A comparison of isomaltulose versus maltodextrin ingestion during soccer-specific exercise.

PURPOSE: The performance and physiological effects of isomaltulose and maltodextrin consumed intermittently during prolonged soccer-specific exercise were investigated. METHODS: University soccer players (n = 22) performed 120 min of intermittent exercise while consuming 8% carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks (equivalent to ~ 20 g h-1) containing maltodextrin (Glycaemic Index: 90-100), isomaltulose (Glycaemic Index: 32) or a carbohydrate-energy-free placebo in a manner replicating the practices of soccer players (i.e., during warm-up and half-time). Physical (sprinting, jumping) and technical (shooting, dribbling) performance was assessed. RESULTS: Blood glucose and plasma insulin (both P < 0.001) concentrations varied by trial with isomaltulose maintaining > 13% higher blood glucose concentrations between 75 and 90 min versus maltodextrin (P < 0.05). A decline in glycaemia at 60 min in maltodextrin was attenuated with isomaltulose (-19 versus -4%; P = 0.015). Carbohydrates attenuated elevations in plasma epinephrine concentrations (P < 0.05), but isomaltulose proved most effective at 90 and 120 min. Carbohydrates did not attenuate IL-6 increases or reductions in physical or technical performances (all P > 0.05). Ratings of abdominal discomfort were influenced by trial (P < 0.05) with lower values for both carbohydrates compared to PLA from 60 min onwards. CONCLUSIONS: Although carbohydrates (~ 20 g h-1) did not attenuate performance reductions throughout prolonged soccer-specific exercise, isomaltulose maintained higher blood glucose at 75-90 min, lessened the magnitude of the exercise-induced rebound glycaemic response and attenuated epinephrine increases whilst maintaining similar abdominal discomfort values relative to maltodextrin. When limited opportunities exist to consume carbohydrates on competition-day, low-glycaemic isomaltulose may offer an alternative nutritional strategy for exercising soccer players.

Ingesting Isomaltulose Versus Fructose-Maltodextrin During Prolonged Moderate-Heavy Exercise Increases Fat Oxidation but Impairs Gastrointestinal Comfort and Cycling Performance.

Certain commercial carbohydrate replacement products include slowly absorbed carbohydrates such as isomaltulose. Few studies have investigated the metabolic effects of ingesting isomaltulose during exercise and none have evaluated exercise performance and gastrointestinal comfort. Nine male cyclists participated postprandially during three trials of 2-h steady-state (S-S) exercise (60%Wmax) followed by a 16 km time trial (TT) while ingesting 63 g·h-1 of either, 0.8:1 fructose: maltodextrin (F:M) or isomaltulose (ISO) or placebo- flavored water (PL). Data were analyzed by magnitude-based inferences. During S-S exercise, ISO and PL similarly increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration (mean change ISO versus F:M: 0.18, 90%CI ±0.21 mmol·L-1, 88% likelihood) and fat oxidation (10, 90%CI ±9 g, 89% likelihood) while decreasing carbohydrate oxidation (-36, 90%CI ±30.2 g, 91% likelihood) compared with F:M, despite equal elevations in blood glucose concentration with ISO and F:M. Rating of stomach cramps and bloating increased progressively with ISO (rating: 0-90 min S-S, weak; 120 min S-S, moderate; TT, strong) compared with F:M and PL (0-120 min S-S and TT, very weak). TT performance was substantially slower with ISO (mean change: 1.5, 90%CI ±1.4 min, 94% likely harmful) compared with F:M. The metabolic response of ISO ingestion during moderate exercise to increase NEFA availability and fat oxidation despite elevating blood glucose concentration is anomalous for a carbohydrate supplement. However, ingesting isomaltulose at a continuous high frequency to meet the recommended carbohydrate replacement dose, results in severe gastrointestinal symptoms during prolonged or high intensity exercise and negatively affects exercise performance compared with fructose-maltodextrin supplementation.

Novel findings on the metabolic effects of the low glycaemic carbohydrate isomaltulose (Palatinose).

The slow digestible disaccharide isomaltulose (iso; Palatinose) is available as novel functional carbohydrate ingredient for manufacturing of low glycaemic foods and beverages. Although basically characterised, various information on physiological effects of iso are still lacking. Thus, the objective of the present study was to expand scientific knowledge of physiological characteristics of iso by a set of three human intervention trials. Using an ileostomy model, iso was found to be essentially absorbed, irrespective of the nature of food (beverage and solid food). Apparent digestibility of 50 g iso from two different meals was 95.5 and 98.8 %; apparent absorption was 93.6 and 96.1 %, respectively. In healthy volunteers, a single dose intake of iso resulted in lower postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses than did sucrose (suc), while showing prolonged blood glucose delivery over 3 h test. In a 4-week trial with hyperlipidaemic individuals, regular consumption of 50 g/d iso within a Western-type diet was well tolerated and did not affect blood lipids. Fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance were lower after the 4-week iso intervention compared with baseline. This would be consistent with possible beneficial metabolic effects as a consequence of the lower and prolonged glycaemic response and lower insulinaemic burden. However, there was no significant difference at 4 weeks after iso compared with suc. In conclusion, the study shows that iso is completely available from the small intestine, irrespective of food matrix, leading to a prolonged delivery of blood glucose. Regular iso consumption is well tolerated also in subjects with increased risk for vascular diseases.

Iron III isomaltose induced hypersensitivity reaction.

Iron isomaltose is considered as safe form of iron with no test dose recommended. Here, we are describing the case of a patient who experienced allergic reaction with this formulation of iron. A 35-year-old South Asian woman experienced allergic reaction, she had mild wheeze on examination of chest. She was given intranasal oxygen at 2 L/min. She was given intravenous acetaminophen 1 g for pain relief, 45.4 mg intravenous chlorphenaramine and intravenous 100 mg hydrocortisone. Within half an hour, all her symptoms improved and her hypoxia resolved. Her chest wheezing also disappeared. Iron isomaltose, although relatively safe, can cause allergic reaction. Intravenous iron can cause allergic reaction therefore it should be administered at the facility where trained staff is present so that necessary treatment can be given in case of hypersensitivity reaction.

Changes in Weight and Substrate Oxidation in Overweight Adults Following Isomaltulose Intake During a 12-Week Weight Loss Intervention: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

Low-glycemic compared to high-glycemic diets have been shown to improve metabolic status and enhance fat oxidation. The randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention study aimed to evaluate the effects of an energy-reduced diet containing isomaltulose (ISO, Palatinose™) versus sucrose (SUC) on body weight loss. Sixty-four healthy overweight/obese adults were allocated to consume either 40g/d ISO or SUC added to an energy-reduced diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and energy metabolism were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Fifty participants (age: 40.7 ± 11.7 y; BMI: 29.4 ± 2.7 kg/m²) completed the study. During the 12 weeks, both groups significantly lost weight (p < 0.001), which was more pronounced following ISO (-3.2 ± 2.9 vs. -2.1 ± 2.6 kg; p = 0.258). Moreover, for participants in the ISO group, this was accompanied by a significant reduction in fat mass (ISO: -1.9 ± 2.5, p = 0.005; SUC: -0.9 ± 2.6%, p = 0.224). The overall decrease in energy intake was significantly higher in the ISO compared to that in the SUC group (p = 0.022). In addition, breakfast containing ISO induced a significantly lower increase in postprandial respiratory quotient (RQ) (mean incremental area under the curve (iAUC)2h for ISO vs. SUC: 4.8 ± 4.1 vs. 6.9 ± 3.1, p = 0.047). The results suggest that ISO in exchange for SUC may help to facilitate body weight reduction, lower postprandial RQ associated with higher fat oxidation, and reduce energy intake.

Evaluation of the Reported Rates of Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions Associated with Ferric Carboxymaltose and Iron (III) Isomaltoside 1000 in Europe Based on Data from EudraVigilance and VigiBase™ between 2014 and 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) are among the known adverse events of intravenous (i.v.) iron products. Of these, particularly severe HSRs such as anaphylaxis are of great clinical concern due to their life-threatening potential. METHODS: This was a retrospective pharmacoepidemiological study with a case-population design evaluating the number of reported severe HSRs following administration of the two i.v. iron products-ferric carboxymaltose and iron (III) isomaltoside 1000-in relation to exposure in European countries from January 2014 to December 2017. Exposure to both products was estimated using IQVIA MIDAS sales data in European countries. Information on spontaneously reported severe HSRs was obtained from and analysed separately for the two established safety surveillance databases EudraVigilance and VigiBase™ using the MedDRA® Preferred Terms anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid reaction and anaphylactoid shock associated with administration of either product. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2017, the reporting rate of severe HSRs per 100,000 defined daily doses (100 mg dose equivalents of iron) varied from 0.3 to 0.5 for ferric carboxymaltose and from 2.4 to 5.0 for iron (III) isomaltoside 1000. The reporting rate ratio for iron (III) isomaltoside 1000 versus ferric carboxymaltose was between 5.6 (95% CI 3.5-9.0) and 16.2 (95% CI 9.4-27.8). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that iron (III) isomaltoside 1000 is associated with a higher reporting rate of severe HSRs related to estimated exposure than ferric carboxymaltose in European countries. Future research investigating the occurrence of severe HSRs associated with i.v. ferric carboxymaltose and iron (III) isomaltoside 1000 is needed to broaden the evidence for benefit-risk assessment.

Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplements with Sucromalt and Isomaltulose versus Standard Formula on Glycaemic Index, Entero-Insular Axis Peptides and Subjective Appetite in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Cross-Over Study.

Oral diabetes-specific nutritional supplements (ONS-D) induce favourable postprandial responses in subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2), but they have not been correlated yet with incretin release and subjective appetite (SA). This randomised, double-blind, cross-over study compared postprandial effects of ONS-D with isomaltulose and sucromalt versus standard formula (ET) on glycaemic index (GI), insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and SA in 16 individuals with DM2. After overnight fasting, subjects consumed a portion of supplements containing 25 g of carbohydrates or reference food. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min; and SA sensations were assessed by a visual analogue scale on separate days. Glycaemic index values were low for ONS-D and intermediate for ET (p < 0.001). The insulin area under the curve (AUC0-180 min) (p < 0.02) and GIP AUC (p < 0.02) were lower after ONS-D and higher GLP-1 AUC when compared with ET (p < 0.05). Subjective appetite AUC was greater after ET than ONS-D (p < 0.05). Interactions between hormones, hunger, fullness and GI were found, but not within the ratings of SA; isomaltulose and sucromalt may have influenced these factors.

Ecologically Valid Carbohydrate Intake during Soccer-Specific Exercise Does Not Affect Running Performance in a Fed State.

This study assessed the effect of carbohydrate intake on self-selected soccer-specific running performance. Sixteen male soccer players (age 23 ± 4 years; body mass 76.9 ± 7.2 kg; predicted VO2max = 54.2 ± 2.9 mL∙kg-1∙min-1; soccer experience 13 ± 4 years) completed a progressive multistage fitness test, familiarisation trial and two experimental trials, involving a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) to simulate a soccer match in a fed state. Subjects completed six 15 min blocks (two halves of 45 min) of intermittent shuttle running, with a 15-min half-time. Blocks 3 and 6, allowed self-selection of running speeds and sprint times, were assessed throughout. Subjects consumed 250 mL of either a 12% carbohydrate solution (CHO) or a non-caloric taste matched placebo (PLA) before and at half-time of the LIST. Sprint times were not different between trials (CHO 2.71 ± 0.15 s, PLA 2.70 ± 0.14 s; p = 0.202). Total distance covered in self-selected blocks (block 3: CHO 2.07 ± 0.06 km; PLA 2.09 ± 0.08 km; block 6: CHO 2.04 ± 0.09 km; PLA 2.06 ± 0.08 km; p = 0.122) was not different between trials. There was no difference between trials for distance covered (p ≥ 0.297) or mean speed (p ≥ 0.172) for jogging or cruising. Blood glucose concentration was greater (p < 0.001) at the end of half-time during the CHO trial. In conclusion, consumption of 250 mL of 12% CHO solution before and at half-time of a simulated soccer match does not affect self-selected running or sprint performance in a fed state.

Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose-Update of Clinical Trials.

Low glycemic index diets are supposed to achieve a more beneficial effect on blood glucose control in people with diabetes mellitus and may also provide metabolic benefits for the general population. A prototype of a low-glycemic index carbohydrate is the natural occurring disaccharide isomaltulose that can be commercially produced from sucrose (beet sugar) to industrial scale. It is currently used in various food and drink applications as well as special and clinical nutrition feeds and formula diet as a food ingredient and alternative sugar. Here we provide an overview on clinical trials with isomaltulose including an analysis of its effects on glycemia and fat oxidation as compared to high glycemic index sugars and carbohydrates. In addition, we discuss recent reports on beneficial effects in weight-loss maintenance and pregnancy.

Ethnic Variability in Glycemic Response to Sucrose and Isomaltulose.

The aim of this study was to compare the glycemic response of Caucasians and Asians to two disaccharides of different glycemic index (GI), and to examine if ethnic groups that showed the largest glycemic response to sucrose would benefit the most when it is replaced with isomaltulose. Forty healthy participants (10 Chinese; 10 Malays; 10 Caucasians; and 10 Indians) consumed beverages containing 50 g of sucrose or isomaltulose on two separate occasions using a randomized crossover design. Capillary blood glucose was measured in a fasted state and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after beverage ingestion. Glycemic response to sucrose was significantly higher in Malays compared to Caucasians (p = 0.041), but did not differ between Caucasians vs. Chinese (p = 0.145) or vs. Indians (p = 0.661). When sucrose was replaced with isomaltulose, glycemic responses were significantly reduced in all ethnic groups, with the largest reduction in glycemic response being observed in Malays. Malays, who had the greatest glycemic response to sucrose, also showed the greatest improvement in glycemic response when sucrose was replaced with isomaltulose. This implies that Malays who are more susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus may benefit from strategies that replace high GI carbohydrate with lower GI alternatives to assist in glycemic control.

Effects of Low versus High Glycemic Index Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Postprandial Vasodilatation and Inactivity-Induced Impairment of Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Men.

Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) may contribute to cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether functional sugars with low compared to high glycemic index (GI) have beneficial effects on arterial stiffness during a period of low-physical activity. In a controlled cross-over dietary intervention (55% CHO, 30% fat, 15% protein), 13 healthy men (age: 23.7 ± 2.2 years, body mass index: 23.6 ± 1.9 kg/m²) completed 2 × 1 week of low physical activity following 1 week of normal physical activity (2363 ± 900 vs. 11,375 ± 3124 steps/day). During inactive phases participants consumed either low-GI (isomaltulose) or high-GI SSB (maltodextrin-sucrose), providing 20% of energy requirements. Postprandial vasodilatation (augmentation index, AIx), insulin sensitivity (IS) and Glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were measured during a meal test before and after SSB-intervention. Compared to maltodextrin-sucrose-SSB, postprandial vasodilatation was prolonged (AIx after 120 min: 9.9% ± 4.3% vs. 11.4% ± 3.7%, p < 0.05) and GLP-1 secretion was higher with isomaltulose-SSB (total area under the GLP-1 curve (tAUCGLP)-1: 8.0 ± 4.4 vs. 5.4 ± 3.4 pM × 3 h; p < 0.05). One week of low-physical activity led to impaired IS that was attenuated with low-GI SSB consumption, but did not affect arterial stiffness (p > 0.05). Higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after intake of low compared to high-GI beverages may contribute to improved postprandial vasodilatation. Although one week of low-physical activity led to marked impairment in IS, it had no effect on arterial stiffness in healthy men.

Effects of conventional sucrose-based, fructose-based and isomalt-based chocolates on postprandial metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.

Milk chocolate is rich in both sucrose and fat, and is therefore considered unsuitable for diabetics. Nevertheless there is little information on the metabolic effects of conventional chocolate or specialized formulations with reduced sucrose content. In the present study six male non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients (age range 35-60 years; body-mass index less than 28) consumed test meals of chocolate (75 g) on three separate occasions. The control chocolate contained sucrose (45.5% w/w); the test chocolates contained either fructose (45.5% w/w) or isomalt (45.1% w/w). The latter is a sweet disaccharide alcohol which has no glycaemic effect when consumed as a pure compound. Venous blood samples were obtained at 30 min intervals for 5 h, and analysed for glucose, insulin, lactate and triglycerides. All three chocolates provoked a sustained rise in blood glucose, which reached a maximum at 90 min after ingestion and returned to baseline values by 5 h. The highest blood glucose levels occurred after conventional chocolate, and differences were statistically significant at 60 and 90 min (P less than 0.05). The area under the glycaemic curve for isomalt chocolate was 36% smaller than that for conventional chocolate (P less than 0.05), and there were differences in insulin and lactate levels, consistent with the lower glycaemic effect. The glycaemic response to the fructose-based chocolate was also lower than that to control chocolate but the difference was not significant. All three chocolates led to a similar sustained rise in serum triglyceride levels. Isomalt appears to be a palatable alternative sweetener capable of reducing the glycaemic effect of diabetic confectionary.

[Clinical tolerance, intestinal absorption, and energy value of four sugar alcohols taken on an empty stomach]. / Tolérance clinique, absorption intestinale et valeur énergétique de quatre polyols pris à jeun.

Sugar alcohols are incompletely digested in the human small intestine. The residual amounts reaching the colon are digested by colonic bacteria or excreted in stools. Clinical tolerance and energy value of sugar alcohols are related to their respective rates of digestion in the small intestine and the colon. Six healthy volunteers were tested in 5 periods during which they ingested 10 g lactulose, and then, in a random order, an iso-osmotic solution of 20 g isomalt, sorbitol, maltitol, and lactitol. The fraction of sugar alcohols absorbed in the small intestine was evaluated by comparing the amounts of hydrogen excreted in breath for 8 h after the ingestion of lactulose and of sugar alcohols. Energy value of sugar alcohols was determined knowing the amounts absorbed in the small intestine and digested in the colon. Tolerance to the sugar alcohols was good in all volunteers, and not different between sugar alcohols. The mean percentage of malabsorption in the small intestine was significantly higher for lactitol (84 +/- 14 percent, m +/- SEM) than for maltitol and isomalt (44 +/- 7 and 40 +/- 7 percent), its energy value (2.3 +/- 0.3 kcal/g) was significantly lower than the energy value of maltitol (3.1 +/- 0.1 kcal/g, P less than 0.05); whereas those of sorbitol and isomalt were close (2.7 +/- 0.2 and 2.8 +/- 0.1 kcal/g, respectively). In spite of these differences, our results suggest that in our experimental conditions, bacterial digestion of the sugar alcohols reaching the colon was complete, and did not affect their clinical tolerance.

Cariogenicity of isomaltulose (palatinose), sucrose and mixture of these sugars in rats infected with Streptococcus mutans E-49.

Each of three groups of Wistar rats, 19-20 animals per group, was fed an experimental diet containing either (1) isomaltulose 56%, (2) sucrose 56%, or (3) a mixture of isomaltulose and sucrose (17.5% + 38.5%). The animals were infected with Streptococcus mutans E-49 and one half of the animals was kept on the diet for 8 weeks and the other half for 14 weeks. Only sulcal caries was found in the isomaltulose animals after 8 weeks and 14 weeks. the group fed sucrose had high numbers of carious bucco-lingual, proximal and sulcal surfaces. The group fed the mixture of sucrose and isomaltulose had fewer lesions than the sucrose group on bucco-lingual surfaces after the 8 week experiment (P less than 0.01) and fewer bucco-lingual and proximal surfaces (P less than 0.01) after the 14 week experiment.

[Caries-inducing activity of isomaltooligosugar (IMOS) in in vitro and rat experiments].

The caries-inducing activity of Isomaltooligosugar (IMOS: a isomaltose rich sugar mixture) was examined in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Strains of Streptococcus mutans MT8148R and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 fermented IMOS and produced acids. IMOS inhibited the glucan synthesis from sucrose by glucosyltransferases from both of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Furthermore, IMOS inhibited sucrose-dependent adherence of those mutans streptococci. IMOS was found to induce significant but minimal caries SPF Sprague-Dawley rats infected with either MT8148R and 6715. However, IMOS did not inhibit the caries which was induced by sucrose.

Response in serum ferritin and haemoglobin to iron therapy in blood donors.

Seven hundred seventeen healthy male blood donors regularly donating four or more units a year were surveyed for haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels. One hundred fifty-one (21%) had a haemoglobin less than 13.5 g/dl and were therefore disqualified from further blood donation, having a mean serum ferritin of 28 micrograms/liter. Of the remaining 566 donors with haemoglobin levels equal to or greater than 13.5 g/dl, the mean serum ferritin was 33 micrograms/liter, although in 299 (53%) the value was less than 28 micrograms/liter. To document response to iron therapy 46 donors with haemoglobin levels equal to or greater than 13.5 g/dl were stratified into those with the lowest iron stores (group 1; n = 23), defined as a serum ferritin less than 20 micrograms/liter, and controls (group 2; n = 23), with serum ferritin between 50 and 150 micrograms/liter. Within each stratum donors randomly received ferric polymaltose at a dose of 100 mg elemental iron twice daily for 56 days (groups 1a and 2a) or an identical iron-free placebo tablet administered on the same schedule (groups 1b and 2b). Iron therapy in the iron-deficient group (group 1a:n = 11) resulted in a significant rise in haemoglobin (p = .03) and iron stores reflected in serum ferritin (p = .002) compared to those receiving placebo (group 1b). In the control group iron therapy or placebo was without significant effect. Thus, ferric polymaltose preparation is bioavailable and is notable for the virtual absence of gastrointestinal tract side effects.

Non-cariogenicity of the disaccharide palatinose in experimental dental caries of rats.

The caries-inducing activity of palatinose (isomaltulose, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-fructose) was examined in in vitro and in vivo experiments, comparing it with other carbohydrates. When Streptococcus mutans was successively subcultured in a broth medium containing 1% palatinose, the strains belonging to serotype a, d, or g did not ferment palatinose, whereas the strains belonging to serotype b, c, e, or f did ferment palatinose. Furthermore, palatinose significantly inhibited the synthesis of insoluble glucan from sucrose by S. mutans. Specific-pathogen-free rats which had been infected with S. mutans 6715 and fed a diet containing 56% palatinose did not develop significant dental caries. However, rats infected similarly, but fed a diet containing sucrose, glucose, fructose, or a glucose-fructose mixture manifested significant caries when compared with the noninfected, sucrose-fed control rats. Furthermore, it was found that replacement of half of the sucrose content with palatinose resulted in decreased caries development compared with caries development in rats fed the sucrose diet.

Comparative studies of gastrointestinal tolerance and acceptability of milk chocolate containing either sucrose, isomalt or sorbitol in healthy consumers and type II diabetics.

The objective was to compare reaction of adult consumers of confectionery to milk chocolate made with either isomalt, sucrose or sorbitol. Test chocolate was eaten by subjects at home during 7 days in amounts chosen by them up to a maximum of 100 g per day. In a double-blind crossover trial isomalt chocolate was associated in healthy consumers (n = 58) with increased motion frequency, wind and flatulence compared with sucrose chocolate. However, the intensity of these gastrointestinal effects was predominantly slight and insufficient to affect acceptability. In separate crossover trials, reactions of Type II diabetic consumers to eating isomalt chocolate (n = 53) or sorbitol chocolate (n = 51) were compared to reactions when eating no chocolate. Both isomalt and sorbitol chocolate were associated with higher incidence of wind and flatulence than for no chocolate, but only sorbitol chocolate increased motion frequency. Again intensity of gastrointestinal effects was slight. It is concluded that isomalt has potential use in both regular and diabetic chocolate.

Comparative effect of repeated ingestion of difructose anhydride III and palatinose on the induction of gastrointestinal symptoms in humans.

We evaluated the safety and change in fermentability from repeated ingestion of difructose anhydride III (DFAIII) in humans. A randomized controlled single-blind crossover study with thirteen subjects was conducted. Each subject ingested 5 g of DFAIII or palatinose daily for 12 days, before and after which the subject was loaded with 10 g of DFAIII and had breath hydrogen measured from 0 to 9 h (DL test) to evaluate the fermentability of DFAIII. The defecation frequency and abdominal symptom score were the same between each ingestion period. Moreover, DFAIII ingestion had no influence on blood test results. Only the breath hydrogen excretion in post-DFAIII ingestion was slightly higher at h 8 than the pre-ingestion. Consequently, repeated ingestion of DFAIII for 12 days was as safe as palatinose ingestion, especially with respect to abdominal symptoms and blood test results, and its high resistance to enterobacterial fermentation in humans was not impaired.