Description of a new freshwater bacterium Aquirufa regiilacus sp. nov., classification of the genera Aquirufa, Arundinibacter, Sandaracinomonas, and Tellurirhabdus to the family Spirosomataceae, classification of the genus Chryseotalea to the family Fulvivirgaceae and Litoribacter to the family Cyclobacteriaceae, as well as classification of Litoribacter alkaliphilus as a later heterotypic synonym of Litoribacter ruber.

Strains LEOWEIH-7CT and LEPPI-3A were isolated from the Leopoldskroner Weiher, a lake located in the city of Salzburg, Austria. 16S rRNA gene similarities and phylogenetic reconstructions with 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as based on genome sequences revealed that the new strains belong to the A. antheringensis branch of the genus Aquirufa. Calculated whole-genome average nucleotide identity (gANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values with the closely related type strains showed that the two strains represent a single new species. The strains grew aerobically and chemoorganotrophically, and the cells were rod shaped, on average 0.8 µm long and 0.3 µm wide, red pigmented and motile by gliding. The genome size of both strains was 2.6 Mbp and the G+C value was 41.9%. The genomes comprised genes predicted for the complete light-harvesting rhodopsin system and various carotenoids. We proposed to establish the name Aquirufa regiilacus sp. nov. for strain LEOWEIH-7CT (=DSM 116390T = JCM 36347T) as the type strain. Strain LEPPI-3A (=DSM 116391 = JCM 36348) also belongs to this new species. The calculated genome-based phylogenetic tree revealed that Aquirufa and some other genera currently allocated in the family Cytophagaceae need a reclassification. Aquirufa, Arundinibacter, Sandaracinomonas, and Tellurirhabdus should be designated to the family Spirosomataceae, the genus Chryseotalea to the family Fulvivirgaceae, and the genus Litoribacter to the family Cyclobacteriaceae. Furthermore, based on calculated gANI and dDDH values, Litoribacter alkaliphilus should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of Litoribacter ruber.

Pontibacter liquoris sp. nov. and Pontibacter vulgaris sp. nov., two novel bacteria isolated from the pit mud of Chinese liquor.

Two pink-pigmented bacterial strains, designated NBU2971T and NBU2972T, were isolated from the pit mud of a Chinese liquor. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strains NBU2971T and NBU2972T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae and were closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter. 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain NBU2971T showed highest similarity of 97.9 % to Pontibacter arcticus 2b14T, and strain NBU2972T showed the highest similarity of 96.9 % to Pontibacter deserti JC215T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two novel strains were 95.2, 73.8 and 19.6 %, respectively, suggesting that they represent different species. The ANI and dDDH values between two novel strains and related species of genus Pontibacter were well below the threshold limit for prokaryotic species delineation. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains NBU2971T and NBU2972T were 51.3 and 44.5 mol%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of the two novel strains were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The major polar lipid of both novel strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. The only respiratory quinone was MK-7. Combining results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strains NBU2971T and NBU2972T are considered to be two representatives in the genus Pontibacter, which the name Pontibacter liquoris sp. nov. and Pontibacter vulgaris sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of the new species are NBU2971T (=KCTC 82916T=MCCC 1K06395T) and NBU2972T (=KCTC 82917T=MCCC 1K06396T), respectively.

Five novel Hymenobacter species isolated from air: Hymenobacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Hymenobacter cellulosivorans sp. nov., Hymenobacter aerilatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter sublimis sp. nov. and Hymenobacter volaticus sp. nov.

Five Hymenobacter strains isolated from air samples collected from the Suwon and Jeju regions of the Republic of Korea were studied using polyphasic taxonomic methods. Using 16S rRNA gene sequences and the resulting phylogenetic tree, the strains were primarily identified as members of the genus Hymenobacter. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values and average nucleotide identities values for species delineation (70 and 95-96 %, respectively) between the five strains and their nearest type strains indicated that each strain represented a novel species. All strains were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, mesophilic, rod-shaped and catalase- and oxidase-positive, with red to pink coloured colonies. The genome sizes of the five strains varied from 4.8 to 7.1 Mb and their G+C contents were between 54.1 and 59.4 mol%. Based on their phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, we propose to classify these isolates into five novel species within the genus Hymenobacter for which we propose the names, Hymenobacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Hymenobacter cellulosivorans sp. nov., Hymenobacter aerilatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter sublimis sp. nov. and Hymenobacter volaticus sp. nov., with strains 5116 S-3T (=KACC 21925T=JCM 35216T), 5116 S-27T (=KACC 21926T=JCM 35217T), 5413 J-13T (=KACC 21928T=JCM 35219T), 5516 S-25T (=KACC 21931T=JCM 35222T) and 5420 S-77T (=KACC 21932T=JCM 35223T) as the type strains, respectively.

Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov., isolated from a fish pond.

Bacterial strain NST-14T, isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed pink colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain NST-14T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Hymenobacter. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NST-14T had the highest similarity to Hymenobacter actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (97.7%), Hymenobacter amundsenii P5136T (97.3%) and Hymenobacter humicola P6312T (96.9%). Strain NST-14T showed 75.1-85.3 % average nucleotide identity, 73.7-89.8 % average amino acid identity and 14.5-26.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization with the type strains of other closely related Hymenobacter species. Strain NST-14T contained iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids. The major hydroxyl fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, four unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.4 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain NST-14T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NST-14T (=BCRC 81249T=LMG 31686T).

Pontibacter fetidus sp. nov. and Pontibacter burrus sp. nov., isolated from the soil.

Two novel strains, BT213T and BT327T, were isolated from the soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Cells of strains were Gram negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains BT213T and BT327T formed two distinct lineages within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BT213T and BT327T belonged to the genus Pontibacter. Strain BT213T showed the highest similarities of 97.8% with Pontibacter deserti JC215T. Strain BT327T showed the highest sequence similarity of 96.5% with Pontibacter mucosus PB3T. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. The major cellular fatty acid of strains BT213T and BT327T were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B). Strains BT213T and BT327T had MK-7 as major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. The genome size of strains BT213T and BT327T were 4,072,018 bp and 4,314,171 bp, respectively. The genomic G + C mol% of strains BT213T and BT327T are 45.6% and 46.1%, respectively. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, two novel species Pontibacter fetidus BT213T (KCTC 72345T = NBRC 114379T) and Pontibacter burrus BT327T (KCTC 72412T = NBRC 114376T) are proposed as type strains.

Hymenobacter busanensis sp. nov., radiation-resistant species isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two bacterial strains designated as MA3T and BT182 were isolated from a soil sample in South Korea. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed red colonies on R2A agar at 25 °C. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 99.8%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 96.8% with Hymenobacter edaphi NLT, followed by Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30T (96.3%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84T (96.3%) and Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18T (96.3%). Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The genome size of strains MA3T and BT182 is 4.9 Mb and 4.8 Mb, respectively. The genomic G + C content of both strains is 62.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of the strains was phosphatidylethanolamine, the only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains MA3T and BT182 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter busanensis is proposed. The type strain is MA3T (= KCTC 72631T = NBRC 114193T).

Hymenobacter radiodurans sp. nov., isolated from soil in the Republic of Korea.

A bacterial strain, designated 17J36-26T, was isolated from the UV-irradiated soil from Jeju Island, South Korea. Cells are Gram negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, rod shaped, and catalase and oxidase positive. The major fatty acids of strain 17J36-26T were summed feature 4 (17:1 iso I/17:1 anteiso B), summed feature 3 (16:1 ω6c/16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c and iso-C15:0. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, phospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the strain 17J36-26T was 62.6 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17J36-26T was phylogenetically related to Hymenobacter qilianensis DK6-37T and Hymenobacter roseosalivarius AA718T (97.5% and 96.8% sequence similarity, respectively). Strain 17J36-26T showed resistance to UV radiation. Both average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strains 17J36-26T and type strains of Hymenobacter species were lower than the cut-off (≥ 95-96% for ANI and ≥ 70% for isDDH) to define a bacterial new species. The polyphasic approach using genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain 17J36-26T could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species, and thus, the strain representative of a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter radiodurans sp. nov. (type strain 17J36-26T = KCTC 62269T = JCM 33185T) is proposed.

Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov., radiation resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT190T and BT191 were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city (37°44'55″N, 127°02'20″E), Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT190T and BT191 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT190T and BT190 was 99.5%. The strains BT190T and BT191 were closely related to Hymenobacter swuensis DY53T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter metallilatus 9PBR-2 T (96.8%), Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter yonginensis HMD1010T (96.6%). The genome size of strain BT190T was 4,859,864 bp. The DNA G+C content of strain BT190T was 55.3 mol%. Bacterial growth was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) on R2A agar. Colonies of strains BT190T and BT191 were raised, smooth, circular and red-pink colored. The sole respiratory quinone of strain BT190T was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω5c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B). The major polar lipids of strain BT190T were aminophospholipid (APL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on the chemotaxonomic, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis, strains BT190T and BT191 can be suggested as a novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov is proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter puniceus is BT190T (= KCTC 72342 T = NBRC 114860 T).

Hymenobacter properus sp. nov., Hymenobacter ruricola sp. nov., and Hymenobacter jeongseonensis sp. nov., three new species isolated from mountain and beach soil in South Korea.

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, circular, convex, red-colored and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated BT439T, BT662T and BT683T were obtained from soil collected in South Korea. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains revealed a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter. The complete genome sequence of strains BT439T, BT662T and BT683T is 5,542,738 bp, 5,964,541 bp, and 5,192,601 bp size, respectively. All three strains were found to have MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT439T and BT662T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipids and amino lipids. Strain BT683T contained phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT439T were iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) and anteiso-C15:0; strain BT662T possessed iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c); strain BT683T were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT439T, BT662T and BT683T can be suggested as three novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter properus sp. nov., Hymenobacter ruricola sp. nov. and Hymenobacter jeongseonensis sp. nov., respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter properus is BT439T (= KCTC 72900T = NBRC 114849T), Hymenobacter ruricola is BT662T (= KACC 21966T = NBRC 114855T) and the type strain of Hymenobacter jeongseonensis is BT683T (= KACC 22013T = NBRC xxxxxT).

Hymenobacter taeanensis sp. nov., radiation resistant bacterium isolated from coastal sand dune.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and light pink-colored bacterial strain, designated TS19T, was isolated from a sand sample obtained from a coastal sand dune after exposure to 3 kGy of gamma radiation. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate was a member of the genus Hymenobacter and was most closely related to H. wooponensis WM78T (98.3% similarity). Strain TS19T and H. wooponensis showed resistance to gamma radiation with D10 values (i.e., the dose required to reduce the bacterial population by tenfold) of 7.3 kGy and 3.5 kGy, respectively. The genome of strain TS19T consists of one contig with 4,879,662 bp and has a G + C content of 56.2%. The genome contains 3,955 protein coding sequences, 44 tRNAs, and 12 rRNAs. The predominant fatty acids of strain TS19T were iso-C15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I and/or anteiso-C17:1 B), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), and C16:1 ω5c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TS19T represents a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter taeanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TS19T (= KCTC 72897T = JCM 34023T).

Hymenobacter negativus sp. nov., bacteria isolated from mountain soil collected in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT442T and BT584 were isolated from dry soil collected in mountains Busan and Guri, Korea during wintertime. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT442T and BT584 both belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Strain BT442T was closely related to Hymenobacter soli PB17T (98.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Hymenobacter terrae POA9T (97.6%). No other recognized bacterial species showed more than 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strains BT442T. The genome size of strain BT442T was 5,143,362 bp. Bacterial growth was observed at 10-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 6.0) in R2A agar and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT442T and BT584 were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c). In addition, their predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids of strains BT442T and BT584 were identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, and aminolipid. Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, strains BT442T and BT584 are novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, and the proposed name is Hymenobacter negativus. The strain type of Hymenobacter negativus is BT442T (= KCTC 72902T = NBRC XXXXT).

Spirosoma profusum sp. nov., and Spirosoma validum sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702T and BT704T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702T and BT704T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405T (93.3%). The strain BT704T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702T and BT704T are 8,731,341 bp and 8,221,062 bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702T and BT704T were C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702T and BT704T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702T (= KCTC 82115T = NBRC 114859T) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704T (= KCTC 82114T = NBRC 114966T).

Hymenobacter guriensis sp. nov., and Hymenobacter duratus sp. nov., Radiation-Resistant Species Isolated from Soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped, circular, convex, red-colored and UV-tolerant strains BT594T and BT646T were isolated from soil collected in Guri city (37° 36' 0″ N, 127° 9' 0″ E) and Gwangju city (37° 22' 0″ N, 127° 17' 0″ E), respectively, South Korea. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that strains BT594T and BT646T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes, kingdom Bacteria). The 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains BT594T and BT646T was 96.2%. The strain BT594T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11T (97.0% 16S rDNA gene similarity) and Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.3%). The strain BT646T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11T (98.6%), Hymenobacter kanuolensis T-3 T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter perfusus LMG 26000 T (96.7%). The two strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT594T and BT646T were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipids (APL). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT594T were anteiso-C15:0 (17.9%), iso-C15:0 (16.1%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) (10.0%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT646T were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) (18.3%), C16:0 (17.2%) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B) (14.5%). Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT594T and BT646T can be suggested as two novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter guriensis and Hymenobacter duratus, respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter guriensis is BT594T (= KCTC 21863 T = NBRC 114853 T) and the type strain of Hymenobacter duratus is BT646T (= KCTC 21915 T = NBRC 114854 T).

Two-step mechanism and step-arrest mutants of Runella slithyformis NAD+-dependent tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase Tpt1.

Tpt1 catalyzes the transfer of an internal 2'-monophosphate moiety (2'-PO4) from a "branched" 2'-PO4 RNA splice junction to NAD+ to form a "clean" 2'-OH, 3'-5' phosphodiester junction, ADP-ribose 1″-2″ cyclic phosphate, and nicotinamide. First discovered as an essential component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA splicing machinery, Tpt1 is widely distributed in nature, including in taxa that have no yeast-like RNA splicing system. Here we characterize the RslTpt1 protein from the bacterium Runella slithyformis, in which Tpt1 is encoded within a putative RNA repair gene cluster. We find that (i) expression of RslTpt1 in yeast complements a lethal tpt1Δ knockout, and (ii) purified recombinant RslTpt1 is a bona fide NAD+-dependent 2'-phosphotransferase capable of completely removing an internal 2'-phosphate from synthetic RNAs. The in vivo activity of RslTpt1 is abolished by alanine substitutions for conserved amino acids Arg16, His17, Arg64, and Arg119. The R64A, R119A, and H17A mutants accumulate high levels of a 2'-phospho-ADP-ribosylated RNA reaction intermediate (2'-P-ADPR, evanescent in the wild-type RslTpt1 reaction), which is converted slowly to a 2'-OH RNA product. The R16A mutant is 300-fold slower than wild-type RslTpt1 in forming the 2'-P-ADPR intermediate. Whereas wild-type RsTpt1 rapidly converts the isolated 2'-P-ADPR intermediate to 2'-OH product in the absence of NAD+, the H17A, R119A, R64A, and R16A mutant are slower by factors of 3, 33, 210, and 710, respectively. Our results identify active site constituents involved in the catalysis of step 1 and step 2 of the Tpt1 reaction pathway.

Larkinella punicea sp. nov., isolated from manganese mine soil.

Strain ZZJ9T is a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium isolated from manganese mine soil. Strain ZZJ9T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Larkinella rosea 15J16-1T3AT (97.1%), Larkinella terrae 15J8-8T (97.0%), Larkinella knui 15J6-3T6T (96.8%), and Larkinella ripae 15J11-1T (95.3%). The genome size of strain ZZJ9T was 8.01 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 51.8 mol%. ANI values among strain ZZJ9T and Larkinella rosea 52004 T, Larkinella knui KCTC 42998T, and Larkinella terrae 52001T were 80.5%, 82.7%, and 80.5%, respectively. dDDH values among strain ZZJ9T and Larkinella rosea 52004T, Larkinella knui KCTC 42998T, and Larkinella terrae 52001T were 23.5%, 26.0%, and 23.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the genome of strain ZZJ9T contained 6302 predicted protein-coding genes and 3114 (49%) of them had classificatory functions. The major quinone of strain ZZJ9T was menaquinone-7 and the main cellular fatty acids were C16:1ω5c (39.5%), iso-C15:0 (25.6%), and iso-C17:0 3OH (11.5%). The polar lipids of strain ZZJ9T were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified lipid, and two unidentified aminolipids. Based on the results of phylogenetic, genome, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic analytical, strain ZZJ9T represents a novel species of the genus Larkinella, for which the name Larkinella punicea sp. Nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZZJ9T (= KCTC 62876T = CCTCC AB 2018215T).

Dyadobacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from rose rhizosphere soil.

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, RS19T, was isolated from rose rhizosphere soil. The strain was psychrophilic and showed good growth over a temperature range of 1-37 â„ƒ. Colonies on TSB agar were circular, smooth, mucoid, convex with clear edges and yellow. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences characterized RS19T in the genus Dyadobacter and showed that strain RS19T was most closely related to Dyadobacter psychrophilus CGMCC 1.8951T (97.4%) and Dyadobacter alkalitolerans CGMCC 1.8973T (97.1%). The average nucleotide identity values to the closest related species type strains were less than 84.0%. The DNA G + C content was 43.1 mol%, and the predominant respiratory menaquinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were summed features 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), iso-C15:0, C16:1ω5c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. Based on genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain RS19T is different from closely related species of the genus Dyadobacter. RS19T represents a novel species within the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS19T (= CGMCC 1.13719T = ACCC 60381T = JCM 32940T).

Fibrisoma montanum sp. nov., isolated from soil of Mountain Danxia, China.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated HYT19T, was isolated from soil of Mountain Danxia in southern China. It showed the highest similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence (97.0%) and formed a monophyletic clade with Fibrisoma limi BUZ 3T. Strain HYT19T grew at 16-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and at pH 6-7. The draft genome size of strain HYT19T was 7.8 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 54.0 mol%. The digital DDH and average nucleotide identity values between strain HYT19T and F. limi BUZ 3T were 28.8% and 85.1%, respectively. MK-7 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The strain contained C16:1ω5c, iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), C16:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and anteiso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. On the basis of phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, we propose a new species Fibrisoma montanum sp. nov. of genus Fibrisoma. The type strain is HYT19T (= CCTCC AB 2018342T = JCM 33105T).

Spirosoma aureum sp. nov., and Hymenobacter russus sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria in Cytophagales order isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, yellow-colored strain BT328T and Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, red-colored strain BT18T were isolated from the soil collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BT328T formed a distinct lineage within the family Spirosomaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia) and was most closely related to a member of the genus Spirosoma, Spirosoma terrae 15J9-4T (95.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT18T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes) and was most closely related to members of the genus Hymenobacter, Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT328T and BT18T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and Hymenobacter, respectively. For which the name Spirosoma aureum and Hymenobacter russus is proposed. The type strain of S. aureum is BT328T (=KCTC 72365T = NBRC 114506T) and the type strain of H. russus is BT18T (=KCTC 62610T = NBRC 114380T).

Rhodocytophaga rosea sp. nov. and Nibribacter ruber sp. nov., two radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil.

Two bacterial strains, 172606-1T and BT10T, were isolated from soil, Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 172606-1T formed a distinct lineage within the family Cytophagaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). Strain 172606-1T was most closely related to a member of the genus Rhodocytophaga (93.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Rhodocytophaga aerolata 5416T-29T). The complete genome sequence of strain 172606-1T is 8,983,451 bp size. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0 and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BT10T belongs to the genus Nibribacter and is closely related to Nibribacter koreensis GSR 3061T (96.5%), Rufibacter glacialis MDT1-10-3T (95.7%), Rufibacter sediminis H-1T (95.1%) and Rufibacter quisquiliarum CAI-18bT (94.9%). The complete genome sequence of strain BT10T is 4,374,810 bp size. The predominant (> 10%) cellular fatty acids of strain BT10T were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17:1 B/iso-C17:1 I) and a predominant quinone was MK-7. In addition, strain BT10T has phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. On the basis of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 172606-1T represents a novel bacterial species of the genus Rhodocytophaga, for which the name Rhodocytophaga rosea is proposed and strain BT10T represents a novel species of the genus Nibribacter, for which the name Nibribacter ruber is proposed. The type strains of Rhodocytophaga rosea and Nibribacter ruber are 172606-1T (= KCTC 62096T = NBRC 114410T) and BT10T (= KCTC 62607T = NBRC 114383T), respectively.

Pontibacter pudoricolor sp. nov., and Pontibacter russatus sp. nov. radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil.

Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, red-colored strains BT214T and BT326T were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT214T and BT326T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Chitinophagales, class Chitinophagia) and were most closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter, Pontibacter populi HLY7-15T (96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Pontibacter amylolyticus 9-2T (96.1%), respectively. Optimal growth of two strains occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B) and iso-C15:0. The major respiratory quinone of two strains was MK-7. The major polar lipid of two strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT214T and BT326T represent novel bacterial species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the names Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are proposed. The type strains of Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are BT214T and BT326T, respectively.