Relationship between adverse drug reactions and unlicensed/off-label drug use in hospitalized children (EREMI): A study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: To date, few studies have shown a significant association between off-label drug use and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The main aims of this study is to evaluate the relationship between adverse drug reactions and unlicensed or off-label drugs in hospitalized children and to provide more information on prescribing practice, the amplitude, consequences of unlicensed or off-label drug use in pediatric inpatients. METHODS: In this multicenter prospective study started from 2013, we use the French summaries of product characteristics in Theriaque (a prescription products guide) as a primary reference source for determining pediatric drug labeling. The detection of ADRs is carried out spontaneously by health professionals and actively by research groups using a trigger tool and patients' electronic health records. The causality between suspected ADRs and medication is evaluated using the Naranjo and the French methods of imputability independently by pharmacovigilance center. All suspected ADRs are submitted for a second evaluation by an independent pharmacovigilance experts. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY: For our best knowledge, EREMI is the first large multicenter prospective and objective study in France with an active ADRs monitoring and independent ADRs validation. This study identifies the risk factors that could be used to adjust preventive actions in children's care, guides future research in the field and increases the awareness of physicians in off-label drug use and in detecting and declaring ADRs. As data are obtained through extraction of information from hospital database and medical records, there is likely to be some under-reporting of items or missing data. In this study the field specialists detect all adverse events, experts in pharmacovigilance centers assess them and finally only the ADRs assessed by the independent committee are confirmed. Although we recruit a high number of patients, this observational study is subject to different confounders.

Unlicensed and Off-Label Medication Use in Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units: No Change Over a Decade.

INTRODUCTION: Many of the medications prescribed to children are off-label and/or unlicensed because pharmacologic evaluations have not been performed in this age group. METHODS: All drugs prescribed to patients admitted to the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) (n = 134) and pediatric intensive care units (PICU) (n = 56) during a 2-month observation period were recorded and classified according to patient age, drug license status, indicated use, and typical dosing, frequency and way of administration. Results were compared with prior data collected in 2002, from the same units. RESULTS: In the NICU, among the 1064 prescriptions for 49 medications, 312 (29.2%) were licensed and 63 (5.9%) unlicensed, and 693 (64.8%) were off-label use. For the neonates, 23.9% and 96.3% received at least one unlicensed medication and one off-label medication, respectively. While the difference in off-label use between the two time periods was not statistically significant, unlicensed medications were less frequently prescribed in 2016 (5.9 versus 16.6%, p = 0.001). Regarding the PICU, among the 388 prescriptions for 75 medications, 205 (52%) were licensed and 13 (3.4%) unlicensed, and 170 (43.8%) were off-label. In contrast, in 2002, none of the medications prescribed were unlicensed (p = 0.001). The number of off-label medications (41%) and number of PICU patients receiving at least one unlicensed/off-label medication in these two time periods (88.7% versus 90.5% for 2016 and 2002, respectively) were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirms the high prevalence of unlicensed and off-label drug use in a PICU and NICU setting. Compared with a similar study conducted in the same PICU in 2002, despite regulatory efforts conducted in this area, the prevalence of unlicensed medications was surprisingly higher.

Magistral drugs in hospitalized newborns and children. / Medicamentos magistrais em recém­nascidos e crianças hospitalizados.

OBJECTIVE: Study the use of magistral oral solutions and suspensions in infants and children at a university hospital. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of the assessed hospital's magistral drug request forms regarding the patients in the neonatal ICU, Obstetrics, Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency from January 2012 to December 2013. The frequency of drug requests and dispensation was evaluated and the consumption of each active ingredient of the preparations was expressed as number of "infant defined daily dose" (iDDD) and of iDDD/100 bed-days. RESULTS: A total of 657 forms were analyzed - a monthly average of 27 pediatric preparations. The neonatal ICU accounted for 69.6% of these requests. Twenty-one drug items were used, of which the most common were folinic acid (88 requests), sulfadiazine (85) and captopril (73). The consumption of the active principle in these preparations varied in number of iDDD, from 7.5 (hydralazine) to 16,520.0 (folic acid), and in number of iDDD/100 bed-days in the neonatal ICU, from 0.1 (zinc sulfate) to 146.1 (folic acid). CONCLUSIONS: The constant consumption of magistral oral solutions and suspensions by newborns and children of the assessed hospital indicates the need for such preparations as a pediatric therapeutic alternative in this hospital.

Magistral drugs in hospitalized newborns and children / Medicamentos magistrais em recém-nascidos e crianças hospitalizados

Abstract Objective: Study the use of magistral oral solutions and suspensions in infants and children at a university hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of the assessed hospital's magistral drug request forms regarding the patients in the neonatal ICU, Obstetrics, Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency from January 2012 to December 2013. The frequency of drug requests and dispensation was evaluated and the consumption of each active ingredient of the preparations was expressed as number of “infant defined daily dose” (iDDD) and of iDDD/100 bed-days. Results: A total of 657 forms were analyzed - a monthly average of 27 pediatric preparations. The neonatal ICU accounted for 69.6% of these requests. Twenty-one drug items were used, of which the most common were folinic acid (88 requests), sulfadiazine (85) and captopril (73). The consumption of the active principle in these preparations varied in number of iDDD, from 7.5 (hydralazine) to 16,520.0 (folic acid), and in number of iDDD/100 bed-days in the neonatal ICU, from 0.1 (zinc sulfate) to 146.1 (folic acid). Conclusions: The constant consumption of magistral oral solutions and suspensions by newborns and children of the assessed hospital indicates the need for such preparations as a pediatric therapeutic alternative in this hospital.

Resumo Objetivo: Estudar o uso de soluções e suspensões orais magistrais em recém-nascidos e crianças de um hospital universitário. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo descritivo a partir da análise dos formulários de solicitação de manipulação do hospital estudado referentes aos pacientes da UTI-neonatal, obstetrícia, pediatria e emergência pediátrica de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013. As frequências das solicitações e dispensações desses medicamentos foram avaliadas e o consumo de cada princípio ativo das preparações foram expressos sob a forma de número de infant defined daily dose (iDDD) e de iDDD/100 leitos-dia. Resultados: Foram analisados 657 formulários - média mensal de 27 preparações pediátricas. A UTI-neonatal foi responsável por 69,6% dessas solicitações. Foram usados 21 itens de medicamentos, destacou-se o uso de ácido folínico (88 solicitações), sulfadiazina (85) e captopril (73). O consumo de princípio-ativo nessas preparações variou, em número de iDDD, de 7,5 (hidralazina) a 16.520 (ácido fólico) e em número de iDDD/100 leitos-dia da UTI-neonatal, de 0,1 (sulfato de zinco) a 146,1 (ácido fólico). Conclusões: O consumo constante das soluções e suspensões orais magistrais pelos recém-nascidos e crianças do hospital estudado indica a necessidade dessas preparações como opção terapêutica pediátrica nesse hospital.

Prescripción de Medicaciones no aprobadas (off label y sin licencia) en Recién Nacidos hospitalizados: Estudio multicéntrico en cinco hospitales de Asunción y Gran Asunción / Prescription of Off-label and Unlicensed Drugs in Hospitalized Newborns: a Multicenter Study in Five Hospitals in Greater Asuncion, Paraguay

Introducción: La falta de suficientes estudios clínicos sobre la eficacia y seguridad de las medicaciones en la población neonatal, conduce a la utilización de alternativas con medicaciones no aprobadas. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de la utilización de medicaciones no aprobadas por la Food and Drug Administration (EEUU) en los neonatos hospitalizados en diferentes niveles de atención de cinco hospitales de Asunción y Gran Asunción. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, transversal. Se incluyeron recién nacidos de las salas de terapia intensiva, intermedia y cuidados mínimos de cinco hospitales. Variables: Peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, sexo, vía del parto, edad postnatal al ingreso al estudio, sala de internación, asistencia respiratoria mecánica y tipo y número de medicaciones no aprobadas (MNA) por paciente en el momento de llenarse el cuestionario. Los datos fueron cargados y analizados en SPSS 17 y se expresaron en proporciones y medias. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y se consideró un error alfa del 5%. Resultados: Se analizaron 105 pacientes con edad postnatal al ingreso al estudio de 12±8 días y 11±8 días de hospitalización. Recibieron MNA 41 neonatos (39%) con 92 prescripciones no autorizadas, en mayor proporción en la unidad de terapia intensiva (49%), con respecto a las salas de los otros niveles (p=0,01). El número de MNA por neonato fue de 2,29±1,7 (rango1 a 8).Las MNA más frecuentemente utilizadas fueron antibióticos (42%), omeprazol y ranitidina (11%) y los corticoides (9%). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de utilización de medicaciones no aprobadas fue elevada y se demostró asociación con el uso de asistencia respiratoria mecánica y presencia de infecciones.

Introduction: The scarcity of clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of medications in newborns leads to the use of alternative treatment using unapproved drugs. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the use of drugs not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in newborns hospitalized at care facilities of various levels in Asuncion and Greater Asuncion. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional observational and descriptive study with an analytic component. Included were newborns in intensive care, intermediate care, and minimal care wards of five hospitals. Variables were birth weight, gestational age, gender, route of delivery, postnatal age on inclusion in the study, ward in which hospitalized, mechanically assisted ventilation, and type and number of unapproved drugs (UD) administered to each patient at the time of completing the questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 17 and expressed as proportions and means. The Chi squared test was used and an Alpha error deemed as 5%. Results: We analyzed 105 patients aged 12±8 days upon inclusion in the study and with 11±8 days of hospitalization. UD were administered to 41 newborns (39%), comprising 92 prescriptions, most commonly (49%) in intensive care wards (p=0.01) compared to other care level wards. The number of UD administered per newborn was 2.29±1.7 (range: 1-8). The UD most commonly used were antibiotics (42%), omeprazol and ranitidine (11%), and corticosteroids (9%). Conclusions: The prevalence of use of unapproved medications was high and demonstrated association with mechanically assisted ventilation and diagnosis of infection.

Prescripción de Medicaciones no aprobadas (off label y sin licencia) en Recién Nacidos hospitalizados. Estudio multicéntrico en cinco hospitales de Asunción y Gran Asunción / Prescription of Off-label and Unlicensed Drugs in Hospitalized Newborns: a Multicenter Study in Five Hospitals in Greater Asuncion, Paraguay

Introducción: La falta de suficientes estudios clínicos sobre la eficacia y seguridad de las medicaciones en la población neonatal, conduce a la utilización de alternativas con medicaciones no aprobadas. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de la utilización de medicaciones no aprobadas por la Food and Drug Administration (EEUU) en los neonatos hospitalizados en diferentes niveles de atención de cinco hospitales de Asunción y Gran Asunción. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, transversal. Se incluyeron recién nacidos de las salas de terapia intensiva, intermedia y cuidados mínimos de cinco hospitales. Variables: Peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, sexo, vía del parto, edad postnatal al ingreso al estudio, sala de internación, asistencia respiratoria mecánica y tipo y número de medicaciones no aprobadas (MNA) por paciente en el momento de llenarse el cuestionario. Los datos fueron cargados y analizados en SPSS 17 y se expresaron en proporciones y medias. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y se consideró un error alfa del 5%. Resultados: Se analizaron 105 pacientes con edad postnatal al ingreso al estudio de 12±8 días y 11±8 días de hospitalización. Recibieron MNA 41 neonatos (39%) con 92 prescripciones no autorizadas, en mayor proporción en la unidad de terapia intensiva (49%), con respecto a las salas de los otros niveles (p=0,01). El número de MNA por neonato fue de 2,29±1,7 (rango1 a 8). Las MNA más frecuentemente utilizadas fueron antibióticos (42%), omeprazol y ranitidina (11%) y los corticoides (9%). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de utilización de medicaciones no aprobadas fue elevada y se demostró asociación con el uso de asistencia respiratoria mecánica y presencia de infecciones .

Introduction: The scarcity of clinicalstudies on the efficacy and safety ofmedications in newborns leads tothe use of alternative treatment using unapproved drugs...