Escherichia coli isolated from pyometra and cystitis in the same animal exhibit a wide phenotypic similarity.

AIMS: Pyometra and cystitis caused by Escherichia coli are common diseases identified in canine or feline females. The origin of pyometra infection remains uncertain, and effective prevention strategies for this disease are still unknown. This study aimed to provide a phenotypic characterization, including antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles, of endometrial pathogenic (EnPEC) and uropathogenic (UPEC) E. coli strains isolated simultaneously from the same animal. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen E. coli strains, from eight different animals, were analyzed in this study. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of EnPEC and UPEC strains was determined using the disc diffusion method, which showed a similar susceptibility profile among strains (EnPEC and UPEC) from the same animal. The virulence profile of the strains was assessed through biofilm formation, as well as serum resistance abilities. EnPEC and UPEC strains from the same animal exhibited slight variations in their virulence and antimicrobial resistance capabilities. Overall, most of the strain pairs showed a high similarity in their ability to establish biofilms and survive in serum complement activity. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, strains of E. coli isolated from both pyometra and cystitis in the same animal, despite presenting distinct clinical diseases, exhibit a wide phenotypic similarity, suggesting a common origin for the strains.

Blood plasma and urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress in cats with urethral obstruction.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate variations of the oxidative status in cats affected by urethral obstruction (UO) under Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC) and Bacterial Cystitis (BC), in comparison with a group of healthy subjects. In both groups, the levels of several markers (either direct or indirect) indicative of the oxidative attack and of the antioxidant response were analyzed on plasma and urine samples. In particular, the plasma samples were evaluated for nitric oxide (NO), hydroperoxides derived by reactive oxygen activity (d-ROMs test), superoxide anion (O2-), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP test); while on urine the levels of NO, d-ROMs, FRAP, SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured. Urine of UO patients was also subjected to urine-culture test. RESULTS: The analytical data on plasma showed that UO, independently of the FIC or BC etiology, induced the insurgence of oxidative stress conditions at the systemic level. In the urine of the UO patients, except for SOD that increased, the markers of redox status were markedly decreased due probably their compromised filtration, thus suggesting involvement of renal function (assessed also by the high levels of plasma creatinine and proteinuria) with no oxidative damage of the lower urinary tract. Moreover, the adoption of a novel oxidative stress index' (OSI) allowed to establish, by means of a numerical value, the different degrees of oxidative stress conditions for single UO patients, both in terms of oxidative attack and antioxidant response. CONCLUSIONS: Feline urethral obstruction, induced by Idiopathic Cystitis and Bacterial Cystitis, causes oxidative stress conditions at the systemic level that do not interest the lower urinary tract. Despite to the high variability of the profiles of oxidative stress indexes both in healthy and UO patients, the determination of OSI made possible the evaluation of their single degrees of oxidative stress. Possibly the results of this investigation can be compared with those of correspondent pathologies both in humans and in other animal species.

USE OF HYSTEROSCOPIC MORCELLATION WITH A MYOSURE® DEVICE FOR REMOVAL OF UTERINE FOREIGN MATERIAL IN AN ORANGUTAN (PONGO SP.).

A 36-yr-old female intact hybrid orangutan (Pongo sp.) presented with evidence of chronic bacterial cystitis with no response to treatment with multiple systemic antibiotics. Abnormalities were identified within the reproductive tract on CT scan, and hysteroscopy was pursued based on the recommendation of an obstetrician-gynecologist. Hysteroscopic examination revealed a large amount of intrauterine foreign material consistent with wood wool from the orangutan's bedding. A hysteroscopic morcellator (MyoSure®) was used to remove the foreign material. Histologic examination of endometrial biopsies showed severe suppurative to pyogranulomatous endometritis with intralesional foreign (wood) fibers and bacteria. The orangutan was treated with antibiotics, but evidence of bacterial cystitis persisted. After 15 wk, additional wood wool was identified within the uterus by hysteroscopic examination and was removed similarly. Five months later, there was no recurrence of foreign material on hysteroscopy or CT. This report describes the first documentation of intrauterine foreign material in a nonhuman primate. Hysteroscopic morcellation is a useful technique for noninvasive removal of intrauterine foreign material in great apes.

Early-Onset Asymptomatic Polypoid Cystitis in Two Adolescent Male Beagle Dogs.

This brief communication describes a rare spontaneous background lesion in the lower urinary tract of two male laboratory beagles. Proliferative lesions comprising a constellation of histological features consistent with polypoid cystitis were observed in the bladder of two adolescent dogs from a routine preclinical toxicology study. Both animals were clinically asymptomatic and had only minor alterations in urinalysis parameters. While chronic polypoid cystitis is well-recognized in adult pet dogs, this is the first reported case in purpose-bred laboratory beagles. An awareness of this uncommon background finding is important for toxicological pathologists to distinguish it from potential test article-related findings.

Survey of veterinarians in the USA to evaluate trends in the treatment approach for non-obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to gather information on treatment approaches and trends for the treatment of non-obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). METHODS: An internet-based survey of veterinarians was conducted focusing on outpatient treatment approaches for cats that are stable, not obstructed and that exhibit lower urinary signs suspected to be due to FIC, where other causes (eg, urolithiasis, urinary tract infection, other) have been ruled out. RESULTS: A total of 606 veterinarians submitted complete surveys for inclusion. Respondents reported that when obtaining patient histories, in ⩾75% of client interactions they gathered information about feline stressors (542/606, 89%), resource set-up (eg, number of litter boxes; 466/606, 77%) and diet (552/606, 91%). Only 31% (187/606) of respondents reported that they gathered information about daily human/cat interaction in ⩾75% of client interactions, with 69% (419/606) of veterinarians inquiring about this information 50% of the time or less. Top treatments selected for acute presentations of FIC were analgesics (537/606, 89%), modified litter box management (435/606, 72%) and synthetic feline pheromones (422/606, 70%). Top treatments selected for chronic FIC management were prescription diets (519/606, 86%), modified litter box management (508/606, 84%) and environmental enhancements (493/606, 81%). Challenges with owner compliance and expectations were selected as barriers to achieving a positive treatment outcome by 81% (486/599) and 62% (372/599) of respondents, respectively. Rehoming or euthanasia were recommended by 37% (224/606) and 10% (59/606) of veterinarians, respectively, due to difficulties managing FIC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The treatment approach for non-obstructive FIC appears to be multimodal and recommendations vary between acute and chronic presentations. An area of opportunity is client communication and education, which may improve owner compliance and help set appropriate expectations. The importance of human/cat interaction as a management strategy appears under-emphasized.

No viable bacterial communities reside in the urinary bladder of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis.

Urinary microbial diversities have been reported in humans according to sex, age and clinical status, including painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). To date, the role of the urinary microbiome in the pathogenesis of PBS/IC is debated. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a chronic lower urinary tract disorder affecting cats with similarities to PBS/IC in women and represents an important problem in veterinary medicine as its aetiology is currently unknown. In this study, the presence of a bacterial community residing in the urinary bladder of cats with a diagnosis of FIC was investigated. Nineteen cats with clinical signs and history of FIC and without growing bacteria in standard urine culture were included and urine collected with ultrasound-guided cystocentesis. Bacterial community was investigated using a culture-dependent approach consisted of expanded quantitative urine culture techniques and a culture-independent approach consisted of 16S rRNA NGS. Several methodological practices were adopted to both avoid and detect any contamination or bias introduced by means of urine collection and processing which could be relevant due to the low microbial biomass environment of the bladder and urinary tract, including negative controls analysis. All the cats included showed no growing bacteria in the urine analysed. Although few reads were originated using 16S rRNA NGS, a comparable pattern was observed between urine samples and negative controls, and no taxa were confidently classified as non-contaminant. The results obtained suggest the absence of viable bacteria and of bacterial DNA of urinary origin in the urinary bladder of cats with FIC.

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Histological changes and immunolabeling of Leishmania infantum in kidneys and urinary bladder of dogs / Alterações histológicas e imunomarcação de Leishmania infantum em rins e bexiga de cães

The aim of this study was to assess histological alterations and perform immunolabeling of Leishmania infantum in the kidneys and urinary bladder of naturally infected dogs. Twenty-five urinary bladder and kidney samples of serologically positive animals (ELISA S7® Biogene and IFAT ≥ 1:40 - Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz) were analyzed by means of immunohistochemical and histological techniques. Cystitis was found in 44% (11/25) of the bladder samples and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in 92% (23/25) of the kidney samples. Immunolabeling of the parasite revealed that 32% (8/25) of the bladders and 8% (2/25) of the kidneys were positive. In conclusion, the immunohistochemical technique is a useful tool for detecting amastigote forms of L. infantum in organs of infected dogs. In addition, this was the first report of detection of amastigote forms ofL. infantum in the bladders of dogs.

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar as alterações histológicas e realizar a imunomarcação de Leishmania infantum em rins e bexiga de cães naturalmente infectados. Vinte e cinco amostras de bexiga e rins de animais sorologicamente (ELISA S7® Biogene and IFAT ≥ 1:40 - Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz) positivas foram analisadas histologicamente e por meio da técnica de imuno-histoquímica. Os resultados revelaram cistite em 44% (11/25) das amostras de bexiga e glomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa em 92% (23/25) das amostras de rins. A imunomarcação do parasito revelou 32% (8/25) e 8% (2/25) de positividade em bexiga e rins, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a técnica de imunohistoquímica é uma útil ferramenta para detecção de formas amastigotas de L. infantum em órgãos de cães infectados. Além disso, o presente trabalho reporta a primeira descrição de formas amastigotas de L. infantum em bexiga de cães.

Infecção urinária em fêmeas suínas em produção - revisão / Infección del tracto urinario en hembras porcinas en producción - revisión / Urinary infection in females swine during production - review

A suinocultura tecnificada no Brasil tem como preocupação os índices reprodutivos das matrizes que, por sua vez, têm como ferramenta de avaliação, partos e descartes de matizes no plantel, pois influencia diretamente no número de partos/fêmea/ano. Além disso, a atividade suinícola no Brasil tornou-se uma escala industrial, tendo como preocupação o controle rigoroso de doenças que afetam o rebanho e o rendimento econômico. Dentre as reprodutivas, a infecção urinária (IU) tem como principal perda a redução da vida útil, falha reprodutiva e mortalidade de animais adultos, causando uma acentuada redução nos índices produtivos da granja. Apesar das origens multifatoriais da doença correlacionada com os fatores de risco, os microorganismos mais encontrados são: Escherichia coli e Actinomyces suis. As infecções urinárias em suínos afetam principalmente as matrizes, causando uma acentuada redução nos índices de produtividade das granjas comerciais com uma prevalência epidemiológica de até 30%. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar informações sobre a infecção urinária de origem multifatorial em fêmeas suínas em produção.

The technification of swine culture in Brazil is worried about the reproductive levels of sows which are evaluated by the number of births given and the number of sow rejections on the farm because it directly influences the number of birth/female/year. Besides, the swine culture in Brazil is set on an industrial level where the strict control of diseases that affect the herd and the productivity are extremely important. Among the reproductive infections, the urinary infection (UI) has as major loss the reduction of the reproductive life, reproductive failure and mortality of adult animals, causing a great decrease in the productive index on the farm. Even with the multifactor origins for the disease correlated with the risk factors, the most common microorganisms found are Escherichia coli and Actinomyces suis. Urinary infections in swine mainly affect the sows causing a big reduction in the productivity index on commercial farms with an epidemiology of up to 30%. This article has as objective to show information about the multifactor origin urinary infection of females swine during production.

La porcicultura tecnificada en Brasil tiene como preocupación los índices reproductivos de las matrices que, por su vez, tiene como herramienta de evaluación, partos y descartes de matrices en el plantel, pues influencia directamente en el número de partos/hembra/año. Además de eso, la actividad de porcicultura en Brasil se volvió una escala industrial, teniendo como preocupación el control riguroso de enfermedades que afectan el rebaño y la renta económica. Entre las reproductivas, la infección urinaria (IU) tiene como principal pérdida la reducción de la vida útil, falla reproductiva y mortalidad de animales adultos, causando una acentuada reducción en los índices productivos de la granja. A pesar de los orígenes multifactoriales de la enfermedad correlacionadas con los factores de riesgo, los microorganismos más encontrados son: Escherichia coli y Actinomyces suis. Las infecciones urinarias en porcinos afectan principalmente las matrices, causando una acentuada reducción en los índices de productividad de las granjas comerciales con prevalencia epidemiológica de hasta 30%. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar informaciones sobre la infección del tracto urinario de origen multifactorial en hembras porcinas en producción.

Infecção urinária em fêmeas suínas em produção - revisão / Infección del tracto urinario en hembras porcinas en producción - revisión / Urinary infection in females swine during production - review

A suinocultura tecnificada no Brasil tem como preocupação os índices reprodutivos das matrizes que, por sua vez, têm como ferramenta de avaliação, partos e descartes de matizes no plantel, pois influencia diretamente no número de partos/fêmea/ano. Além disso, a atividade suinícola no Brasil tornou-se uma escala industrial, tendo como preocupação o controle rigoroso de doenças que afetam o rebanho e o rendimento econômico. Dentre as reprodutivas, a infecção urinária (IU) tem como principal perda a redução da vida útil, falha reprodutiva e mortalidade de animais adultos, causando uma acentuada redução nos índices produtivos da granja. Apesar das origens multifatoriais da doença correlacionada com os fatores de risco, os microorganismos mais encontrados são: Escherichia coli e Actinomyces suis. As infecções urinárias em suínos afetam principalmente as matrizes, causando uma acentuada redução nos índices de produtividade das granjas comerciais com uma prevalência epidemiológica de até 30%. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar informações sobre a infecção urinária de origem multifatorial em fêmeas suínas em produção.

The technification of swine culture in Brazil is worried about the reproductive levels of sows which are evaluated by the number of births given and the number of sow rejections on the farm because it directly influences the number of birth/female/year. Besides, the swine culture in Brazil is set on an industrial level where the strict control of diseases that affect the herd and the productivity are extremely important. Among the reproductive infections, the urinary infection (UI) has as major loss the reduction of the reproductive life, reproductive failure and mortality of adult animals, causing a great decrease in the productive index on the farm. Even with the multifactor origins for the disease correlated with the risk factors, the most common microorganisms found are Escherichia coli and Actinomyces suis. Urinary infections in swine mainly affect the sows causing a big reduction in the productivity index on commercial farms with an epidemiology of up to 30%. This article has as objective to show information about the multifactor origin urinary infection of females swine during production.

La porcicultura tecnificada en Brasil tiene como preocupación los índices reproductivos de las matrices que, por su vez, tiene como herramienta de evaluación, partos y descartes de matrices en el plantel, pues influencia directamente en el número de partos/hembra/año. Además de eso, la actividad de porcicultura en Brasil se volvió una escala industrial, teniendo como preocupación el control riguroso de enfermedades que afectan el rebaño y la renta económica. Entre las reproductivas, la infección urinaria (IU) tiene como principal pérdida la reducción de la vida útil, falla reproductiva y mortalidad de animales adultos, causando una acentuada reducción en los índices productivos de la granja. A pesar de los orígenes multifactoriales de la enfermedad correlacionadas con los factores de riesgo, los microorganismos más encontrados son: Escherichia coli y Actinomyces suis. Las infecciones urinarias en porcinos afectan principalmente las matrices, causando una acentuada reducción en los índices de productividad de las granjas comerciales con prevalencia epidemiológica de hasta 30%. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar informaciones sobre la infección del tracto urinario de origen multifactorial en hembras porcinas en producción.

Síndrome urológica felina: 13 casos / Feline urologic syndrome: 13 cases

Treze casos (8,44 porcento) de síndrome urológica felina foram diagnosticados em 154 necropsias de gatos realizadas de 1991 a 1997. Dados epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, lesöes de necropsia e achados histopatológicos foram revisados. Sete animais eram machos inteiros e seis eram machos castrados. Obstruçäo uretral, hematúria, disúria e distensäo vesical foram os principais sinais clínicos. Os principais achados de necropsia e histopatológicos foram cistite hemorrágica, pielonefrite, edema perirrenal, hidronefrose, necrose tubular e uretrite.

Infecçöes urinárias em porcas / Urinary infectious in sows

Amostras de urina de porcas gestantes, procedentes de 13 rebanhos do Estado de Minas Gerais, foram submetidas ao teste de proteinúria. Foram encontrados 453 (22 por cento) amostras positivas, sendo 257 (13 por cento) ao nível de 6 a 30 mg por cento (traços e 1+), 126 (6 por cento) ao nível de 100 mg por cento (2+) e 70 (3 por cento) com proteinúria igual ou superior a 300 mg por cento (3+ e 4+). Uma granja foi avaliada em sequência para proteinúria nos anos de 1981, 1982, 1983 e 1984, apresentando índices de positividade de 21 por cento, 14 por cento, 27 por cento e 29 por cento, respectivamente. A frequência de proteinúria variou de 18 a 42 por cento, nos animais de um a nove partos. O desempenho reprodutivo foi comparado entre 56 animais positivos e negativos à proteinúria. O grupo negativo (n=15) apresentou média de 9,9 leitöes nascidos vivos e intervalo de partos de 142 dias; o grupo com proteinúria de 5 a 30 mg por cento (n=21), de 9,6 leitöes e 148 dias de intervalo e o grupo com proteinúria igual ou superior a 30 mg por cento (n=20), de 8,9 leitöes e 154 dias de intervalo. Somente o intervalo de partos entre o grupo negativo e o grupo com proteinúria de 5 a 20 mg por cento näo foi estatisticamente significativo. A comparaçäo entre a proteinúria e a bacteriúria ao nível de 10 elevado à 5§ potência organismos/ml mostrou uma concordância de 76 por cento. As bactérias isoladas de 60 amostras estudadas foram: Escheria coli (27 por cento), Streptococcus (20 por cento), E. coli e Streptococcus (12 por cento) e E. coli e Staphylococcus (5 por cento). O Corynebacterium suis foi isolado de uma amostra de urina com proteinúria acima de 2000 mg por cento (4+) e pH 8,5. A histopatologia dos rins e bexigas de 21 animais com proteinúria, descartadas principalmente devido aos problemas reprodutivos, mostrou elevada incidência de associaçäo de cistite catarral e nefrite intersticial e frequência relativamente alta de apenas nefrite intersticial

Etiologic study of urinary tract infection in dogs

Foram estudados 51 casos de infecçäo urinária, considerando-se diversos fatores, tais como: agente etiológico, localizaçäo da infecäo, fatores predisponentes, sexo, idade e raça. O diagnóstico da infecçäo do trato urinário (ITU) foi baseado no exame bacteriológico, sendo considerado positivo quando a amostra de urina, colhida com auxílio de cateter, apresentava acima de 10 elevado à quinta potência bactérias/ml. Dos animais examinados, quatro cäes apresentaram infecçäo mista, totalizando 55 microorganismos isolados. Escherichia coli foi a mais frequentemente isolada (35,3 por cento), seguida de Staphylococcus sp (23,5 por cento), Proteus mirabilis (15,7 por cento), Streptococcus sp (13,7 por cento), Klebsiella sp (9,8 por cento), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3,9 por cento), Enterobacter cloacae (2,0 por cento), Citrobacter freundii (2,0 por cento) e Providencia rettgeri (2,0 por cento). Quanto à sensibilidade dos germes isolados frente a diversos agentes antimicrobianos, a norfloxacina e a gentamicina mostraram-se eficazes no tratamento de microorganismos Gram-negativos, enquanto a cefalotina e a nitrofurantoina foram mais eficazes contra bactérias Gram-positivas. Os animais que apresentaram maior frequência de ITU pertenciam às raças Cocker Spaniel e Pastor Alemäo, envolvendo mais machos do que fêmeas com predominância de pielonefrites. Embora as infecçöes urinárias tivessem sido observadas em todas as idades, houve um predomínio nos cäes de média idade. Observou-se ainda que a urolitíase foi um fator pré-disponente ou adjacente de ITU, envolvendo germes como Staphylococcus sp e Proteus mirabilis naqueles casos com pH urinário alcalino