and adaptive land-use rezoning, in the dynamic and complex process of deindustrialization.

[Development strategy of Paris based on combination of domestic patent and current resource application and development].

Paris is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and has antitumor, antibacterial, sedative, analgesic and hemostatic effects. It has been used as an ingredient of 81 Chinese patent medicines, with a wide application and large market demand. Based on the data retrieved from state Intellectual Property Office patent database, a comprehensive analysis was made on Paris patents, so as to explore the current features of Paris patents in the aspects of domestic patent output, development trend, technology field distribution, time dimension, technology growth rate and patent applicant, and reveal the development trend of China's Paris industry. In addition, based on the current Paris resource application and development, a sustainable, multi-channel and multi-level industrial development approach was built. According to the results, studies of Paris in China are at the rapid development period, with a good development trend. However, because wild Paris resources tend to be exhausted, the studies for artificial cultivation technology should be strengthened to promote the industrial development.

Retention modelling in hydrophilic interaction chromatography.

The retention behaviour of acidic, basic and quaternary ammonium salts and polar neutral analytes has been evaluated on acidic, basic and neutral hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases as a function of HILIC operating parameters such as MeCN content, buffer concentration, pH and temperature. Numerous empirical HILIC retention models (existing and newly developed ones) have been assessed for their ability to describe retention as a function of the HILIC operating parameters investigated. Retention models have been incorporated into a commercially available retention modelling programme (i.e. ACD/LC simulator) and their accuracy of retention prediction assessed. The applicability of HILIC modelling using these equations has been demonstrated in the two-dimensional isocratic (i.e. buffer concentration versus MeCN content modelling) and one-dimensional gradient separations for a range of analytes of differing physico-chemical properties on the three stationary phases. The accuracy of retention and peak width prediction was observed to be comparable to that reported in reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) retention modelling. Intriguingly, our results have confirmed that the use of gradient modelling to predict HILIC isocratic conditions and vice versa is not reliable. A relative ranking of the importance of the retention and selectivity of HILIC operating parameters has been determined using statistical approaches. For retention, the order of importance was observed to be organic content > stationary phase > temperature ≈ mobile phase pH (i.e. pH 3-6 which mainly effects the ionization of the analyte) ≈ buffer concentration. For selectivity, the nature of the stationary phase > mobile phase pH > buffer concentration > temperature > organic content.

Non-clinical toxicity studies on bioactive compounds within the framework of nutritional and health claims.

The growing presence of products on the market with added value in terms of health makes essential their regulation and harmonization in critical aspects such as safety. The toxicology applied to the bioactive compounds should demonstrate the absence of toxic effects at doses advised for consumption, as well as evaluate the potential toxic effects in the assumption that the products are used in quantities superior to those recommended. The specific strategy should be defined case by case; therefore, prior to any toxicological development, it is essential to study all the information regarding the bioactive compounds (BACs) characterization, nutridynamics and nutrikinetics, that is available. In this guideline, a general strategy to be applied in the development of BACs is proposed. It includes a first in vitro phase to discard genotoxicity and endocrine effects and a second in vivo phase with different possibilities regarding the duration and the extension of the studies.

Revisiting development strategy under climate uncertainty: case study of Malawi.

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of agriculture-led versus non-agriculture-led development strategies under climate-induced economic uncertainty. Utilizing Malawi as a case study, we introduce the application of Stochastic Dominance (SD) analysis, a tool from decision analysis theory, and compare the two strategies in the context of weather/climate-associated economic uncertainty. Our findings suggest that an agriculture-led development strategy consistently surpasses its non-agriculture-led antagonist in poverty and undernourishment outcomes across almost all possible weather/climate scenarios. This underscores that, despite increasing exposure of the entire economy to weather/climate uncertainty, agriculture-led development remains the optimal strategy for Malawi to reduce poverty and undernourishment. The study also endorses the broader use of SD analysis in policy planning studies, promoting its potential to integrate risk and uncertainty into policymaking.

Factors Associated with Inclusion of Japan in Phase I Multiregional Clinical Trials in Oncology.

BACKGROUND: Early inclusion of Japan in the global development program could be a key factor in reducing the drug lag, making participation in phase I multiregional clinical trials (Ph. I MRCTs) an important consideration for oncology drug development in Japan. We aimed to investigate the factors associated with the inclusion of Japan in Ph. I MRCTs in oncology. METHODS: We compared the trial design, target population, type of primary tested drug, trial conduct profile, and sponsor profile for Ph. I MRCTs with or without Japan conducted by the top 20 companies in more than two countries and started between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2020. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-seven Ph. I MRCTs included Japan, and 697 did not. Detailed features of the Ph. I MRCTs in oncology were summarized, and several factors (trial design, target population, trial conduct profile, and sponsor profile) associated with inclusion of Japan in the Ph. I MRCTs were identified. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for Japanese subsidiaries within global pharmaceutical companies to closely communicate with the headquarters based on medical practice and unmet needs in Japan to join global development from an early stage. In addition, further efforts to attract emerging biopharmaceutical companies to Japan from the regulatory and/or political perspectives would be needed, thereby preventing drug lag in Japan.

A novel vaccine strategy using quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens to unnatural amino acid-auxotrophic suicide derivatives.

We propose a novel strategy for quick and easy preparation of suicide live vaccine candidates against bacterial pathogens. This method requires only the transformation of one or more plasmids carrying genes encoding for two types of biological devices, an unnatural amino acid (uAA) incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems in which translation of the antitoxins requires the uAA incorporation. Escherichia coli BL21-AI laboratory strains carrying the plasmids were viable in the presence of the uAA, whereas the free toxins killed these strains after the removal of the uAA. The survival time after uAA removal could be controlled by the choice of the uAA incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems. Multilayered toxin-antitoxin systems suppressed escape frequency to less than 1 escape per 109 generations in the best case. This conditional suicide system also worked in Salmonella enterica and E. coli clinical isolates. The S. enterica vaccine strains were attenuated with a >105 fold lethal dose. Serum IgG response and protection against the parental pathogenic strain were confirmed. In addition, the live E. coli vaccine strain was significantly more immunogenic and provided greater protection than a formalin-inactivated vaccine. The live E. coli vaccine was not detected after inoculation, presumably because the uAA is not present in the host animals or the natural environment. These results suggest that this strategy provides a novel way to rapidly produce safe and highly immunogenic live bacterial vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE: Live vaccines are the oldest vaccines with a history of more than 200 years. Due to their strong immunogenicity, live vaccines are still an important category of vaccines today. However, the development of live vaccines has been challenging due to the difficulties in achieving a balance between safety and immunogenicity. In recent decades, the frequent emergence of various new and old pathogens at risk of causing pandemics has highlighted the need for rapid vaccine development processes. We have pioneered the use of uAAs to control gene expression and to conditionally kill host bacteria as a biological containment system. This report proposes a quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens into live vaccine candidates using this containment system. The balance between safety and immunogenicity can be modulated by the selection of the genetic devices used. Moreover, the uAA-auxotrophy can prevent the vaccine from infecting other individuals or establishing the environment.

Harmony with nature: Disentanglement the influence of ecological perception and adaptation on sustainable development and circular economy goals in country.

From the perspective of ecosystem attributes, this research was conducted to explore the impact of people's adaptation and response to their perception of environmental risks on their preference for sustainable development strategies and the realization of a circular economy based on Social Judgment Theory and the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory. To achieve the goal, three substudies were conducted using questionnaire surveys-the first substudy aimed to examine the influence of ecological attributes on environmental risk perception (ERP). The second substudy attempted to understand the intricate connection between ERP and justice, while the third study explored the relationship between justice and SDS (sustainable development strategies) and CEG (realization of a circular economy). The results indicate the following: (1) The first substudy reveals that ecological attributes impact environmental risk perception (ERP), with different environmental values exerting distinct influences. (2) The second substudy suggests that ERP facilitates the realization of social, environmental, and ecological justice, but people's preference for a specific economic growth strategy will affect their tendency to realize justice. (3) The third substudy shows that sustainability strategies (i.e., sustainable production, consumption, and use) mediate the relationship between justice and circular economy goals (CEG). Among the three strategies, sustainable use plays the most significant mediating role. The research outcomes underscore the importance of prioritizing sustainable use in future research in theory and practice.