Boosted hydrogen evolution kinetics of heteroatom-doped carbons with isolated Zn as an accelerant.

Carbon-based single-atom catalysts, a promising candidate in electrocatalysis, offer insights into electron-donating effects of metal center on adjacent atoms. Herein, we present a practical strategy to rationally design a model catalyst with a single zinc (Zn) atom coordinated with nitrogen and sulfur atoms in a multilevel carbon matrix. The Zn site exhibits an atomic interface configuration of ZnN4S1, where Zn's electron injection effect enables thermal-neutral hydrogen adsorption on neighboring atoms, pushing the activity boundaries of carbon electrocatalysts toward electrochemical hydrogen evolution to an unprecedented level. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm the low-barrier Volmer-Tafel mechanism of proton reduction, while the multishell hollow structures facilitate the hydrogen evolution even at high current intensities. This work provides insights for understanding the actual active species during hydrogen evolution reaction and paves the way for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.

Regulation of the d-band center of metal-organic frameworks for energy-saving hydrogen generation coupled with selective glycerol oxidation.

The hybrid electrolyzer coupled glycerol oxidation (GOR) with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is fascinating to simultaneously generate H2 and high value-added chemicals with low energy input, yet facing a challenge. Herein, Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) are reported as model catalysts for both HER and GOR through doping of atomically dispersed precious and nonprecious metals. Remarkably, the HER activity of Ru-doped Cu-MOF outperformed a Pt/C catalyst, with its Faradaic efficiency for formate formation at 90% at a low potential of 1.40 V. Furthermore, the hybrid electrolyzer only needed 1.36 V to achieve 10 mA cm-2, 340 mV lower than that for splitting pure water. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that electronic interactions between the host and guest (doped) metals shifted downward the d-band centers (εd) of MOFs. This consequently lowered water adsorption and dissociation energy barriers and optimized hydrogen adsorption energy, leading to significantly enhanced HER activities. Meanwhile, the downshift of εd centers reduced energy barriers for rate-limiting step and the formation energy of OH*, synergistically enhancing the activity of MOFs for GOR. These findings offered an effective means for simultaneous productions of hydrogen fuel and high value-added chemicals using one hybrid electrolyzer with low energy input.

Composite non-noble system with bridging oxygen for catalyzing Tafel-type alkaline hydrogen evolution.

Using hydrogen as a fuel is an effective way to combat energy crisis and at the same time reduce greenhouse gas emission. Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one important way to obtain green hydrogen, which however is energy intensive and is difficult to obtain high efficiencies even when using state-of-the-art noble metal catalysts. Here, we report a three-component catalytic system using only non-noble elements, consisting of cobalt oxide clusters and single molybdenum atoms supported on oxyanion-terminated two-dimensional MXene, which enabled the unusual generation of hydrogen by a kinetically fast Volmer-Tafel process in an alkaline electrolyte. The key feature of this catalyst is that the three components are connected by bridging oxygen, which serves to immediately adsorb H* produced during water dissociation on cobalt oxide and relay it to the molybdenum single-atom catalyst. On the Mo atom, due to this unique coordination environment, the relayed H* intermediates directly combine and desorb, realizing H2 generation through an unusual Tafel pathway. The presence of bridging oxygen increases the acidity of the catalyst as Brønsted acid with the reversible adsorption and donation of a proton, thus eliminating the need for acid addition and ensuring excellent and sustainable alkaline HER performance. The performance of our catalyst is comparable to that of the commercial noble metal catalyst PtRu/C. Our work makes a significant contribution to designing efficient non-noble catalysts for alkaline HER electrocatalysis.

Unveiling the structural transformation and activity origin of heteroatom-doped carbons for hydrogen evolution.

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been widely used in many electrocatalytic reduction reactions. Their structure-activity relationships are mainly explored based on the assumption that the doped carbon materials remain stable during electrocatalysis. However, the structural evolution of heteroatom-doped carbon materials is often ignored, and their active origins are still unclear. Herein, taking N-doped graphite flake (N-GP) as the research model, we present the hydrogenation of both N and C atoms and the consequent reconstruction of the carbon skeleton during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), accompanied by a remarkable promotion of the HER activity. The N dopants are gradually hydrogenated and almost completely dissolved in the form of ammonia. Theoretical simulations demonstrate that the hydrogenation of the N species leads to the reconstruction of the carbon skeleton from hexagonal to 5,7-topological rings (G5-7) with thermoneutral hydrogen adsorption and easy water dissociation. P-, S-, and Se-doped graphites also show similar removal of doped heteroatoms and the formation of G5-7 rings. Our work unveils the activity origin of heteroatom-doped carbon toward the HER and opens a door to rethinking the structure-performance relationships of carbon-based materials for other electrocatalytic reduction reactions.

Superexchange-induced Pt-O-Ti3+ site on single photocatalyst for efficient H2 production with organics degradation in wastewater.

Efficient photocatalytic H2 production from wastewater instead of pure water is a dual solution to the environmental and energy crisis, but due to the rapid recombination of photoinduced charge in the photocatalyst and inevitable electron depletion caused by organic pollutants, a significant challenge of dual-functional photocatalysis (simultaneous oxidative and reductive reactions) in single catalyst is designing spatial separation path for photogenerated charges at atomic level. Here, we designed a Pt-doped BaTiO3 single catalyst with oxygen vacancies (BTPOv) that features Pt-O-Ti3+ short charge separation site, which enables excellent H2 production performance (1519 µmol·g-1·h-1) while oxidizing moxifloxacin (k = 0.048 min-1), almost 43 and 98 times than that of pristine BaTiO3 (35 µmol·g-1·h-1 and k = 0.00049 min-1). The efficient charge separation path is demonstrated that the oxygen vacancies extract photoinduced charge from photocatalyst to catalytic surface, and the adjacent Ti3+ defects allow rapid migration of electrons to Pt atoms through the superexchange effect for H* adsorption and reduction, while the holes will be confined in Ti3+ defects for oxidation of moxifloxacin. Impressively, the BTPOv shows an exceptional atomic economy and potential for practical applications, a best H2 production TOF (370.4 h-1) among the recent reported dual-functional photocatalysts and exhibiting excellent H2 production activity in multiple types of wastewaters.

Efficient hydrogen production from wastewater remediation by piezoelectricity coupling advanced oxidation processes.

Efficient H2 harvesting from wastewater instead of pure water can minimize fresh water consumption, which is expected to solve the problem of water shortage in H2 production process and contribute to carbon neutrality in the environmental remediation, but the inevitable electron depletion caused by electron-consuming pollutants will result in an exhausted H2 evolution reaction (HER) performance. In this paper, by coupling piezocatalysis and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by a MoS2/Fe0/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) ternary system, extensive types of wastewater achieved considerable H2 generation, which exceeded the yield in pure water with synchronous advanced degradation of organic pollutants. In addition, profiting from the crucial bridging role of PMS, the H2 yield in nitrobenzene wastewater after the introduction of PMS-based AOPs increased 3.37-fold from 267.7 µmol·g-1·h-1 to 901.0 µmol·g-1·h-1 because the presence of PMS both thermodynamically benefited MoS2 piezocatalytic H2 evolution and eliminated the electron depletion caused by organic pollutants. By this way, the original repressed H2 evolution performance in substrate of wastewater not only was regained but even showed a significant enhancement than that in pure water (505.7 µmol·g-1·h-1). Additionally, the cyclonic piezoelectric reactor was preliminarily designed for future industrialization. This strategy provided a valuable path for the recycling of actual wastewater by fuel production and synchronous advanced treatment.

Understanding the local chemical environment of bioelectrocatalysis.

Bioelectrochemistry employs an array of high-surface-area meso- and macroporous electrode architectures to increase protein loading and the electrochemical current response. While the local chemical environment has been studied in small-molecule and heterogenous electrocatalysis, conditions in enzyme electrochemistry are still commonly established based on bulk solution assays, without appropriate consideration of the nonequilibrium conditions of the confined electrode space. Here, we apply electrochemical and computational techniques to explore the local environment of fuel-producing oxidoreductases within porous electrode architectures. This improved understanding of the local environment enabled simple manipulation of the electrolyte solution by adjusting the bulk pH and buffer pKa to achieve an optimum local pH for maximal activity of the immobilized enzyme. When applied to macroporous inverse opal electrodes, the benefits of higher loading and increased mass transport were employed, and, consequently, the electrolyte adjusted to reach -8.0 mA ⋅ cm-2 for the H2 evolution reaction and -3.6 mA ⋅ cm-2 for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), demonstrating an 18-fold improvement on previously reported enzymatic CO2RR systems. This research emphasizes the critical importance of understanding the confined enzymatic chemical environment, thus expanding the known capabilities of enzyme bioelectrocatalysis. These considerations and insights can be directly applied to both bio(photo)electrochemical fuel and chemical synthesis, as well as enzymatic fuel cells, to significantly improve the fundamental understanding of the enzyme-electrode interface as well as device performance.

Interlayer Delocalized Electrons Activate Basal Plane for Ultrahigh-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution.

The basal plane of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is inert for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its low-efficiency charge transfer kinetics. We propose a strategy of filling the van der Waals (vdW) layer with delocalized electrons to enable vertical penetration of electrons from the collector to the adsorption intermediate vertically. Guided by density functional theory, we achieve this concept by incorporating Cu atoms into the interlayers of tantalum disulfide (TaS2). The delocalized electrons of d-orbitals of the interlayered Cu can constitute the charge transfer pathways in the vertical direction, thus overcoming the hopping migration through vdW gaps. The vertical conductivity of TaS2 increased by 2 orders of magnitude. The TaS2 basal plane HER activity was extracted with an on-chip microcell. Modified by the delocalized electrons, the current density increased by 20 times, reaching an ultrahigh value of 800 mA cm-2 at -0.4 V without iR compensation.

Carbon-Extraction-Induced Biaxial Strain Tuning of Carbon-Intercalated Iridium Metallene for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis.

Metallene materials with atomic thicknesses are receiving increasing attention in electrocatalysis due to ultrahigh surface areas and distinctive surface strain. However, the continuous strain regulation of metallene remains a grand challenge. Herein, taking advantage of autocatalytic reduction of Cu2+ on biaxially strained, carbon-intercalated Ir metallene, we achieve control over the carbon extraction kinetics, enabling fine regulation of carbon intercalation concentration and continuous tuning of (111) in-plane (-2.0%-2.6%) and interplanar (3.5%-8.8%) strains over unprecedentedly wide ranges. Electrocatalysis measurements reveal the strain-dependent activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), where weakly strained Ir metallene (w-Ir metallene) with the smallest lattice constant presents the highest mass activity of 2.89 A mg-1Ir at -0.02 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Theoretical calculations validated the pivotal role of lattice compression in optimizing H binding on carbon-intercalated Ir metallene surfaces by downshifting the d-band center, further highlighting the significance of strain engineering for boosted electrocatalysis.

Unlocking the Potential: Atomically Thin 2D Fluoritene from Exfoliated Fluorite Ore and Its Electrochemical Activity.

Fluorite mineral holds significant importance because of its optoelectronic properties and wide range of applications. Here, we report the successful exfoliation of bulk fluorite ore (calcium fluoride, CaF2) crystals into atomically thin two-dimensional fluoritene (2D CaF2) using a highly scalable liquid-phase exfoliation method. The microscopic and spectroscopy characterizations show the formation of (111) plane-oriented 2D CaF2 sheets with exfoliation-induced material strain due to bond breaking, leading to the changes in lattice parameter. Its potential role in electrocatalysis is further explored for deeper insight, and a probable mechanism is also discussed. The 2D CaF2 with long-term stability shows overpotential values of 670 and 770 mV vs RHE for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, at 10 mA cm-2. Computational simulations demonstrate the unique "direct-indirect" band gap switching with odd and even numbers of layers. Current work offers new avenues for exploring the structural and electrochemical properties of 2D CaF2 and its potential applicability.

Continuous Strain Regulation of Palladium-Gold at the Atomic Level.

Revealing the effect of surface structure changes on the electrocatalytic performance is beneficial to the development of highly efficient catalysts. However, precise regulation of the catalyst surface at the atomic level remains challenging. Here, we present a continuous strain regulation of palladium (Pd) on gold (Au) via a mechanically controllable surface strain (MCSS) setup. It is found that the structural changes induced by the strain setup can accelerate electron transfer at the solid-liquid interface, thus achieving a significantly improved performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments further confirm that the enhanced activity is attributed to the increased interplanar spacing resulting from the applied strain. Theoretical calculations reveal that the tensile strain modulates the electronic structure of the Pd active sites and facilitates the desorption of the hydrogen intermediates. This work provides an effective approach for revealing the relationships between the electrocatalyst surface structure and catalytic activity.

Crystalline Phase Engineering to Modulate the Interfacial Interaction of the Ruthenium/Molybdenum Carbide for Acidic Hydrogen Evolution.

Ruthenium (Ru) is an ideal substitute to commercial Pt/C for the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but it still suffers from undesirable activity due to the strong adsorption free energy of H* (ΔGH*). Herein, we propose crystalline phase engineering by loading Ru clusters on precisely prepared cubic and hexagonal molybdenum carbide (α-MoC/ß-Mo2C) supports to modulate the interfacial interactions and achieve high HER activity. Advanced spectroscopies demonstrate that Ru on ß-Mo2C shows a lower valence state and withdraws more electrons from the support than that of Ru on α-MoC, indicative of a strong interfacial interaction. Density functional theory reveals that the ΔGH* of Ru/ß-Mo2C approaches 0 eV, illuminating an enhancement mechanism at the Ru/ß-Mo2C interface. The resultant Ru/ß-Mo2C exhibits an encouraging performance in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer with a low cell voltage (1.58 V@ 1.0 A cm-2) and long stability (500 h@ 1.0 A cm-2).

High-Density Dual-Structure Single-Atom Pt Electrocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Multimodal Sensing.

Herein, we report a high-density dual-structure single-atom catalyst (SAC) by creating a large number of vacancies of O and Ti in two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 to immobilize Pt atoms (SA Pt-Ti3C2). The SA Pt-Ti3C2 showed excellent performance toward the pH-universal electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and multimodal sensing. For HER catalysis, compared to the commercial 20 wt % Pt/C, the Pt mass activities of SA Pt-Ti3C2 at the overpotentials of ∼30 and 110 mV in acid and alkaline media are 45 and 34 times higher, respectively. More importantly, during the alkaline HER process, an interesting synergetic effect between Pt-C and Pt-Ti sites that dominated the Volmer and Heyrovsky steps, respectively, was revealed. Moreover, the SA Pt-Ti3C2 catalyst exhibited high sensitivity (0.62-2.65 µA µM-1) and fast response properties for the multimodal identifications of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, and nitric oxide under the assistance of machine learning.

Inducing a Synergistic Effect on Ptδ+/Electron-Rich Sites via a Platinization Strategy: Generating Hyper-High Current Density in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Herein, we propose a platinization strategy for the preparation of Pt/X catalysts with low Pt content on substrates possessing electron-rich sites (Pt/X: X = Co3O4, NiO, CeO2, Covalent Organic Framework (COF), etc.). In examples with inorganic and organic substrates, respectively, Pt/Co3O4 possesses remarkable catalytic ability toward HER, achieving a current density at an overpotential of 500 mV that is 3.22 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. It was also confirmed by using operando Raman spectroscopy that the enhancement of catalytic activity was achieved after platinization of the COF, with a reduction of overpotential from 231 to 23 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals that the improved catalytic activity of Pt/Co3O4 and Pt/COF originated from the re-modulation of Ptδ+ on the electronic structure and the synergistic effect of the interfacial Ptδ+/electron-rich sites. This work provides a rapid synthesis strategy for the synthesis of low-content Pt catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen production.

Atomic Layer Engineering of Pd Nanosheets for an Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Thickness control of two-dimensional (2D) metal nanosheets (metallenes) has scientific significance for energy and catalyst applications, yet is unexplored owing to the lack of an efficient approach for the tailored synthesis of metallenes with controlled atomic layers. Here we report a 2D template-directed synthesis of ultrathin Pd nanosheets with well-controlled thicknesses. Molecularly thin single-crystalline Pd nanosheets with well-defined hexagonal morphologies were synthesized via a one-pot method with 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl formate. Such Pd nanosheets were used as hard templates for the tailored synthesis of the Pd nanosheets with controlled thicknesses (9, 11, 13, and 15 atomic layers). Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations revealed unique electronic states in thickness-controlled Pd nanosheets; these states included reduced surface charges to bulk, increased work functions, and decreased d-band centers. Thus, atomic layer engineering of Pd nanosheets enabled the fine-tuning of the surface electronic states to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Tuning Electrocatalytic Activities of Dealloyed Nanoporous Catalysts by Macroscopic Strain Engineering.

It is technically challenging to quantitatively apply strains to tune catalysis because most heterogeneous catalysts are nanoparticles, and lattice strains can only be applied indirectly via core-shell structures or crystal defects. Herein, we report quantitative relations between macroscopic strains and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities of dealloyed nanoporous gold (NPG) by directly applying macroscopic strains upon bulk NPG. It was found that macroscopic compressive strains lead to a decrease, while macroscopic tensile strains improve the HER activity of NPG, which is in line with the d-band center model. The overpotential and onset potential of HER display approximately a linear relation with applied macroscopic strains, revealing an ∼2.9 meV decrease of the binding energy per 0.1% lattice strains from compressive to tensile. The methodology with the high strain sensitivity of electrocatalysis, developed in this study, paves a new way to investigate the insights of strain-dependent electrocatalysis with high precision.

Pt Single Atoms Supported on Defect Ceria as an Active and Stable Dual-Site Catalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution.

This work evaluates the feasibility of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using Pt single-atoms (1.0 wt %) on defect-rich ceria (Pt1/CeOx) as an active and stable dual-site catalyst. The catalyst displayed a low overpotential and a small Tafel slope in an alkaline medium. Moreover, Pt1/CeOx presented a high mass activity and excellent durability, competing with those of the commercial Pt/C (20 wt %). In this picture, the defective CeOx is active for water adsorption and dissociation to create H* intermediates, providing the first site where the reaction occurs. The H* intermediate species then migrate to adsorb and react on the Pt2+ isolated atoms, the site where H2 is formed and released. DFT calculations were also performed to obtain mechanistic insight on the Pt1/CeOx catalyst for the HER. The results indicate a new possibility to improve the state-of-the-art alkaline HER catalysts via a combined effect of the O vacancies on the ceria support and Pt2+ single atoms.

Accelerating the Discovery of Efficient High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts: High-Throughput Experimentation and Data-Driven Strategies.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) present both significant potential and challenges for developing efficient electrocatalysts due to their diverse combinations and compositions. Here, we propose a procedural approach that combines high-throughput experimentation with data-driven strategies to accelerate the discovery of efficient HEA electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This enables the rapid preparation of HEA arrays with various element combinations and composition ratios within a model system. The intrinsic activity of the HEA arrays is swiftly screened using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), providing precise composition-activity data sets for the HEA system. An ensemble machine learning (EML) model is then used to predict the activity database for the composition subspace of the system. Based on these database results, two groups of promising catalysts are recommended and validated through actual electrocatalytic evaluations. This procedural approach, which combines high-throughput experimentation with data-driven strategies, provides a new pathway to accelerate the discovery of efficient HEA electrocatalysts.

Construction of MXene/Bi2WO6 Schottky Junction for Highly Efficient Piezocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Unraveling Mechanism.

For the first time, a series of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/Bi2WO6 Schottky junction piezocatalysts were constructed, and the piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity was explored. Optimal Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 exhibits the highest piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 764.4 µmol g-1 h-1, which is nearly 8 times higher than that of pure Ti3C2Tx and twice as high as that of Bi2WO6. This value also surpasses that of most recently reported typical piezocatalysts. Moreover, related experimental results and density functional theory calculations reveal that Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 can provide unique channels for efficient electron transfer, enhance piezoelectric properties, optimize the adsorption Gibbs free energy of water, reduce activation energy for hydrogen atoms, endow robust separation capacity of charge carrier, and restrict the electron-hole recombination rate, thus significantly promoting the efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction. Ultimately, we have unraveled an innovative piezocatalytic mechanism. This work broadens the scope of MXene materials in a sustainable energy piezocatalysis application.

Assessment of the applicability of DFT methods to [Cp*Rh]-catalyzed hydrogen evolution processes.

The present computational study provides a benchmark of density functional theory (DFT) methods in describing hydrogen evolution processes catalyzed by [Cp*Rh]-containing organometallic complexes. A test set was composed of 26 elementary reactions featuring chemical transformations and bonding situations essential for the field, including the emerging concept of non-innocent Cp* behavior. Reference values were obtained from a highly accurate 3/4 complete basis set and 6/7 complete PNO space extrapolated DLPNO-CCSD(T) energies. The performance of lower-level extrapolation procedures was also assessed. We considered 84 density functionals (DF) (including 13 generalized gradient approximations (GGA), nine meta-GGAs, 33 hybrids, and 29 double-hybrids) and three composite methods (HF-3c, PBEh-3c, and r2SCAN-3c), combined with different types of dispersion corrections (D3(0), D3BJ, D4, and VV10). The most accurate approach is the PBE0-DH-D3BJ (MAD of 1.36 kcal mol-1) followed by TPSS0-D3BJ (MAD of 1.60 kcal mol-1). Low-cost r2SCAN-3c composite provides a less accurate but much faster alternative (MAD of 2.39 kcal mol-1). The widely used Minnesota-family M06-L, M06, and M06-2X DFs should be avoided (MADs of 3.70, 3.94, and 4.01 kcal mol-1, respectively).