Exposure to topiramate and acetazolamide causes endocrine disrupting effects in female rats during estrus.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease characterized by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and is a disease of young females. The first line pharmacological treatments include acetazolamide and topiramate and given the nature of IIH patients and the dosing regimen of these drugs, their effect on the endocrine system is important to evaluate. We aimed to assess the effects of acetazolamide and topiramate on steroid profiles in relevant endocrine tissues. METHODS: Female Sprague Dawley rats received chronic clinically equivalent doses of acetazolamide or topiramate by oral gavage and were sacrificed in estrus. Tissue specific steroid profiles of lateral ventricle CP, 4th ventricle CP, CSF, serum, uterine horn and fundus, ovaries, adrenal glands and pituitary glands were assessed by quantitative targeted LC-MS/MS. We determined luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) levels in paired serum by ELISA. RESULTS: Topiramate increased the concentration of estradiol and decreased the concentration of DHEA in lateral choroid plexus. Moreover, it decreased the concentration of androstenediol in the pituitary gland. Topiramate increased serum LH. Acetazolamide decreased progesterone levels in serum and uterine fundus and increased corticosteroid levels in the adrenal glands. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that both acetazolamide and topiramate have endocrine disrupting effects in rats. Topiramate primarily targeted the choroid plexus and the pituitary gland while acetazolamide had broader systemic effects. Furthermore, topiramate predominantly targeted sex hormones, whereas acetazolamide widely affected all classes of hormones. A similar effect in humans has not yet been documented but these concerning findings warrants further investigations.

Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on estrous cycle, and behavior and expression of estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin during estrus and diestrus in mice offspring.

Increasing evidence indicates that prenatal cocaine exposure may result in many developmental and long-lasting neurological and behavioral effects. The behaviors of female animals are strongly associated with the estrous cycle. Estrogen receptors and oxytocin are important neuroendocrine factors that regulate social behavior and are of special relevance to females. However, whether prenatal cocaine exposure induces estrous cycle changes in offspring and whether neurobehavioral changes in estrus and diestrus offspring differ remains unclear. On gestational day 12, mice were administered cocaine once daily for seven consecutive days, then the estrous cycle was examined in adult female offspring, as well as locomotion, anxiety level, and social behaviors, and the expression of estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreactive and oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons were compared between estrus and diestrus offspring. Prenatal cocaine exposure resulted in the shortening of proestrus and estrus in the offspring. During estrus and diestrus, prenatally cocaine-exposed offspring showed increased anxiety levels and changed partial social behaviors; their motility showed no significant differences in estrus, but declined in diestrus. Prenatal cocaine exposure reduced estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreactive expression in the medial preoptic area, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and arcuate nucleus and oxytocin-immunoreactive expression in the paraventricular nucleus in estrus and diestrus offspring. These results suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure induces changes in the offspring's estrous cycle and expression of estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin in a brain region-specific manner and that prenatal cocaine exposure and the estrous cycle interactively change motility and partial social behavior. Estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin signaling are likely to play important concerted roles in mediating the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the offspring.

Cloprostenol effect with and without male stimulation on oestrus synchronization in Peru guinea pigs.

Cloprostenol, a synthetic derivative of prostaglandin F2α, effectively triggers functional and morphological regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis). In rural Peru, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) holds significance within the local economy and serves as a valuable protein source. Enhancing reproductive efficiency is crucial to achieve uniformity in weight, age, and litter size across commercial systems. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of cloprostenol with and without male stimulation on the onset, duration, and intensity of oestrus in Peru guinea pigs. A total of 128 guinea pigs (120 females and eight males) between 8 and 12 months of age, weighing between 800 and 1200 g, were distributed in cages of 15 females per treatment. Cloprostenol sodium (0 [control], 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 mg/animal) was IM administered to the groups with and without male stimulation. Four isolated males in individual cages, different from the one used for the treatment, were considered to detect oestrus. The oestrus intensity was assessed by observing sexual behaviour signs such as restlessness, moaning, attempts to mount, pelvic elevation, loin stretching, and vulvar inflammation. The oestrus was manifested 2 days after the administration of cloprostenol sodium. At a dose of 0.30 mg/animal and with male stimulation, the earliest oestrus was observed at 46.9 h. There was a reduction in the oestrus duration (p < .05) in guinea pigs that received the three doses of cloprostenol sodium compared to the control group. The highest percentages of frank oestrus intensity (66.7%) were strongly associated with the administered doses of cloprostenol sodium (p < .01). In conclusion, the cloprostenol sodium administration was proper for rapid oestrus induction in Peru guinea pigs.

Effect of prostaglandin alone and in combination with trace minerals on the follicular and luteal dynamics, estrus response and pregnancy in sub-estrus buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

Sub-estrus is a condition when buffaloes do not display behavioural estrus signs, despite being in estrus and causes a delay in conception and increases the service period. The present study describes the effect of synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2α) alone and in combination with trace minerals on the follicular and corpus luteum (CL) dynamics, serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentration correlating estrus response and pregnancy outcome in sub-estrus buffaloes during the breeding season. A total of 50 sub-estrus buffaloes, identified through ultrasonography (USG) examination, were randomly allocated into three groups, viz. T1 (Synthetic PGF2α, Inj. Cloprostenol 500 µg, i.m, n = 17), T2 (Synthetic PGF2α + Trace mineral supplementation, Inj. Stimvet 1 mL/100 kg body weight, i.m., n = 17) and control (untreated; n = 16). Following treatment, 100% of sub-estrus buffaloes were induced estrus in the T1 and T2 groups, while only 18.75% were induced in the control. The CL diameter and serum P4 concentration were significantly lower at post-treatment, whereas the pre-ovulatory follicle (POF) size and serum E2 concentration were significantly higher in the T1 and T2 groups as compared to the control (p < .05). The buffaloes of the T2 group had a greater proportion of moderate intensities estrus than those of T1. Moreover, the proportion of buffaloes conceived in the T1 and T2 were 41.2% and 52.95%, respectively. The larger POF diameter and higher serum E2 concentration were associated with intense intensity estrus and higher conception rate (66.7%) in sub-estrus buffaloes. Similarly, CL regression rate, POF size and serum E2 concentration were relatively higher in the buffaloes conceived as compared to those not conceived. It is concluded that synthetic PGF2α in combination with trace minerals induces moderate to intense intensities estrus in a greater proportion of sub-estrus buffaloes and increases the conception rate during the breeding season. Moreover, behavioural estrus attributes correlating follicle and luteal morphometry, serum E2 and P4 concentration could be used to optimise the breeding time for augmenting the conception rate in sub-estrus buffaloes.

Effect of prostaglandin treatment on the estrus behaviour, follicular and luteal morphometry and serum hormone profile in sub-estrus buffaloes during non-breeding season.

Sub-estrus buffaloes do not exhibit estrus signs despite being cyclic contributing to extended service periods and inter-calving intervals causing significant economic loss. The present study described the effect of synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2α) on estrus behaviour, follicular and luteal morphometry, and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) profile in sub-estrus buffaloes during the non-breeding season. The incidence of sub-estrus was 38.4% during the non-breeding season. The sub-estrus buffaloes (n = 33) were divided into two groups, viz., Control (n = 16) and PGF2α treatment (Inj. Cloprostenol 500 µg, i.m., n = 17). Estrus induction response was significantly greater in the treatment (100 vs. 18.75%, p < .001), and a relatively greater proportion of animals conceived in the treatment group (29.41 vs. 6.25%, p = .08). The time elapsed to induction of estrus and insemination following treatment was significantly lower in the treatment group than control. A significant increment in the follicle diameter (9.72 ± 0.45 vs. 13.00 ± 0.45 mm, P < .0001) and serum estradiol (E2) concentration (66.01 ± 11.92 vs. 104.9 ± 13.21 pg/mL, p = .003) observed at the post-treatment period in the PGF2α treatment group. At the same time, CL diameter was reduced significantly at a higher regression rate in the PGF2α treated buffaloes than those of control. Of the responded buffaloes, only 30% showed high-intensity estrus attributed to the expulsion of cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM), uterine tonicity, micturition, and mounting response by a teaser bull. From this study, it can be concluded that the administration of PGF2α could induce estrus in the sub-estrus buffaloes during the non-breeding season. Behavioural changes, along with sonographic observation of POF, regressing CL, and serum E2 and P4 concentration would be useful to determine the right time of insemination in sub-estrus buffaloes during non-breeding season.

Effects of supplementation of grazing Nellore cows with ß-carotene and vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin on follicle diameter, oestrus, establishment of pregnancy, and foetal morphometry.

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Nellore (Bos indicus) cows with ß-carotene + vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin on body condition score (BCS), oestrus, pregnancy, and foetal morphometry. Lactating cows (n = 497) from two herds were balanced for BCS and calving period [early calving (EC); late calving (LC)] and were assigned randomly to: Control (n = 251)-supplementation with a mineral supplement; and SUP (n = 246)-supplementation with the mineral supplement fed to control + ß-carotene (150 mg/day) + vitamin A (40,000 IU/day) + vitamin D3 (5000 IU/day) + vitamin E (300 mg/day) + biotin (20 mg/day). Cows were supplemented from Days -30 to 30 (Day 0 = timed artificial insemination; TAI). Pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days after TAI and foetal crown-rump distance and thoracic diameter were measured at 30 and 77 days of gestation. Cows in the SUP treatment were more likely to have BCS ≥3.0 on Day 0 (63.0 ± 3.1 vs. 60.2 ± 3.1; p < .01) and were more likely to gain BCS from Days -30 to 30 (57.7 ± 3.3 vs. 44.1 ± 3.3%; p < .01). Fewer LC cows in the SUP treatment were detected in oestrus at the time of the first TAI (Control: LC: 75.4 ± 4.4 vs. SUP: LC: 64.0 ± 5.2 vs. Control: EC: 65.3 ± 4.0 vs. SUP: EC: 71.8 ± 3.7; p = .04). There was a tendency for the SUP treatment to increase pregnancy to the first TAI (64.2 ± 3.0 vs. 56.6 ± 3.1%; p = .08). A greater percentage of SUP cows was detected in oestrus at the time of the second TAI (70.1 ± 5.0 vs. 52.3 ± 4.8%; p = .01). The SUP treatment increased pregnancy to the second TAI among LC cows (SUP: LC: 75.9 ± 8.0% vs. Control: LC: 50.0 ± 8.3% vs. Control: EC: 52.0 ± 5.9% vs. SUP: EC: 41.4 ± 6.5%; p = .02). The SUP treatment increased foetal size (crown-rump; p = .04 and thoracic diameter; p < .01) at 30 days of gestation and, despite decreasing crow-rump length at 77 days after the first TAI among EC cows (p < .01), it increased the thoracic diameter at 77 days after the first TAI independent of calving season. Our results support that pregnancy establishment and foetal growth can be improved when grazing Nellore cows are supplemented with ß-carotene and vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin.

A rodent model of human dose-equivalent progestin-only implantable contraception.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARC; progestin only) are an increasingly common hormonal contraceptive choice in reproductive aged women looking to suppress ovarian function and menstrual cyclicity. The overall objective was to develop and validate a rodent model of implanted etonogestrel (ENG) LARC, at body size equivalent doses to the average dose received by women during each of the first 3 years of ENG subdermal rod LARC use. METHODS: Intact, virgin, female Sprague-Dawley rats (16-wk-old) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups (n = 8/group) of ENG LARC (high-0.30µg/d, medium-0.17µg/d, low-0.09µg/d, placebo-0.00µg/d) via a slow-release pellet implanted subcutaneously. Animals were monitored for 21 days before and 29 days following pellet implantation using vaginal smears, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), saphenous blood draws, food consumption, and body weights. Data were analyzed by chi-square, non-parametric, univariate, and repeated measures 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Prior to pellet implantation there was no difference in time spent in estrus cycle phases among the treatment groups (p > 0.30). Following pellet implantation there was a dose-dependent impact on the time spent in diestrus and estrus (p < 0.05), with the high dose group spending more days in diestrus and fewer days in estrus. Prior to pellet insertion there was not an association between treatment group and estrus cycle classification (p = 0.57) but following pellet implantation there was a dose-dependent association with cycle classification (p < 0.02). Measurements from the UBM (ovarian volume, follicle count, corpora lutea count) indicate an alteration of ovarian function following pellet implantation. CONCLUSION: Assessment of estrus cyclicity indicated a dose-response relationship in the shift to a larger number of acyclic rats and longer in duration spent in the diestrus phase. Therefore, each dose in this model mimics some of the changes observed in the ovaries of women using ENG LARC and provides an opportunity for investigating the impacts on non-reproductive tissues in the future.

Differential effects of progesterone on social recognition and the avoidance of pathogen threat by female mice.

Although pathogen threat affects social and sexual responses across species, relatively little is known about the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms. Progesterone has been speculated to be involved in the mediation of pathogen disgust in women, though with mixed experimental support. Here we considered the effects of acute progesterone on the disgust-like avoidance responses of female mice to pathogen threat. Estrous female mice discriminated and avoided the urinary and associated odors of males subclinically infected with the murine nematode parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus. These avoidance responses were not significantly affected by pre-treatment with progesterone. Likewise, brief (1 min) exposure to the odors of infected males attenuated the subsequent responses of females to the odors of the normally preferred unfamiliar males and enhanced their preferences for familiar males. Neither progesterone nor allopregnanolone, a central neurosteroid metabolite of progesterone, had any significant effects on the avoidance of unfamiliar males elicited by pre-exposure to a parasitized male. Progesterone and allopregnanolone, did, however, significantly attenuate the typical preferences of estrous females for unfamiliar uninfected males, suggestive of effects on social recognition. These findings with mice indicate that progesterone may have minimal effects on the responses to specific parasite threat and the expression of pathogen disgust but may influence more general social recognition and preferences.

Intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate capsule for estrus synchronization in goats.

Estrus synchronization requires multiple treatments of hormonal drugs, requiring considerable time and cost. The aim of the present study was to develop an estrus synchronization protocol using intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) capsules in goats. Two types of capsules were prepared: an EB capsule that melted immediately after administration and a sustained-release (SR) EB capsule that dissolved slowly and reached a peak after 24 h. Goats with functional corpus lutea were intramuscularly treated with prostaglandin F2α (PG). At 24 h after PG administration, goats were administered 1 mg of EB solution intramuscularly (PG + 24IM; n = 6) or 1 mg of EB capsule intravaginally (PG + 24EB; n = 6). The SR EB capsule was administered intravaginally at the time of PG administration (PG + SR; n = 6). The control group (n = 6) received only PG. All groups showed estrus within 72 h after PG administration. The onset of estrus did not differ significantly between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups but was earlier than in the control group. Estradiol concentration in the PG + SR group peaked at 11.5 ± 6.1 h after EB and PG administration. Peak estradiol concentrations were not significantly different between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups (78.0 ± 25.8 and 64.0 ± 38.1 pg/ml, respectively), and were higher than the PG + 24EB and control groups (27.3 ± 8.8 and 14.6 ± 6.1 pg/ml, respectively). These results suggest that intravaginal administration of an EB capsule with a sustained-drug release base is applicable for estrus synchronization, as an alternative to intramuscular administration.

Presence of multiple corpora lutea affects the luteolytic response to prostaglandin F2α in lactating dairy cows.

Since the 1970s, luteolytic doses used for synchronizing estrus in dairy cattle have remained unchanged. This study aimed to evaluate the dose-response effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), which is used for synchronizing estrus, and subsequent fertility in cows with two or more corpora lutea (CL). The study population consisted of 1,683 cows with a single CL (1CL), 501 cows with multiple CL receiving a single dose of PGF2α (2CL1), and 252 cows with multiple CL receiving a 1.5 × PGF2α dose (2CL1.5). Cows with a single CL (n = 1,245) showed estrus significantly (P < 0.01) earlier (3.01 ± 1.23 days; mean ± SD) than cows with multiple CL (n = 287; 3.33 ± 1.69 days). Using 1CL cows as reference, the odds ratio (OR) for the estrus response in 2CL1 cows was 0.13 (P < 0.0001), whereas the ORs for estrus response and pregnancy of 2CL1.5 cows were 1.8 (P = 0.0001) and 1.7 (P = 0.001), respectively. Based on the results for only the 2CL1 cows, the OR for the estrus response was 0.7 (P = 0.01) for cows producing ≥ 45 kg of milk at treatment, compared to the remaining cows producing < 45 kg of milk. Our results showed that the presence of multiple CL reduced the estrus response to that induced by a single PGF2α dose and milk production was inversely associated with this response, whereas an increased PGF2α dose improved the estrus response. Therefore, an increase in the standard PGF2α dose is recommended.

Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical changes in interstitial cells and ovarian follicles of rats with polycystic ovaries treated with clomiphene citrate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histomorphometric and immunohistochemical changes in interstitial cells and ovarian follicles of rats treated with clomiphene citrate during and after induction of permanent estrus. METHODS: Twenty four adult-female rats with regular estrous cycle were equally divided into three groups: (1) GCtrl-at estrous phase. (2) GPCOS-at permanent-estrous phase. (3) GCC-PCOS rats, which remained exposed to 60 days of continuous illumination and treated with Clomiphene Citrate. After that, the animals were euthanized, and the ovaries were removed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with H.E. for histomorphometry or subjected to immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 detections. RESULTS: The GPCOS showed lack of corpus luteum and several ovarian cysts, as well as interstitial-like cells. The presence of corpus luteum and a significant increase in primary and antral follicles were observed in GCC, which also showed a decrease in the number of ovarian cysts and in the area occupied by interstitial-like cells, as well as a decrease in nuclear volume of interstitial cells. The percentage of cell proliferation was significantly higher in granulosa cells of the GCC. On the other hand, the percentage of apoptosis was significantly higher in the granulosa cells of GPCOS than the GCC. CONCLUSION: The ovaries of rats treated with clomiphene citrate showed a decrease in the number of cysts, an increase in the number of ovarian follicles, the presence of corpus luteum along with a decrease in the nuclear volume in the area occupied by interstitial cells.

Seven-week asynchronous twins in a buffalo heifer (Bubalus bubalis) associated with superfetation - A case report.

A female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of the Bulgarian Murrah breed aged 1,090 days was observed to give birth to a second newborn (normally developed male) after she had calved (normal female) 49 days earlier. This phenomenon is highly associated with her melatonin treatment within a trial for induction of puberty, the last ear implants being placed approximately 50 days before the assumed date of first mating, to which point the level of progesterone had increased dramatically. Despite none of the matings of the dam was visually witnessed to prove ovulation over an existing gestation, we take the liberty to qualify this phenomenon as superfetation, ruling out the other possible phenomena, namely embryonic diapause as it is highly unlikely to occur in any livestock species, and differentiated development of twin foetuses as it is associated with foetal malformation, which was not observed in this case.

Induction of oestrus by administering Inhibin antiserum along with equine chorionic gonadotropin in anoestrous bitches.

As dogs experience oestrus only once or twice a year, it is necessary to establish an effective method of oestrous induction for efficient breeding. In the present study, we evaluated inhibin antiserum (IAS) on oestrous induction in anoestrous females. Bitches were administered 0.5 ml/kg IAS or a mixture of 50 IU/kg equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 0.5 ml/kg IAS and 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administered 7 days after the mixture injection. As a control, bitches received 50 IU/kg eCG, with 500 IU hCG administered 7 days after eCG injection. Blood-tinged vaginal discharge, vulvar swelling, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian follicular development were assessed from day 0 to day 14. IAS alone injection did not induce oestrus in bitches at the anoestrous stage. Conversely, vulvar swelling, blood-tinged vaginal discharge and an estimated luteinizing hormone (LH) surge appeared on days 3-7, days 3-6 and days 7-9 after the IAS+eCG mixture injection, respectively, in all five bitches at the anoestrous stage. The average number of developing and ovulated follicles in bitches administered IAS+eCG was 8.8 and 9.6 respectively. A single eCG injection followed by hCG induced oestrous signs, with an average of 8.3 developing follicles and 4.5 ovulated follicles. This study revealed that IAS alone did not induce oestrus, but when IAS was used in combination with eCG, it induced oestrus and promoted a considerable number of ovulations in anoestrous dogs.

Effect of exogenous administration of oxytocin on postpartum follicular dynamics, oestrous rate and ovulation in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

Based on different surveys, dairy farmers are concerned about extensive use of exogenous oxytocin in buffaloes, which is being held responsible for reproductive problems including irregular oestrous cycle and delayed ovulation. For these concerns, effects of oxytocin injection on postpartum follicular dynamics, postpartum oestrous interval (PEI), oestrous length, the interval from onset of estrus to ovulation and blood progesterone (P4) were studied in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For this purpose, 23 animals within 1 week after calving were randomly divided into three groups: without oxytocin (CON; n = 7), 10 i.u. oxytocin (LOW; n = 8), 30 i.u. oxytocin - (HIGH; n = 8) and used to record the PEI for the study period of 154 days. At subsequent estrus, three buffaloes from each group (not served) were selected randomly to monitor two cycles for 6 weeks. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate follicular and corpus luteum (CL) development, and blood sampling was done for progesterone (P4) analysis. These results revealed that postpartum oestrous interval (PEI) decreased significantly in oxytocin-treated groups. The number of small, medium and total follicles on the left ovary was significantly higher in the HIGH group. However, an overall number of small and total follicles on both right and left ovaries was significantly higher in CON and HIGH groups. On the other hand, there was no difference in the number of follicles on the right ovary among all treatment groups. The same was true for the size of pre-ovulatory follicles, CL, P4 concentrations and oestrous cycle length. The intervals from onset of estrus to ovulation and from standing estrus to ovulation were increased considerably in the HIGH group. It is concluded that exogenous oxytocin administration resulted in the shortening of PEI but triggered a delay in ovulation. Moreover, a higher dose of oxytocin could stimulate the growth of small, medium, and total follicles in postpartum Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

Irisin may have a role in pubertal development and regulation of reproductive function in rats.

Physical exercise and body muscle/fat mass are known to affect the endocrine system, puberty onset and reproductive health. However, the potential effects of irisin, an adipo-myokine and exercise-induced hormone, have not yet been fully elucidated on reproductive maturation. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of irisin administration on pubertal maturation and reproductive system in female and male rats. Daily i.p. injection of irisin (100 ng/kg; from postnatal day 21 for about 10 weeks) delayed the ages at the vaginal opening (as an external index of puberty onset) and first estrus. Furthermore, continuous administration of irisin to female rats caused a significant decrease in serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and an increase in serum luteinizing hormone and 17ß-estradiol levels, as well as causing histopathological changes in the ovarian tissue. On the contrary, irisin administration to male rats did not modify the timing of puberty, as estimated by age at preputial separation. However, chronic exposure to irisin produced significant increases in serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels and also sperm concentration and seminiferous tubule diameter in male rats. In conclusion, irisin exposure has different effects on both pubertal maturation and reproductive system in female and male rats. The present findings reveal that chronic irisin exposure may lead to disorders in the female reproductive system and may have androgenic potential on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in males.

AMH prevents primordial ovarian follicle loss and fertility alteration in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.

The follicular ovarian reserve, constituted by primordial follicles (PMFs), is established early in life, then keeps declining regularly along reproductive life. The maintenance of a normal female reproductive function implies the presence of a vast amount of dormant PMFs. This process involves a continuous repression of PMF activation into early growing follicle through the balance between factors activating the initiation of follicular growth, mainly actors of the PI3K signaling pathway, and inhibiting factors such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Any disruption of this balance may induce follicle depletion and subsequent infertility. It has been recently proposed that cyclophosphamide (Cy), an alkylating agent commonly used for treating breast cancer, triggers PMF activation, further leading to premature ovarian insufficiency. Preventing chemotherapy-induced ovarian dysfunction might represent an interesting option for preserving optimal chances of natural or medically assisted conceptions after healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in a model of Cy-treated pubertal mice, whether AMH administration might restrain PMF depletion. The counting of the total PMF number within mouse ovaries showed that recombinant AMH prevented Cy-induced PMF loss. Western blot analysis revealed activation of PI3K signaling pathway after Cy administration. After AMH injection, FOXO3A phosphorylation, a main actor of PMF activation, was significantly decreased. Taken together, these results support a protective role of AMH against Cy-induced follicular loss. We also provide evidence for a possible role of autophagy in the preservation of follicular pool reserve. Therefore, concomitant recombinant AMH administration during chemotherapy might offer a new option for preserving young patients' fertility.-Sonigo, C., Beau, I., Grynberg, M., Binart, N. AMH prevents primordial ovarian follicle loss and fertility alteration in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.

Porcine embryo collection using single subcutaneous administration of follicle-stimulating hormone in a large volume of saline.

The effects of a single subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on follicular growth and expression of estrous behavior and its single subcutaneous administration on the number of corpora lutea (CL) and embryos were investigated in pigs. All four sows that were subcutaneously administered 5 AU FSH expressed normal estrus and had no ovarian cysts. Two of the four sows that were administered 5 AU FSH intramuscularly did not exhibit estrus, and another sow had a short estrus period. All four sows had ovarian cysts. The mean numbers of CL, embryos, and blastocysts following the subcutaneous administration of 5 AU FSH (16.8, 16.0, and 13.8, respectively) did not differ significantly from those for the control animals treated intramuscularly with 1000 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (18.5, 16.5, and 14.3, respectively). In conclusion, embryo recovery was possible using a single subcutaneous administration of FSH.

Artificial lactation by exogenous hormone treatment in non-pregnant sows.

This study aimed to determine if lactation can be induced by exogenous hormonal treatment in non-pregnant sows. In experiment 1, pseudopregnant animals were divided into four groups and given: 1) 5 mg of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) 5 days before (n = 4), 2) 5 mg of EDP 10 days before (n = 3), 3) 10 mg of EDP 5 days before (n = 3) or 4) 10 mg of EDP 10 days (n = 3) before PGF2α treatment. Artificial lactation was induced in seven pseudopregnant sows (53.8%) by exogenous hormonal treatment. There was no significant effect of either an increased EDP dosage or interval from the EDP treatment to PGF2α treatment on the induction rate of artificial lactation. In experiment 2, milk samples were collected from artificial lactating and natural lactating sows (n = 6). IgG and IgA levels in the milk collected from both groups were significantly associated with time during the experimental period. Milk IgG levels 24 h after PGF2α treatment in artificial lactating sows were higher than those in the colostrum of lactating sows. In experiment 3, hormonal profiles in pseudopregnant sows with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) EDP treatment were determined. There was a significant difference in estradiol-17ß levels on days 8, 7 and 5 before PGF2α treatment between groups. Progesterone and prolactin concentrations did not differ between groups. The present study revealed for the first time that lactation could be induced by exogenous hormonal treatment in non-pregnant sows and that the milk collected from these sows contained high immunoglobulin levels.

Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin and intravaginal progesterone device treatment after artificial inseminations on the reproductive performance of normal and repeat breeder lactating dairy cows.

We examined the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment on Day 5 (Day 0 = day of artificial insemination: AI) and intravaginal progesterone device (IVPD) treatment from Day 5 to 19 on the conception and detection rates of return to estrus (re-estrus) in lactating dairy cows. A total of 306 cows from a commercial dairy farm were divided into the following three groups on Day 5: non-treatment group (n = 128), untreated; hCG group (n = 71), 3,000 IU hCG was administered (intramuscularly); IVPD group (n = 107), IVPD was inserted into the vagina from Day 5 to 19. Re-estrus detection was performed up to Day 25. Pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation between Day 50 and 60. There was an interaction between treatment and AI number (P < 0.01) on the conception rate of first-AI. For cows with more than three AIs, the IVPD treatment (66.7%) was more effective than the non-treatment (23.1%) (P < 0.05). The re-estrus detection rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the IVPD group (60.7%) than that in the non-treatment group (41.4%) and tended (P < 0.1) to be higher than that in the hCG group (37.8%). Our results suggested that the conception rate can be improved by IVPD treatment, especially in cows with more than three AIs. In addition, IVPD treatment can induce higher estrus expression up to 25 days after AI in non-pregnant cows.

Influence of ipsilateral coexistence of the first wave dominant follicle and corpus luteum on ovarian dynamics and plasma sex steroid hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows treated with human chorionic gonadotropin.

We examined the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment 5 days after estrus on ovarian dynamics and plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentrations when the first-wave dominant follicle (DF) was ipsilateral or contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL) in lactating dairy cows. Seventy cows were divided into two groups: (1) ipsilateral group (IG; n = 37), in which the first-wave DF was ipsilateral to the CL, and (2) contralateral group (CG; n = 33), in which the first-wave DF was contralateral to the CL. IG and CG were further subdivided into two groups: non-treatment group (IG, n = 18; CG, n = 19), and hCG treatment group: administrated 1500 IU of hCG 5 days after estrus (IG, n = 19; CG, n = 14). Blood sampling and ovarian examination were performed at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 days after estrus. Mean diameter of the first-wave DF on Day 9 tended (P = 0.067) to be larger in IG than in CG in the non-treatment group. Mean diameter of CL and plasma P4 and E2 concentrations did not differ between IG and CG in the non-treatment and hCG treatment groups. Accessory CL development did not differ between IG and CG in the hCG treatment group. Our findings indicate that CL development and plasma P4 and E2 concentrations were not affected by the existence of the first-wave DF; however, first-wave DF development was affected by the existence of a CL in the same ovary.