Multi-signal regulation of the GSK-3ß homolog Rim11 controls meiosis entry in budding yeast.

Starvation in diploid budding yeast cells triggers a cell-fate program culminating in meiosis and spore formation. Transcriptional activation of early meiotic genes (EMGs) hinges on the master regulator Ime1, its DNA-binding partner Ume6, and GSK-3ß kinase Rim11. Phosphorylation of Ume6 by Rim11 is required for EMG activation. We report here that Rim11 functions as the central signal integrator for controlling Ume6 phosphorylation and EMG transcription. In nutrient-rich conditions, PKA suppresses Rim11 levels, while TORC1 retains Rim11 in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of PKA and TORC1 induces Rim11 expression and nuclear localization. Remarkably, nuclear Rim11 is required, but not sufficient, for Rim11-dependent Ume6 phosphorylation. In addition, Ime1 is an anchor protein enabling Ume6 phosphorylation by Rim11. Subsequently, Ume6-Ime1 coactivator complexes form and induce EMG transcription. Our results demonstrate how various signaling inputs (PKA/TORC1/Ime1) converge through Rim11 to regulate EMG expression and meiosis initiation. We posit that the signaling-regulatory network elucidated here generates robustness in cell-fate control.

Glycogen synthase kinase homolog Rim11 regulates lipid synthesis through the phosphorylation of Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase in yeast.

Pah1 phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase plays a major role in triacylglycerol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by producing its precursor diacylglycerol and concurrently regulates de novo phospholipid synthesis by consuming its precursor PA. The function of Pah1 requires its membrane localization, which is controlled by its phosphorylation state. Pah1 is dephosphorylated by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase, whereas its phosphorylation occurs by multiple known and unknown protein kinases. In this work, we show that Rim11, a yeast homolog of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3ß, is a protein kinase that phosphorylates Pah1 on serine (Ser12, Ser602, and Ser818) and threonine (Thr163, Thr164, Thr522) residues. Enzymological characterization of Rim11 showed that its Km for Pah1 (0.4 µM) is similar to those of other Pah1-phosphorylating protein kinases, but its Km for ATP (30 µM) is significantly higher than those of these same kinases. Furthermore, we demonstrate Rim11 phosphorylation of Pah1 does not require substrate prephosphorylation but was increased ∼2-fold upon its prephosphorylation by the Pho85-Pho80 protein kinase. In addition, we show Rim11-phosphorylated Pah1 was a substrate for dephosphorylation by Nem1-Spo7. Finally, we demonstrate the Rim11 phosphorylation of Pah1 exerted an inhibitory effect on its PA phosphatase activity by reduction of its catalytic efficiency. Mutational analysis of the major phosphorylation sites (Thr163, Thr164, and Ser602) indicated that Rim11-mediated phosphorylation at these sites was required to ensure Nem1-Spo7-dependent localization of the enzyme to the membrane. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of Pah1 function in lipid synthesis.