18F-FDG PET/CT and radiolabeled leukocyte SPECT/CT imaging for the evaluation of cardiovascular infection in the multimodality context: ASNC Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) Series Expert Consensus Recommendations from ASNC, AATS, ACC, AHA, ASE, EANM, HRS, IDSA, SCCT, SNMMI, and STS.

This document on cardiovascular infection, including infective endocarditis, is the first in the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) series to assess the role of radionuclide imaging in the multimodality context for the evaluation of complex systemic diseases with multi-societal involvement including pertinent disciplines. A rigorous modified Delphi approach was used to determine consensus clinical indications, diagnostic criteria, and an algorithmic approach to diagnosis of cardiovascular infection including infective endocarditis. Cardiovascular infection incidence is increasing and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current strategies based on clinical criteria and an initial echocardiographic imaging approach are effective but often insufficient in complicated cardiovascular infection. Radionuclide imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission computed tomography/CT leukocyte scintigraphy can enhance the evaluation of suspected cardiovascular infection by increasing diagnostic accuracy, identifying extracardiac involvement, and assessing cardiac implanted device pockets, leads, and all portions of ventricular assist devices. This advanced imaging can aid in key medical and surgical considerations. Consensus diagnostic features include focal/multi-focal or diffuse heterogenous intense 18F-FDG uptake on valvular and prosthetic material, perivalvular areas, device pockets and leads, and ventricular assist device hardware persisting on non-attenuation corrected images. There are numerous clinical indications with a larger role in prosthetic valves, and cardiac devices particularly with possible infective endocarditis or in the setting of prior equivocal or non-diagnostic imaging. Illustrative cases incorporating these consensus recommendations provide additional clarification. Future research is necessary to refine application of these advanced imaging tools for surgical planning, to identify treatment response, and more.

Association of sleep quality on the night of operative day with postoperative delirium in elderly patients: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances in the peri-operative period have been associated with adverse outcomes, including postoperative delirium (POD). However, research on sleep quality during the immediate postoperative period is limited. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between sleep quality on the night of the operative day assessed using the Sleep Quality Numeric Rating Scale (SQ-NRS), and the incidence of POD in a large cohort of surgical patients. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: A tertiary hospital in China. PATIENTS: This study enrolled patients aged 65 years or older undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. The participants were categorised into the sleep disturbance and no sleep disturbance groups according to their operative night SQ-NRS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was delirium incidence, whereas the secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury, stroke, pulmonary infection, cardiovascular complications and all-cause mortality within 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: In total, 3072 patients were included in the analysis of this study. Among them, 791 (25.72%) experienced sleep disturbances on the night of operative day. Patients in the sleep disturbance group had a significantly higher risk of developing POD (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.82, P  = 0.005). Subgroup analysis revealed that age 65-75 years; male sex; ASA III and IV; haemoglobin more than 12 g l -1 ; intra-operative hypotension; surgical duration more than 120 min; and education 9 years or less were significantly associated with POD. No interaction was observed between the subgroups. No significant differences were observed in the secondary outcomes, such as acute kidney injury, stroke, pulmonary infection, cardiovascular complications and all-cause mortality within 1 year postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The poor subjective sleep quality on the night of operative day was independently associated with increased POD risk, especially in certain subpopulations. Optimising peri-operative sleep may reduce POD. Further research should investigate potential mechanisms and causal relationships. TRIAL REGISTRY: chictr.org.cn: ChiCTR1900028545.

Neutrophils in Physiology and Pathology.

Infections, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are major causes of disease and death worldwide. Neutrophils are inescapably associated with each of these health concerns, by either protecting from, instigating, or aggravating their impact on the host. However, each of these disorders has a very different etiology, and understanding how neutrophils contribute to each of them requires understanding the intricacies of this immune cell type, including their immune and nonimmune contributions to physiology and pathology. Here, we review some of these intricacies, from basic concepts in neutrophil biology, such as their production and acquisition of functional diversity, to the variety of mechanisms by which they contribute to preventing or aggravating infections, cardiovascular events, and cancer. We also review poorly explored aspects of how neutrophils promote health by favoring tissue repair and discuss how discoveries about their basic biology inform the development of new therapeutic strategies.

18F-FDG PET/CT and radiolabeled leukocyte SPECT/CT imaging for the evaluation of cardiovascular infection in the multimodality context: ASNC Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) Series Expert Consensus Recommendations from ASNC, AATS, ACC, AHA, ASE, EANM, HRS, IDSA, SCCT, SNMMI, and STS.

This document on cardiovascular infection, including infective endocarditis, is the first in the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) series to assess the role of radionuclide imaging in the multimodality context for the evaluation of complex systemic diseases with multi-societal involvement including pertinent disciplines. A rigorous modified Delphi approach was used to determine consensus clinical indications, diagnostic criteria, and an algorithmic approach to diagnosis of cardiovascular infection including infective endocarditis. Cardiovascular infection incidence is increasing and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current strategies based on clinical criteria and an initial echocardiographic imaging approach are effective but often insufficient in complicated cardiovascular infection. Radionuclide imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission computed tomography/CT leukocyte scintigraphy can enhance the evaluation of suspected cardiovascular infection by increasing diagnostic accuracy, identifying extracardiac involvement, and assessing cardiac implanted device pockets, leads, and all portions of ventricular assist devices. This advanced imaging can aid in key medical and surgical considerations. Consensus diagnostic features include focal/multi-focal or diffuse heterogenous intense 18F-FDG uptake on valvular and prosthetic material, perivalvular areas, device pockets and leads, and ventricular assist device hardware persisting on non-attenuation corrected images. There are numerous clinical indications with a larger role in prosthetic valves, and cardiac devices particularly with possible infective endocarditis or in the setting of prior equivocal or non-diagnostic imaging. Illustrative cases incorporating these consensus recommendations provide additional clarification. Future research is necessary to refine application of these advanced imaging tools for surgical planning, to identify treatment response, and more.

18F-FDG PET/CT and Radiolabeled Leukocyte SPECT/CT Imaging for the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Infection in the Multimodality Context: ASNC Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) Series Expert Consensus Recommendations From ASNC, AATS, ACC, AHA, ASE, EANM, HRS, IDSA, SCCT, SNMMI, and STS.

This document on cardiovascular infection, including infective endocarditis, is the first in the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) series to assess the role of radionuclide imaging in the multimodality context for the evaluation of complex systemic diseases with multisocietal involvement including pertinent disciplines. A rigorous modified Delphi approach was used to determine consensus clinical indications, diagnostic criteria, and an algorithmic approach to diagnosis of cardiovascular infection including infective endocarditis. Cardiovascular infection incidence is increasing and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current strategies based on clinical criteria and an initial echocardiographic imaging approach are effective but often insufficient in complicated cardiovascular infection. Radionuclide imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission computed tomography/CT leukocyte scintigraphy can enhance the evaluation of suspected cardiovascular infection by increasing diagnostic accuracy, identifying extracardiac involvement, and assessing cardiac implanted device pockets, leads, and all portions of ventricular assist devices. This advanced imaging can aid in key medical and surgical considerations. Consensus diagnostic features include focal/multifocal or diffuse heterogenous intense 18F-FDG uptake on valvular and prosthetic material, perivalvular areas, device pockets and leads, and ventricular assist device hardware persisting on non-attenuation corrected images. There are numerous clinical indications with a larger role in prosthetic valves, and cardiac devices particularly with possible infective endocarditis or in the setting of prior equivocal or non-diagnostic imaging. Illustrative cases incorporating these consensus recommendations provide additional clarification. Future research is necessary to refine application of these advanced imaging tools for surgical planning, to identify treatment response, and more.

Reevaluación del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las infecciones de dispositivos de electroestimulación cardiaca mediante [18F]FDG-PET/TC / Reappraisal of [18F]FDG-PET/CT for diagnosis and management of cardiac implantable electronic device infections

Introducción y objetivos: El papel de la tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computarizada con 18F-fluorodesoxiglucosa ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) en las infecciones de los dispositivos de electroestimulación cardiaca (DEC) requiere una evaluación más precisa. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar su rendimiento en cada región topográfica del DEC, su capacidad en la diferenciación de infecciones locales aisladas y sistémicas, la utilidad de la captación de bazo y médula ósea (MO) para diferenciar entre infecciones locales y sistémicas y su potencial utilidad en el seguimiento de las infecciones de los DEC. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo unicéntrico de 54 casos de infección de DEC y 54 controles durante 2014-2021. Se estudió el rendimiento diagnóstico en cada región topográfica del DEC. Se evaluó la combinación de la [18F]FDG-PET/CT con el ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) para diagnosticar infecciones sistémicas, el papel de la actividad en MO y bazo y su posible utilidad para guiar la duración de la antibioterapia crónica cuando no se retira el DEC. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 (24%) infecciones locales aisladas y 41 (76%) infecciones sistémicas. En general, la [18F]FDG-PET/CT mostró un 100% de especificidad y el 85% de sensibilidad, que fue del 79% en el bolsillo, el 57% en el cable subcutáneo, el 22% en el cable endovascular y del 10% en el cable intracardiaco. En las infecciones sistémicas, la [18F]FDG-PET/CT en combinación con ETE aumentó el diagnóstico definitivo del 34 al 56% (p=0,04). Los casos con bacteriemia mostraron hipermetabolismo del bazo (p=0,05) y la MO (p=0,04). Se obtuvo una [18F]FDG-PET/CT de seguimiento de 13 pacientes sin extracción del DEC. No hubo recaídas al suspender la antibioterapia crónica en 6 casos con [18F]FDG-PET/CT negativa. Conclusiones: La sensibilidad de la [18F]FDG-PET/CT para evaluar infecciones locales es mayor que en infecciones sistémicas y aumenta en las sistémicas en combinación con ETE...(AU)

Introduction and objectives: The role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections requires better evaluation, especially in the diagnosis of systemic infections. We aimed to determine the following: a) the diagnostic accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in each CIED topographical region, b) the added value of [18F]FDG-PET/CT over transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in diagnosing systemic infections, c) spleen and bone marrow uptake in differentiating isolated local infections from systemic infections, and d) the potential application of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in follow-up. Methods: Retrospective single-center study including 54 cases and 54 controls from 2014 to 2021. The Primary endpoint was the diagnostic yield of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in each topographical CIED region. Secondary analyses described the performance of [18F]FDG-PET/CT compared with that of TEE in systemic infections, bone marrow and spleen uptake in systemic and isolated local infections, and the potential application of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in guiding cessation of chronic antibiotic suppression when completed device removal is not performed. Results: We analyzed 13 (24%) isolated local infections and 41 (76%) systemic infections. Overall, the specificity of [18F]FDG-PET/CT was 100% and sensitivity 85% (79% pocket, 57% subcutaneous lead, 22% endovascular lead, 10% intracardiac lead). When combined with TEE, [18F]FDG-PET/CT increased definite diagnosis o fsystemic infections from 34% to 56% (P=.04). Systemic infections with bacteremia showed higher spleen (P=.05) and bone marrow metabolism (P=.04) than local infections. Thirteen patients without complete device removal underwent a follow-up [18F]FDG-PET/CT, with no relapses after discontinuation of chronic antibiotic suppression in 6 cases with negative follow-up [18F]FDG-PET/CT. Conclusions: The sensitivity of [18F]FDG-PET/CT for evaluating CIED infections was high in local infections but much lower in systemic infections...(AU)

Aneurisma aórtico sifilítico en la era antibiótica, una vieja enfermedad con nueva historia / Syphilitic aortic aneurysm in the antibiotic era, an old disease with a new history

Los aneurismas de la aorta abdominal se presentan en el 5% a 10% de hombres entre 65 a 79 años de edad; es una patología multicausal que finalmente destruye la túnica media y altera la conformación de las fibras de colágeno de la pared arterial. Entre las principales causas se cita la aterosclerosis, enfermedades hereditarias (como el síndrome de Marfán), patologías inflamatorias y con baja prevalencia a la acción de agentes infecciosos (Salmonella, estafilococo dorado, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Treponema pallidum). Se presenta el caso de un paciente con aneurisma de origen sifilítico, considerado una rareza médica en países desarrollados. No existen reportes en el país sobre casos de sífilis terciaria cardiovascular. Se complementa con una revisión bibliográfica de la epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico y manejo. (AU)

Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur in 5% to 10% of men between 65 and 79 years of age. It has a multicausal pathology that ultimately destroys the tunica media and alters the conformation of the collagen fibers of the arterial wall. The main causes include atherosclerosis, hereditary diseases (such as Marfan syndrome), inflammatory pathologies and low prevalence of infectious agents (Salmonella, staphylococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Treponema pallidum). We present the case of a patient with an aneurysm of syphilitic origin, considered a medical rarity in developed countries. There are no reports in the country on cases of cardiovascular tertiary syphilis. It is complemented with a scientific literature review of epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and management. (AU)

Infección de dispositivos cardiacos: conceptos aceptados y controvertidos / Cardiac device infections: accepted concepts and controversial issues

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Infecciones en dispositivos de estimulación cardiaca: diagnóstico y tratamiento en un centro de referencia / Infections in cardiac implantable electronic devices: diagnosis and management in a referral center

Introducción y objetivos: Las infecciones en dispositivos de electroestimulación cardiaca son cada vez más frecuentes debido a las indicaciones cada vez más amplias de estos sistemas. Algunos aspectos sobre su tratamiento son controvertidos y aportamos aquí nuestra amplia experiencia. Métodos: Se atendieron 325 infecciones (196 locales y 129 sistémicas) durante los años 1985 a 2015, el 28,5% de ellas procedentes de otros centros: 229 marcapasos, 69 desfibriladores automáticos implantables y 27 pacientes con terapia de resincronización cardiaca, con un seguimiento mínimo de 1 año tras el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: La tracción percutánea (TPC) fue la técnica utilizada más frecuentemente (n = 280), en infecciones tanto locales (n = 166) como sistémicas (n = 114), con una tasas de extracción completa del sistema del 82,5% del total y de curación, del 89%; las complicaciones fueron escasas (2 muertes achacables a la técnica). La mortalidad total fue del 1% en infecciones locales y el 8% en las sistémicas. Tras 212 TPC completas, se reimplantó un nuevo sistema contralateral en 209: en 152 de ellas en el mismo acto (73%) y en 57 en un segundo tiempo; no se apreciaron diferencias en el número de recidivas en el nuevo sistema (2 en 1 tiempo y 1 en 2 tiempos). Conclusiones: La TPC en manos expertas arroja buenos resultados en términos de eficacia, con escasas complicaciones. Se puede realizar el reimplante de dispositivos en un solo tiempo sin que ello conlleve un mayor riesgo de recidiva (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Infections in cardiac implantable electronic devices are increasing due to the expansion of the indications of these devices. The management of some aspects is controversial. Here, we report our broad experience. Methods: Between 1985 and 2015, 325 infections (196 local and 129 systemic) were registered; 28.5% of them were referred from other centers: 229 pacemakers, 69 implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and 27 patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy. The follow-up was at least 1 year after hospital discharge. Results: Percutaneous traction (PCT) was the most frequent procedure (n = 280) in local (n = 166) and systemic infections (n = 114), with complete extraction of the system in 82.5% of the patients, clinical success in 89%, and few complications (2 deaths attributable to the technique). Overall mortality was 1% in local infections and 8% in systemic infections. After 212 complete PCT, a new device was placed in 209: of these, a contralateral system was implanted in the same procedure in 152 (73%) and in a second procedure in 57, with no differences in relapses (2 in the 1-stage procedure, and 1 in the 2-stage procedure). Conclusions: Percutaneous traction in experienced hands has good results with very few complications. It is possible to perform contralateral implantation of the new device on the same day without increasing the risk of relapse (AU)

Ecografía clínica en el riesgo cardiovascular / Clinical ultrasonography in cardiovascular risk

En la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular, la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular es la piedra angular sobre la que se sustentan las intervenciones preventivas. En esta estimación del riesgo, la detección de daño cardiovascular subclínico supone una herramienta complementaria a la estratificación clásica basada en factores de riesgo. Por su versatilidad, disponibilidad, rapidez, bajo coste e inocuidad, la ecografía se ha situado con ventaja respecto a otras técnicas usadas en la detección de daño cardiovascular subclínico. Las guías de práctica clínica del ámbito de la prevención cardiovascular recomiendan su uso para la valoración de placas de ateroma e hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo como moduladores del riesgo cardiovascular. Además, la ecografía tiene otras aplicaciones relevantes en el ámbito del riesgo cardiovascular como son el diagnóstico del aneurisma de aorta abdominal, la valoración renal en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica o sospecha de hipertensión arterial secundaria y la detección de esteatosis cuando se sospecha enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico

In the prevention of cardiovascular disease, determining the cardiovascular risk is the cornerstone of preventive interventions. In this risk estimation, detecting subclinical cardiovascular damage represents a complementary tool to classic stratification based on risk factors. The versatility, availability, speed, low cost and safety of ultrasonography place it ahead of other techniques employed in detecting subclinical cardiovascular damage. The clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular risk prevention recommend the use of ultrasonography for assessing atheromatous plaques and left ventricular hypertrophy as modulators of cardiovascular risk. Ultrasonography also has other relevant applications in cardiovascular risk, including the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms, kidney assessments for patients with chronic kidney disease or suspected secondary arterial hypertension and the detection of steatosis when nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is suspected

Comentarios del Comité Español Interdisciplinario de Prevención Cardiovascular (CEIPC) a las guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular 2012 / Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Prevention Committee (CEIPC) on the 2012 European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines

Las guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular contemplan dos sistemas de evaluación de la evidencia (SEC y GRADE) y recomiendan combinar las estrategias poblacional y de alto riesgo, interviniendo en todas las etapas de la vida, con la dieta como piedra angular de la prevención. La valoración del RCV incorpora los niveles de HDL y los factores psicosociales, una categoría de muy alto riesgo y el concepto edad-riesgo. Se recomienda el uso de métodos cognitivo-conductuales (entrevista motivadora, intervenciones psicológicas), aplicados por profesionales sanitarios, con la participación de familiares de los pacientes, para contrarrestar el estrés psicosocial y reducir el RCV mediante dietas saludables, entrenamiento físico, abandono del tabaco y cumplimiento terapéutico. También se requieren medidas de salud pública, como la prohibición de fumar en lugares públicos o eliminar los ácidos grasos trans de la cadena alimentaria. Otras novedades consisten en desestimar el tratamiento antiagregante en prevención primaria y la recomendación de mantener la PA dentro del rango 130-139/80-85 mmHg en pacientes diabéticos o con RCV alto. Se destaca el bajo cumplimiento terapéutico observado, porque influye en el pronóstico de los pacientes y en los costes sanitarios. Para mejorar la prevención cardiovascular se precisa una verdadera alianza entre políticos, administraciones, asociaciones científicas y profesionales de la salud, fundaciones de salud, asociaciones de consumidores, pacientes y sus familias, que impulse las estrategias poblacional e individual, mediante el uso de toda la evidencia científica disponible, desde ensayos clínicos hasta estudios observacionales y modelos matemáticos para evaluar intervenciones a nivel poblacional, incluyendo análisis de coste-efectividad (AU)

Based on the two main frameworks for evaluating scientific evidence-SEC and GRADE-European cardiovascular prevention guidelines recommend interventions across all life stages using a combination of population-based and high-risk strategies with diet as the cornerstone of prevention. The evaluation of cardiovascular risk (CVR) incorporates HDL levels and psychosocial factors, a very high risk category, and the concept of age-risk. They also recommend cognitive-behavioural methods (e.g., motivational interviewing, psychological interventions, led by health professionals and with the participation of the patient's family, to counterbalance psychosocial stress and reduce CVR through the institution of positive habits such as a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking cessation, and adherence to treatment. Additionally, public health interventions-such as smoking ban in public areas or the elimination of trans fatty acids from the food chain-are also essential. Other innovations include abandoning antiplatelet therapy in primary prevention and the recommendation of maintaining blood pressure (BP) within the 130-139/80-85 mmHg range in diabetic patients and individuals with high CVR. Finally, due to the significant impact on patient progress and medical costs, special emphasis is given to the low therapeutic adherence levels observed. In sum, improving cardiovascular prevention requires a true partnership among the political class, public administrations, scientific and professional associations, health foundations, consumer associations, patients and their families. Such partnership would promote population-based and individual strategies by taking advantage of the broad spectrum of scientific evidence available, from clinical trials to observational studies and mathematical models to evaluate population-based interventions, including cost-effectiveness analyses (AU)

Orígenes fetales de las enfermedades del adulto / Fetal origins of adult disease

Los genes tienen gran influencia en el crecimiento de un feto. Sin embargo, diversos estudios en seres humanos y animales parecen indicar que su crecimiento se ve limitado por factores ambientales; especialmente, por los nutrientes y el oxígeno que el feto recibe. Desde el punto de vista de la evolución, hay muchas posibles ventajas en esa tendencia del cuerpo a permanecer plástico durante su desarrollo en vez de regirse estrictamente por las instrucciones genéticas adquiridas en la concepción.Los estudios epidemiológicos, sobre todo los del grupo de Barker en Southampton, muestran que aquellos individuos con un bajo peso al nacimiento tienen un riesgo aumentado de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular y otras alteraciones asociadas (accidente cerebrovascular, diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y síndrome metabólico) en la edad adulta. Estos hallazgos dieron lugar a la hipótesis del origen fetal de la enfermedad o de la programación fetal, que establece que la enfermedad cardiovascular y la diabetes tipo 2 se originan por la adaptación del feto a la malnutrición intrauterina.

Genes strongly influence the growth of a fetus. However, studies in humans and animals suggest that their growth is limited by environmental factors, especially, for nutrients and oxygen the fetus receives. From the point of view of evolution, there are many potential advantages in that bodyÆs tendency to remain plastic during development rather than strictly governed by genetic instructions acquired at conception.Epidemiological studies, especially the group of Barker in Southampton, show that those individuals with low birth weight have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other associated disorders (stroke, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome) in adulthood. These findings led to the hypothesis of fetal origins of disease or fetal programming, which states that cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are caused by fetal adaptation to intrauterine malnutrition.

Alteraciones cardivasculares en niños infectados con HIV en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes / Cardivasculares alterations in HIV-infected in Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario of Los Andes

El compromiso cardíaco en el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia hunana (SIDA) pareció irrelevante, sin embargo, actualmente pertenece a un segundo peldaño en la evolución de la infección constituyendo una manifestación relativamente tardía. El objetivo fue identificar las alteraciones cardíacas en niños infectados por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) y su relación con los estadios clínicos e inmunológicos de la enfermedad. Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes entre marzo 2009 y julio 2010. Se realizó evaluación clínica, laboratorio, tele de tórax, ecocardiograma transtorácico y electrocardiograma a todos los niños entre 0 y 15 años con diagnóstico confirmado de HIV. Se incluyeron 20 niños, edad promedio 5,45 años, 65% niñas, 90% infectados por transmisión vertical; 55% normopeso, 50% infecciones asociadas, (Citomegalovirus, Toxoplasmosis, Virus Ebstein Barr). Al examen fisíco 5% signos de disfunción ventricular izquierda, 35% presentaron alteraciones ecocardiográfias: 25% fracción de eyección menor al 60%; 40% crecimiento ventricular izquierdo, derrame pericárdico leve 20%, 5% disfunción sistólica leve y 50% alteraciones de la función diastólica. Se encontro asociación significativa entre derrame pericárdiaco, crecimiento ventricular izquierdo por ecocardigrafía y el estdio clínico, mas no con el estadio inmunológico. No hubo asociación entre el resto de variables clínicas y ecocardiográficas. La afectación cardíaca relacionada por la infección VIH, se presenta generalmente de forma asintomática. Ante la ausencia de la sospecha clínica se debe incluir dentro de la evaluación integral del paciente con SIDA el estudio cardiovascular siendo el ecocardiograma la prueba diagnóstica más sensible.

Cardiac involvement in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus seemed irrelevant, however, now belongs to a second step in the evolution of infection is a relatively late manifestation. The main objective was to identify was to identify cardiac abnormalities in children infected with HIV and their relation to clinical and immunological stages of the disease. Am observational, analytical, cross-sectional study, in the University Hospital of The Andes between March 2009 and July 2010. Clinical evaluation, laboratory, tele-ray, echocardiography and ECG for all children between 0 and 15 years with confirmed diagnosis of HIV. We included 20 children, average age 5.45 years, 65% girls, 90% infected through vertical transmission, 55%. Normal weight, 50% associated infections (Citomegalivirus, Toxoplasmosis, Ebstein Barr Virus). 5% Physical examination signs of letf ventricular dysfunction, 35% had ECG abnormalities versus 50% with echocardiographic abnormalities: 25% ejection fraction below 60% 40% left ventricular hypertrophy, pericardial effusion, mild 20%, 5% mild systolic dysfunction and 50% impairment of diastolic function. We found significant association between pericardial effusion, left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography and clinical stage, but not immune to be the stage. There was no association between other clinical and echocardiographic variables. Cardiac involvement related to HIV infection, presents as an asymptomatic general. In the absence of clinical suspicion should be included within the comprehensive evaluation of the AIDS patienrt with cardiovascular study echocardiogram being the most sensitive diagnostic test.

Prevención en infecciones de la cirugía cardiovascular neonatal y pediátrica / Infections prevention in neonatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Con la introducción de los principios de antisepsia, logró disminuir sustancialmente las infeccionespostoperatorias y la mortalidad. El riesgo de infección del sitio quirúrgico depende de una relación entre el número de bacterias, la virulencia y la susceptibilidad del huésped. La principal fuente de patógenos es la flora endógena del paciente y la flora exógena. Los factores de riesgo para las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en cirugía cardiovascular pediátrico no están claramente definidos. Las ISQ se consideran asociadas al cuidado de la salud o antes llamadas intrahospitalarias si ocurren dentro de los siguientes 30 días luego del procedimiento quirúrgico independiente que el paciente se encuentre o no hospitalizado. En conclusión, las ISQ en cirugía cardiovascular pediátrica aumentan la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costos.

With the introduction of the principles of antisepsis, possible to substantially reduce postoperativeinfections and mortality. The risk of surgical site infection depends on a relationship between thenumber of bacteria, virulence and host susceptibility. The main source of pathogens is the patient'sendogenous flora and exogenous flora. Risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) in pediatriccardiovascular surgery are not clearly defined. SSIs are associated with the health care or formerly known as nosocomial if they occur within 30 days after the independent surgical procedure the patient is hospitalized or not. In conclusion, the SSI in pediatric cardiovascular surgery, increased morbidity, mortality and costs.

Endocarditis e infecciones cardiovasculares. Infecciones relacionadas con marcapasos / Endocarditis and cardiovascular infections. Pacemaker-related infections

Las infecciones relacionadas con marcapasos son un tema de permanente actualidad. La gran expansión en su uso ha obligado a que estemos familiarizados con sus complicaciones que pueden derivar en serias consecuencias si no se diagnostica y trata correctamente. Palabras Claves: Endocarditis bacteriana, marcapasos, desfibriladores, infección de bolsillo, extracción de catéter.

Pacemaker-related infections are always a current issue. The increasing use of this device has forced us to become aware of the complications that may turn into serious consequences if they are not properly diagnosed and treated.

Prevención secundaria: el reto permanente / No disponible

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Importância do atendimento odontológico em pacientes portadores de marcapasso e cardiodesfibrilador implantãvel / Importance of dental care in patients with pacemaker and implantable defibrilator

A relação entre infecção orais, bacteremia e infecções sistêmicas é um fato já estabelecida. Entretanto, a afirmação de que os micro-organismos orais são responsáveis por infecções secundárias em dipositivos cardíacos, como marcapasso e cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis, ainda é pouco citada na literatura. Sabe-se que não só em procedimentos odontológicos invasivos pode ocorrer esse tipo de manifestação. Ações rotineiras, como mastigação e higienização oral. Também são passíveis de provocar bacteremia e mesmo a instalação de doenças. Alguns fatores, como a quantidade de bactérias que penetram na corrente sanguínea, bem como seu potencial de patogenicidade parecem estar relacionados a fatores locais, como presença de infecção oral (biofilme, cárie, doença periodontal, infecções orais agudas). O objetivo dessa revisão é abotrdar a presença de infecções a bacteremia em portadores de marcapasso e cardiodesfibrilador implantável e sua relação com micro- organismos presentes na cavidade oral. Os métodos utilizadps foram busacas em banco de dados eletrônicos, como LILACS e MEDLINE/PubMed, e inspeção manual dos artigos. Apesar do vasto acervo de relatos sobre a presença de infecções...

Complicaciones clínicas de un electrodo Sprint Fidelis / Clinical complications with the Sprint Fidelis electrode

Se presenta el caso de un paciente que ingresa a nuestro servicio presentando terapias inapropiadas e infección del bolsillo, posterior al implante de un desfibrilador automático implantable con un electrodo Sprint Fidelis 6949 en estado de alerta del fabricante...

A case of a patient who was admitted to our department with inappropriate therapies and infection of the pocket, after implantation of an implantable defibrillator with a Sprint Fidelis 6949 electrode on alert of the manufacturer...

Rehabilitación cardiaca en España. EUROACTION: un modelo alternativo / Cardiac rehabilitation in Spain. EUROACTION: an alternative model

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Alteraciones cardiacas en pacientes seropositivos a la infección chagásica en Panamá / Cardiac disease in seropositive chagasic patients in Panama

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