Delivering Midwifery: A Scoping Review of Employment Models in Canada.

The majority of Canadian Provinces have regulated and publicly funded midwifery. No comprehensive review has summarized and compared the various types of employment models, practice organizations, and compensation for midwives across Canada. The aim of this scoping review was to gain an understanding of evidence related to funding models, organization of practice models, and compensation for midwives. The Arksey and O'Malley five-stage framework for conducting scoping reviews guided our methodology. The constructs of interest for inquiry related to Canadian midwifery were the following: (1) employment models, (2) organization of practice, and (3) compensation. The study selection was an iterative search process. After duplicates were removed from both database and grey literature sources, a total of 1540 records were initially screened. After final screening was complete, a total of 111 records were included that contained content related to constructs of interest. Currently, midwifery services are publicly funded in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, Nunavut, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, and Saskatchewan. The four types of employment models in which midwives work are private practice, private fee for service (deemed as course of care), course of care, and salaried. Compensation varies by province depending on the model of employment. This review of publicly available literature illustrates the range of employment, practice models, and compensation of regulated midwifery across Canada, as well as the evolution of the profession in the past 27 years. This type of information is relevant to inform health workforce planning for midwifery services across the country (Canadian Task Force Classification III).

Supporting the midwifery workforce: An evaluation of an undergraduate midwifery student employment model at a large tertiary maternity service in Victoria, Australia.

BACKGROUND: In 2020, in response to major maternity workforce challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Victorian Department of Health implemented a number of workforce maximisation strategies, one of which was employment of undergraduate midwifery students called 'Registered Undergraduate Student Of Midwifery' (RUSOM). AIM: To evaluate the RUSOM model implemented in a tertiary maternity service in Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to all RUSOMs and midwives at the study site in August 2021. FINDINGS: Twenty of 26 RUSOMs (77%) and 110 of 338 permanent midwives (33%) responded. Both groups considered the model to be a positive workforce strategy that contributed to work readiness of students, and increased confidence and competence to practise. RUSOMS and midwives reported positives for the organisation including improving workload for midwives on the postnatal ward, enhancing quality of care and outcomes for women and babies, and the value of RUSOMs as team members. RUSOMs felt well supported, supervised and clinically and theoretically prepared. Both groups considered RUSOMs were underutilised, and that they could undertake additional duties, and both thought that the RUSOM model should continue. CONCLUSION: The model was highly valued by both RUSOMs and midwives. There was strong agreement that the model should continue and that the list of duties could be expanded. Given these findings, further research should explore the expansion and sustainability of RUSOMs in the maternity workforce.

Education and Training in Clinical Psychology and Psychological Psychotherapy in Switzerland.

Switzerland offers Education in Clinical Psychology in the German and French language and training in Psychotherapy in German, French and Italian. Both education and training are structured along centralized guidelines and recognized at a federal level. After finishing one's studies, becoming a Psychological Psychotherapist requires between two and six years of postgraduate training and a financial investment of tens of thousands of Swiss Francs. Historically, it is quite common for Swiss psychotherapy trainings to incorporate a mix or combination of several psychotherapy schools such as cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, systemic and humanistic. Foreign degrees obtained in EU countries are generally recognized, and the fulfillment of criteria is evaluated on an individual basis. Graduates find a diverse job market with opportunities to work in clinics and psychotherapeutical practices, but the absence of direct reimbursement via mandatory health insurance plans for psychological psychotherapists (not psychiatrists) lead many to work on patients' private payments or as a psychiatrist's employee. The ordering model, a potential new regulation allowing for the direct reimbursement of psychological psychotherapists' work, is planned to be decided upon throughout 2020.

Adapting to the new radiology landscape: challenges and solutions discussed at the 2014 AMCLC open-microphone sessions.

Every year, multiple open-microphone sessions are hosted at the ACR AMCLC. These sessions allow members of the College to offer opinions, experiences, and questions regarding challenges facing radiologists and the future of the profession. At the 2014 AMCLC, 3 such sessions focused, respectively, on radiology's workforce, the obstacles slowing the shift from volume to value, and alternative reimbursement models and the shifting physician employment landscape. These open-microphone sessions framed contemporary obstacles and emerging challenges that professional radiology societies, such as the ACR, should target with new initiatives and use of resources; in addition, the sessions revealed opportunities for members, councilors, and state chapters to respond with meaningful resolutions and policy proposals.

El papel del reconocimiento en la integración social de las personas discapacitadas: análisis de modelos de inserción laboral para personas ciegas en el área metropolitana de Monterrey / The role of recognition in the social integration of disabled persons: analysis of models of employment for blind people in the metropolitan area of Monterrey

Partiendo de la tesis de que el reconocimiento es una precondición para una vida en sociedad (Honneth, 2010:32) debido a que: a) hace posible la construcción de la identidad; b) incide en la relación con uno mismo; c) es el fundamento de la empatía y solidaridad; d) incide en la valoración social de una actividad; e) y afecta incluso la distribución de bienes materiales (Honneth, 2010: 43). Consideramos que la forma como son reconocidos los diversos grupos sociales influye en la valoración de sus actividades, cualidades y aportaciones sociales, organiza y determina su acceso a la distribución de los bienes materiales socialmente disponibles. Desde esta perspectiva es que analizamos los datos empíricos obtenidos a través de la elaboración de entrevistas a profundidad a personas ciegas del AMM; y qué organismos a partir de cómo los modelos de inserción laboral desarrollados por las distintas Asociaciones de las que los entrevistados forman parte materializan, en sus prácticas de inserción, un determinado imaginario social sobre las personas ciegas. Asimismo consideramos que ese imaginario social incide en la autopercepción de las mismas personas. Finalmente concluimos que las personas con discapacidad enfrentan una especie de negación de reconocimiento con relación a sus cuerpos. Ello inhibe y reprime el desarrollo de sus capacidades y habilidades para conocer y aprehender el mundo.

Starting from the thesis that recognition is a precondition for a life in society (Honneth, 2010:32) because: a) makes possible the construction of identity; b) affects the relationship with oneself; c) is the foundation of empathy and solidarity; d) affects the social value of an activity; e) and affects even distribution of material goods (Honneth, 2010: 43). Consider how they are recognized various social groups affect the value of their activities, qualities and social contributions, organizes and determines their access to distribution of material goods socially available. From this perspective, we analyze the empirical data obtained through the development of in-depth interviews to blind the AMM and how organisms from employment models developed by different organizations which respondents are part materialize, insertion practices in a particular social imaginary of the blind. We also believe that social imagery affects self perception of the same people. Finally we conclude that persons with disabilities we face a kind of denial of recognition in relation to their bodies. This inhibits and suppresses the development of their skills and abilities to appreciate and understand the world.