Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a medicinal tree native to Southeast Asia. The present multilevel meta-analysis describes the association between kratom use and the positive and negative indicators of mental health. METHODS: A total of thirty-six articles were included in the meta-analysis to examine the associations, using a random-effects model. RESULTS: The pooled effect size showed a very small positive association between kratom use and negative indicators of mental health {r = 0.092, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.020, 0.164], p < 0.05}, while no significant association was found with positive indicators of mental health (r = -0.031, 95% CI = [-0.149, 0.087], p > 0.05). Pooled effect sizes of specific mental health outcomes indicated that kratom use showed only a small positive correlation with externalizing disorders (r = 0.201, 95% CI = [0.107, 0.300], p < 0.001). No significant association was found between kratom use and quality of life (r = 0.069, 95% CI = [-0.104, 0.242], p > 0.05) and internalizing disorders (r = -0.001, 95% CI = [-0.115, 0.095], p > 0.05). Multilevel moderator analysis showed that the pooled effect size of the association between kratom use and substance use disorder was stronger in Malaysia (r = 0.347, 95% CI = [0.209, 0.516], p < 0.001), and with the mean age (ß1 = -0.035, 95% CI = [-0.055, -0.014], p = 0.003), and the drug profile of those who were not co-using other drugs (r = 0.347, 95% CI = [0.209, 0.516], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis supports the kratom instrumentalization concept, in that a positive gain from kratom consumption can be achieved without any significant adverse associations with mental health.

Fly ash application impacts master physicochemical pedovariables: A multilevel meta-analysis.

Fly ash (FA) is a very alkaline, hazardous waste with a potential to be recycled in amelioration of master pedovariables, notably: i) pH, drives soil biogeochemistry, ii) electrical conductivity (EC), reflects soil salinity level and overall soil health, iii) water holding capacity (WHC), determines soil hydraulic functions and iv) bulk denisity (BD), indicates soil compaction and water-air relations. We performed a multilevel meta-analysis, encompassing 30 out of 1325 screend studies, using a random effect model and non-aggregated data sets. By moderating; experimental type, FA application rate, soil type and land use, two distinct meta-analytical approaches on observed pedovariables were performed: i) uni-moderator, considering moderators separately, and ii) multi-moderator, considering moderators combined. It was found that FA application: increased soil pH by 15.4% (Hedge's g = 8.07), EC by 51.7% (Hedge's g = 8.07), WHC by 22.6% (Hedge's g = 7.79), and reduced BD by 13.5% (Hedge's g = -5.03). However, the uni-moderator meta-analytical model revealed a significant increase in pH and EC only with relatively lower FA dosage (up to 20%). In addition, the impact of FA on pH and EC was significantly positive in acid (pHH2O < 6.5), negative in alkaline (pHH2O > 7.2), and not significant in neutral (pHH2O = 6.6-7.2) soil types. The same uni-moderator approach revealed that FA dosages above 5% significantly increased WHC, but reduced BD. Moreover, the multi-moderator model identified two significant interactions: i) between varying FA dosage and land use, and ii) between varying FA dosage and soil type. Confirmed positive implications of FA on key soil properties underscore its strong potential as a valuable resource for sustainable soil management, mitigating widespread soil constraints and contributing waste reduction. However, careful consideration of FA dosage, soil type, and land use is imperative to optimize FA application and prevent potential adverse environmental implications.

A meta-analysis of the effects of colostrum heat treatment on colostral viscosity, immunoglobulin G concentration, and the transfer of passive immunity in newborn dairy calves.

Newborn ruminants depend on colostrum intake immediately after birth to obtain immunoglobulins for effective transfer of passive immunity (TPI). As colostrum may also be a vehicle of infectious agents, heat treatment of raw colostrum is a practice aimed at eliminating or reducing its pathogen load. Despite the usefulness of heat treatment in preventing the transmission of infectious colostrum-borne diseases, heat treatment of colostrum may have some side effects. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to summarize the effects of colostrum heat treatment on colostral viscosity and IgG concentration, and serum IgG concentration as a proxy for TPI in newborn calves fed raw versus heat-treated colostrum. Moderators were studied to identify sources of heterogeneity. Literature databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 1946 and 2022. A Master of Science thesis was also included. Five, 21, and 19 original publications were quantitatively evaluated in 3 separate meta-analyses, based on predefined selection criteria. Two-level and 3-level random-effects meta-analysis revealed a significant overall effect of heat treatment on colostral viscosity and IgG concentration, and serum IgG concentration in newborns. Heat-treated colostrum had significantly higher viscosity (21.0 cP, 95% CI: 3.8 to 38.2) and lower IgG concentration (-7.4 g/L, 95% CI: -11.1 to -3.7) compared with raw colostrum. Overall, newborn calves fed heat-treated colostrum had higher serum IgG concentrations (2.8 g/L, 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.0) 24-48 h after birth than those fed with raw colostrum. Particularly, this positive effect on the serum IgG concentrations was seen when colostrum was heat-treated at ≤60°C (2.9 g/L, 95% CI: 0.9 to 4.2) and when the standard low-temperature low-time (LTLT) method was used for heat treatment (2.6 g/L, 95% CI: 0.1 to 5.1). Colostrum treated at >60-63.5°C tended to have higher viscosity (275.6 cP, 95% CI: -37.9 to 589.3) and had lower IgG concentration (-21.7 g/L, 95% CI: -27.3 to -16.1). Calves fed colostrum treated at this temperature range had significantly lower serum IgG (-4.2 g/L, 95% CI: -7.9 to -0.4) compared with those fed raw colostrum. Heat treatment of colostrum at 72-76°C was not associated with a significant increase in colostral viscosity (6.3 cP, 95% CI: -324.3 to 336.9) nor a reduction in IgG colostral concentration (-13.1 g/L, 95% CI: -26.5 to 0.2), but calves fed colostrum treated at this temperature range had a significant reduction in serum IgG (-11.3 g/L, 95% CI: -17.1 to -5.4). Feeding newborn calves with colostrum heat-treated at ≤60°C by the standard LTLT method, particularly within 2 h after birth, resulted in increased serum IgG concentration at 24-48 h of age. Importantly, delaying feeding of heat-treated colostrum to newborns beyond 2 h of age resulted in no significant difference in IgG serum levels compared with feeding raw colostrum, highlighting the importance of early administration of heat-treated colostrum to favor TPI. On-farm colostrum heat treating should achieve an equilibrium between pathogen elimination and the preservation of colostral immunoglobulins while minimizing undesired increases in viscosity. The beneficial effects of colostrum heat treatment on TPI can be negligible if colostrum feeding is not performed within 2 h after birth.

Strength-based methods - a narrative review and comparative multilevel meta-analysis of positive interventions in clinical settings.

OBJECTIVE: In psychotherapy, strength-based methods (SBM) represent efforts to build on patients' strengths while addressing the deficits and challenges that led them to come to therapy. SBM are incorporated to some extent in all major psychotherapy approaches, but data on their unique contribution to psychotherapy efficacy is scarce. METHODS: First, we conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of eight process-outcome psychotherapy studies that investigated in-session SBM and their relation to immediate outcomes. Second, we conducted a systematic review and multilevel comparative meta-analysis contrasting strength-based bona fide psychotherapy vs. other bona fide psychotherapy at post-treatment (57 effect sizes nested in 9 trials). RESULTS: Despite their methodological variability, the pattern of results in the process-outcome studies was generally positive, such that SBM were linked with more favorable immediate, session-level patient outcomes. The comparative meta-analysis found an overall weighted average effect size of g = 0.17 (95% CIs [0.03, 0.31], p < .01) indicating a small but significant effect in favor of strength-based bona fide psychotherapies. There was non-significant heterogeneity among the effect sizes (Q(56) = 69.1, p = .11; I2 = 19%, CI [16%, 22%]). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that SBMs may not be a trivial by-product of treatment progress and may provide a unique contribution to psychotherapy outcomes. Thus, we recommend integration of SBM to clinical training and practice across treatment models.

Meta-analytic approaches and effect sizes to account for 'nuisance heterogeneity' in comparative physiology.

Meta-analysis is a powerful tool used to generate quantitatively informed answers to pressing global challenges. By distilling data from broad sets of research designs and study systems into standardised effect sizes, meta-analyses provide physiologists with opportunities to estimate overall effect sizes and understand the drivers of effect variability. Despite this ambition, research designs in the field of comparative physiology can appear, at the outset, as being vastly different to each other because of 'nuisance heterogeneity' (e.g. different temperatures or treatment dosages used across studies). Methodological differences across studies have led many to believe that meta-analysis is an exercise in comparing 'apples with oranges'. Here, we dispel this myth by showing how standardised effect sizes can be used in conjunction with multilevel meta-regression models to both account for the factors driving differences across studies and make them more comparable. We assess the prevalence of nuisance heterogeneity in the comparative physiology literature - showing it is common and often not accounted for in analyses. We then formalise effect size measures (e.g. the temperature coefficient, Q10) that provide comparative physiologists with a means to remove nuisance heterogeneity without the need to resort to more complex statistical models that may be harder to interpret. We also describe more general approaches that can be applied to a variety of different contexts to derive new effect sizes and sampling variances, opening up new possibilities for quantitative synthesis. By using effect sizes that account for components of effect heterogeneity, in combination with existing meta-analytic models, comparative physiologists can explore exciting new questions while making results from large-scale data sets more accessible, comparable and widely interpretable.

Prevention of eating disorders at universities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Eating problems are highly prevalent among young adults. Universities could be an optimal setting to prevent the onset of eating disorders through psychological intervention. As part of the World Mental Health-International College Student initiative, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes data on the efficacy of eating disorder prevention programs targeting university students. METHOD: A systematic literature search of bibliographical databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO) for randomized trials comparing psychological preventive interventions for eating disorders targeting university students with psychoeducation or inactive controls was performed on October 22, 2019. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included. Thirteen (48.1%) were rated to have a low risk of bias. The relative risk of developing a subthreshold or full-blown eating disorder was incidence rate ratio = 0.62 (95% CI [0.44, 0.87], n c = 8, numbers-needed-to-treat [NNT] = 26.08; standardized clinical interviews only), indicating a 38% decrease in incidence in the intervention groups compared to controls. Small to moderate between-group effects at posttest were found on eating disorder symptoms (g = 0.35, 95% CI [0.24, 0.46], NNT = 5.10, n c = 26), dieting (g = 0.43, 95% CI [0.29, 0.57], NNT = 4.17, n c = 21), body dissatisfaction (g = 0.40, 95% CI [0.27, 0.53], NNT = 4.48, n c = 25), drive for thinness (g = 0.43, 95% CI [0.27, 0.59], NNT = 4.23, n c = 12), weight concerns (g = 0.33, 95% CI [0.10, 0.57], NNT = 5.35, n c = 13), and affective symptoms (g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.15, 0.38], NNT = 6.70, n c = 18). The effects on bulimia nervosa symptoms were not significant. Heterogeneity was moderate across comparisons. DISCUSSION: Eating disorder prevention on campus can have significant, small-to-moderate effects on eating disorder symptoms and risk factors. Results also suggest that the prevention of subthreshold and full-syndrome eating disorders is feasible using such interventions. More research is needed to identify ways to motivate students to use preventive eating disorder interventions. ANTECEDENTES: Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria son altamente prevalentes entre los adultos jóvenes. Las universidades podrían ser un entorno óptimo para prevenir la aparición de trastornos alimentarios a través de la intervención psicológica. Como parte de la iniciativa World Mental Health-International College Student, esta revisión sistemática y meta-análisis sintetiza datos sobre la eficacia de los programas de prevención de trastornos alimentarios dirigidos a estudiantes universitarios. MÉTODO: Una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática de datos bibliográficas (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO) para ensayos aleatorios que comparaban intervenciones preventivas psicológicas para trastornos alimentarios dirigidos a estudiantes universitarios con psicoeducación o controles inactivos fue realizada hasta el 22 de octubre de 2019. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 27 estudios. Trece (48,1%) fueron calificados como de bajo riesgo de sesgo. El riesgo relativo de desarrollar un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria subclínico (parcial) o completo fue IRR = 0.62 (95% CI [0.44, 0.87], nc = 8, NNT = 26.08; sólo entrevistas clínicas estandarizadas), lo que indica una disminución del 38% en la incidencia en los grupos de intervención en comparación con los controles. Se encontraron efectos pequeños a moderados entre los grupos en la post-prueba en los síntomas del trastorno alimentario (g = 0.35, 95% CI [0.24, 0.46], NNT = 5.10, nc = 26), dieta (g = 0.43, 95% CI [0.29, 0.57], NNT = 4.17, nc = 21), insatisfacción corporal (g = 0.40, 95% CI [0.27, 0.53], NNT = 4.48, nc = 25), impulso por delgadez (g = 0.43, 95% CI [0.27, 0.59], NNT = 4.23, nc = 12), problemas de peso (g = 0.33, 95% CI [0.10, 0.57], NNT = 5.35, nc = 13) y síntomas afectivos (g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.15, 0.38], NNT = 6.70, nc = 18). Los efectos sobre los síntomas de la bulimia nervosa no fueron significativos. La heterogeneidad fue moderada en las comparaciones. DISCUSIÓN: La prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en el campus universitario puede tener efectos significativos, de pequeños a moderados, sobre los síntomas del trastorno alimentario y los factores de riesgo. Los resultados también sugieren que la prevención de los trastornos alimentarios subclínicos o parciales y síndromes completos es factible utilizando tales intervenciones. Se necesita más investigación para identificar formas de motivar a los estudiantes a usar intervenciones preventivas para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.

Multilevel meta-analysis of multiple regression coefficients from single-case experimental studies.

The focus of the current study is on handling the dependence among multiple regression coefficients representing the treatment effects when meta-analyzing data from single-case experimental studies. We compare the results when applying three different multilevel meta-analytic models (i.e., a univariate multilevel model avoiding the dependence, a multivariate multilevel model ignoring covariance at higher levels, and a multivariate multilevel model modeling the existing covariance) to deal with the dependent effect sizes. The results indicate better estimates of the overall treatment effects and variance components when a multivariate multilevel model is applied, independent of modeling or ignoring the existing covariance. These findings confirm the robustness of multilevel modeling to misspecifying the existing covariance at the case and study level in terms of estimating the overall treatment effects and variance components. The results also show that the overall treatment effect estimates are unbiased regardless of the underlying model, but the between-case and between-study variance components are biased in certain conditions. In addition, the between-study variance estimates are particularly biased when the number of studies is smaller than 40 (i.e., 10 or 20) and the true value of the between-case variance is relatively large (i.e., 8). The observed bias is larger for the between-case variance estimates compared to the between-study variance estimates when the true between-case variance is relatively small (i.e., 0.5).

The Relationship between Moral Climate of Sports and the Moral Behavior of Young Athletes: A Multilevel Meta-analysis.

Sports are among the most important leisure activities for youth and adolescents. Both positive (i.e., prosocial) and negative (i.e., antisocial) moral behaviors occur on the playing field. To stimulate positive sports experiences, it is important to understand which factors are related to the moral behavior of young athletes; one of these is the moral climate, that is, the socio-moral environment in which sports take place. Little is known about the overall strength of the relationship between moral climate and moral behavior of young athletes, as well as the potential moderating factors of this relationship. A meta-analysis of 27 studies containing 117 effect sizes and N = 7726 young athletes (age < 18 years) was conducted. The results show that there is an overall significant association between these two variables (r= 0.40), indicating that a prosocial moral climate is related to less antisocial and more prosocial behavior, while an antisocial moral climate is associated with more antisocial and less prosocial behavior of young athletes. Two study characteristics significantly moderated this relationship: specifically, stronger associations were found in cross-sectional and in older studies. In addition, the strength of the association between moral climate and moral behavior was stronger for antisocial moral climate compared to prosocial moral climate. Finally, associations for team members were stronger than those of coaches or a broad moral club climate. Implications for further research and sports practice are discussed.

Linking Parent-Child and Peer Relationship Quality to Empathy in Adolescence: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.

Empathy, which is the ability to feel concern for and to understand others' feelings, is thought to develop in high quality relationships with parent and peers, but also to facilitate the quality of these relationships. While a wide literature has addressed this aspect, the heterogeneity of primary studies, in which different indicators of relationship quality (e.g., support, conflict) and empathy (i.e., affective and cognitive) have been examined, makes it difficult to draw conclusive answers. Therefore, it remained ambiguous how parent-child and peer relationship quality are associated with adolescents' empathy. In order to increase the understanding of these associations, a multilevel meta-analysis was performed, which allowed for including multiple effect sizes from each study. By a systematic literate search, 70 eligible studies were found that provided 390 effect sizes from 75 independent samples. The results showed a small positive correlation between parent-child relationship quality and empathy, and a small-to-moderate positive correlation between peer relationship quality and empathy, which was significantly stronger than the correlation with parent-child relationship quality. Hence, the meta-analytic results indicate that adolescents with higher quality relationships, especially with peers, indeed tend to show more concern for and understanding of others' emotions than adolescents with lower quality relationships. Moreover, the moderation analyses showed stronger correlations for the positive dimension of relationship quality than for the negative dimension, and stronger correlations for composite scores of affective and cognitive empathy than for separate scores of the empathy dimensions. However, no differences in correlations were found between the affective and cognitive empathy dimension, and no moderation effects were found for gender and age. Thus, this meta-analysis demonstrates robust positive associations between parent-child and peer relationship quality and empathy in adolescence, implying that good empathic abilities may be a protective factor for experiencing poor relationships.

Synthesizing effects for multiple outcomes per study using robust variance estimation versus the three-level model.

Primary studies increasingly report information that can be used to provide multiple effect sizes. Of interest in this study, primary studies might compare a treatment and a control group on multiple related outcomes that result in multiple dependent effect sizes to be synthesized. There are a number of ways to handle the resulting within-study "multiple-outcome" dependency. The present study focuses on use of the multilevel meta-analysis model (Van den Noortgate, López-López, Marín-Martínez, & Sánchez-Meca, 2013) and robust variance estimation (Hedges, Tipton, & Johnson, 2010) for handling this dependency, as well as for estimating outcome-specific mean effect sizes. We assessed these two approaches under various conditions that differed from each other in within-study sample size; the number of effect sizes per outcome; the number of outcomes per study; the number of studies per meta-analysis; the ratio of variances at Levels 1, 2, and 3; and the true correlation between pairs of effect sizes at the between-study level. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Neighbour tolerance, not suppression, provides competitive advantage to non-native plants.

High competitive ability has often been invoked as a key determinant of invasion success and ecological impacts of non-native plants. Yet our understanding of the strategies that non-natives use to gain competitive dominance remains limited. Particularly, it remains unknown whether the two non-mutually exclusive competitive strategies, neighbour suppression and neighbour tolerance, are equally important for the competitive advantage of non-native plants. Here, we analyse data from 192 peer-reviewed studies on pairwise plant competition within a Bayesian multilevel meta-analytic framework and show that non-native plants outperform their native counterparts due to high tolerance of competition, as opposed to strong suppressive ability. Competitive tolerance ability of non-native plants was driven by neighbour's origin and was expressed in response to a heterospecific native but not heterospecific non-native neighbour. In contrast to natives, non-native species were not more suppressed by hetero- vs. conspecific neighbours, which was partially due to higher intensity of intraspecific competition among non-natives. Heterogeneity in the data was primarily associated with methodological differences among studies and not with phylogenetic relatedness among species. Altogether, our synthesis demonstrates that non-native plants are competitively distinct from native plants and challenges the common notion that neighbour suppression is the primary strategy for plant invasion success.

On the Multilevel Nature of Meta-Analysis: A Tutorial, Comparison of Software Programs, and Discussion of Analytic Choices.

The term "multilevel meta-analysis" is encountered not only in applied research studies, but in multilevel resources comparing traditional meta-analysis to multilevel meta-analysis. In this tutorial, we argue that the term "multilevel meta-analysis" is redundant since all meta-analysis can be formulated as a special kind of multilevel model. To clarify the multilevel nature of meta-analysis the four standard meta-analytic models are presented using multilevel equations and fit to an example data set using four software programs: two specific to meta-analysis (metafor in R and SPSS macros) and two specific to multilevel modeling (PROC MIXED in SAS and HLM). The same parameter estimates are obtained across programs underscoring that all meta-analyses are multilevel in nature. Despite the equivalent results, not all software programs are alike and differences are noted in the output provided and estimators available. This tutorial also recasts distinctions made in the literature between traditional and multilevel meta-analysis as differences between meta-analytic choices, not between meta-analytic models, and provides guidance to inform choices in estimators, significance tests, moderator analyses, and modeling sequence. The extent to which the software programs allow flexibility with respect to these decisions is noted, with metafor emerging as the most favorable program reviewed.

Sports Participation and Juvenile Delinquency: A Meta-Analytic Review.

Participation in sports activities is very popular among adolescents, and is frequently encouraged among youth. Many psychosocial health benefits in youth are attributed to sports participation, but to what extent this positive influence holds for juvenile delinquency is still not clear on both the theoretical and empirical level. There is much controversy on whether sports participation should be perceived as a protective or a risk factor for the development of juvenile delinquency. A multilevel meta-analysis of 51 published and unpublished studies, with 48 independent samples containing 431 effect sizes and N = 132,366 adolescents, was conducted to examine the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency and possible moderating factors of this association. The results showed that there is no overall significant association between sports participation and juvenile delinquency, indicating that adolescent athletes are neither more nor less delinquent than non-athletes. Some study, sample and sports characteristics significantly moderated the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency. However, this moderating influence was modest. Implications for theory and practice concerning the use of sports to prevent juvenile delinquency are discussed.

The Extent to Which Technostress Is Related to Employees' Work-Life Fit: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This multilevel meta-analytic review is designed to analyze and quantify the effect size of the association between technostress and work-life fit among employees. METHOD: By adhering to the PRISMA 2020 Statement, seven databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, MEDLINE, Wiley Online Library, and Web of Science) were searched for studies reporting the association between technostress and work-life fit. RESULTS: Out of the 476 articles that were screened, 7 met the established criteria and were subsequently included in this multilevel meta-analytic review. A majority of these studies highlighted the existence and intensity of the association between technostress and work-life fit, as evidenced by multiple Pearson's r. Our findings supported a medium association (Cohen's d = -0.41). Noteworthy differences were found when considering the interdependence of effect sizes within and between studies. CONCLUSION: The results of this multilevel meta-analytic review underscore the significance of understanding this association to inform optimal choices in terms of welfare policies and organizational decisions that promote employee well-being. This knowledge may serve as a scientific foundation for viewing new technologies not merely as hurdles but also as potential resources.

Attachment and sleep quality in adults: A multilevel meta-analysis of actor and partner effect.

Within the context of sleep, attachment is hypothesized to play a central role in regulating bedtime affect and arousal. While previous studies have suggested a link between attachment and sleep quality, a meta-analysis specifically examining this association in adults has been lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a series of multilevel meta-analyses of 28 studies on this topic. Our results indicated a correlation between attachment anxiety and an individual's own sleep quality (r = -0.16, p < 0.001), as well as their partner's sleep quality (r = -0.10, p < 0.05). There was also a negative correlation between attachment avoidance and an individual's sleep quality (r = -0.15, p < 0.001) as well as their partner's sleep quality (r = -0.16, p < 0.01). Additionally, the relationships were moderated by several variables, including age, sleep measurement, and gender. Further analysis indicated that attachment anxiety was associated with poorer subjective sleep quality (PSQI) (r = -0.23, p < 0.001), longer sleep latency (r = -0.10, p < 0.05), increased wakefulness after sleep onset (r = -0.09, p < 0.05), and greater daytime sleepiness (r = -0.20, p < 0.01). Attachment avoidance was associated with poorer self-reported sleep quality (PSQI) (r = -0.16, p < 0.001), longer time to fall asleep (r = -0.15, p < 0.05), and increased daytime sleepiness (r = -0.15, p < 0.05). In summary, the findings of the current study supported the association between attachment insecurity and poorer sleep quality in both individuals and their partners. These findings hold important implications for future interventions aimed at improving sleep quality by addressing attachment-related concerns.

Psychopathy measurement practices moderate psychopathy's association with anxiety and depression: A comprehensive meta-analysis.

Theories of psychopathy development traditionally emphasize that individuals high in psychopathy experience diminished internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression). However, many studies find null or even positive relationships between psychopathy and internalizing. The current meta-analysis therefore aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of heterogeneity in psychopathy-anxiety/depression relationships by examining measurement and sample-related variables that may moderate these associations (e.g., psychopathy subdimensions assessed, different measures/operationalizations of psychopathy and anxiety/depression, and demographic characteristics). Results suggest that psychopathy demonstrates a small, positive overall association with anxiety/depression (r = 0.09), which may indicate that psychopathy is unrelated to subjective experiences of anxiety and sadness, but results could also reflect that varying psychopathy and anxiety/depression assessment practices contribute to heterogeneity in psychopathy-anxiety/depression associations. Most notably, results indicate that associations vary substantially across different measures/operationalizations of psychopathy, even when controlling for sample type and informant. Some psychopathy scales could therefore inadvertently capture anxiety/depression symptoms or broader psychopathology in addition to psychopathic traits. Findings from the current meta-analysis can inform future efforts to understand how measurement-related considerations influence relationships between psychopathy and anxiety/depression.

Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research: What We Know About the Correlates of an Ancient Concept.

Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom's correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were moderated by the general approach to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom (i.e., phenomenological wisdom as indexed by self-report vs. performative wisdom as indexed by performance ratings), by specific wisdom measures, and by variable-specific factors (e.g., age range, type of intelligence measures, and well-being type). Although phenomenological and performative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom had some unique correlates, both were correlated with openness, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, especially the growth aspect of eudaimonic well-being. Differences between phenomenological and performative wisdom are discussed in terms of the differences between typical and maximal performance, self-ratings and observer ratings, and global and state wisdom. This article will help move the scientific study of wisdom forward by elucidating reliable wisdom correlates and by offering concrete suggestions for future empirical research based on the meta-analytic findings.

Childhood adversity and depression in Chinese populations: A multilevel meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).

To estimate the association between childhood adversity (CA) and depression in Chinese populations in studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), a literature retrieval from established databases between 2005 and 2020 was conducted. A total 40 eligible studies with 145 effect sizes were included in subsequent analyses. Using a multi-level meta-analysis, we found a pooled effect size of r = 0.24, p < 0.001, CI = [0.20, 0.27] for the association between CA and depression. No publication bias was shown by Egger's test, t (160) = -0.27, p = 0.79. The between-study variance was moderate but significant, with 39.75% of the total variance attributable to differences between studies. Results of moderation analysis based on subtypes of CA showed that emotional abuse was associated most strongly with depression. In addition, results of moderation analysis focusing on geographic regions and CTQ subscales showed that the association between SA and depression was stronger in Southern than Central China. Our findings demonstrated clearly the advantages of using a multi-level approach to arrive at a more accurate estimate of pooled effect sizes. The differential associations between CTQ subscales and depression and the moderating effect of geographic regions on the association between sexual abuse and depression point clearly to the need of increased attention to the effects of CA subtypes and socio-cultural factors in future research on CA and mental disorders. These findings provide a preliminary empirical basis for researchers to address specific hypotheses of associations between CA subtypes and specific mental disorders in China.

The comparative effects of Tai chi versus non-mindful exercise on measures of anxiety, depression and general mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Tai chi has been commonly used as an allied health strategy that can support the improvement of mental health for individuals, yet the comparative effects of Tai chi versus non-mindful exercise on measures of anxiety, depression and general mental health are unknown. This study aims to quantitatively estimate the comparative effects between Tai chi and non-mindful exercise on measures of anxiety, depression, and general mental health and examine whether selected moderators of theoretical or practical importance moderate the effects. METHODS: Consistent with PRISMA guidelines for conduct and reporting, we located articles published before 31 Dec 2021 using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO (PsycArticles, PsycExtra, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, ERIC, MEDLINE). To be included in the analysis, studies were required to have (1) a design that randomly assigned participants to Tai chi and non-mindful exercise comparison condition or group. (2) anxiety, depression, or general mental health outcome measured at baseline and during or after Tai chi and exercise intervention. Study quality was judged using the tool for assessing study quality and reporting in exercise (TESTEX) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Three separate multilevel meta-analyses with random effects were performed to estimate the comparative effects of Tai chi versus non-mindful exercise on psychometric measures of anxiety, depression, and general mental health respectively. In addition, possible moderators were assessed accordingly for each meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies that included measures of anxiety (10), depression (14), and general mental health (11) involved 4370 participants (anxiety, 950; depression, 1959; general mental health,1461) and yielded 30 effects on anxiety, 48 on depression, and 27 on general mental health outcomes. Tai Chi training consisted of 1-5 sessions per week, 20-83 min per session, and 6-48 weeks. After adjusting for nesting effects, the results showed significant small-to-moderate effects of Tai chi versus non-mindful exercise on the measure of anxiety (d = 0.28, 95 % CI, 0.08 to 0.48), depression (d = 0.20, 95 % CI, 0.04 to 0.36), and general mental health (d = 0.40, 95 % CI, 0.08 to 0.73). Further moderator analyses showed that baseline general mental health T-score and study quality influenced the effects of Tai chi versus non-mindful exercise on measure of general mental health. CONCLUSION: Compared to non-mindful exercise, the small body of studies reviewed here tentatively supports that Tai chi is more effective in reducing anxiety and depression and improving general mental health than non-mindful exercise. Higher-quality trials are needed to standardize Tai chi and non-mindful exercise exposure, quantify mindfulness elements in Tai chi practice, and control expectations on conditions to better determine the psychological effects of both exercise properties.

The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological flexibility and inflexibility of undergraduate students: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.

Rising rates of mental health problems in undergraduate students is a critical public health issue. There is evidence supporting the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in decreasing psychological symptoms in undergraduates, which is thought to be facilitated through increases in psychological flexibility (PF) and decreases in psychological inflexibility (PIF). However, little is known about the effect of ACT on these processes in undergraduates. We conducted a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis examining this effect in 20 studies, which provided 56 effect sizes. A combined sample of 1,750 undergraduates yielded a small-to-medium overall effect (g = .38, SE = .09, p < .001, 95% CI: [0.20, 0.56]). This effect did not depend on control group type, intervention modality, number of sessions, the questionnaire used, whether PF or PIF was measured, or participant age. However, there was a significant mean effect only in studies with a specific clinical target, but not in those without one. Furthermore, the higher the percentage of female participants, the lower the reported effect size. Results suggested that ACT may increase PF and decrease PIF in undergraduates and highlighted various conceptual and measurement issues. Study protocol and materials were preregistered (https://osf.io/un6ce/).