Development of an on-site therapeutic drug monitoring method using a portable spectrometer.

We report on the development of an on-site therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) method for vancomycin (VCM) utilizing a portable spectrometer and commercially available immunoturbidimetric assay reagents designed for automated clinical chemistry analyzers. The method enables the quantification of VCM in plasma samples within 10 min, with a good correlation between the measured values and the theoretical values (r2 = 0.995). The intra and inter-day precisions were found to be below 12.5% and 17.7%, respectively. Moreover, we established a correlation between the quantitative values using this method and those measured through HPLC-UV and automated clinical chemistry analyzers, showing good reliability (R2 = 0.970 and 0.951, respectively). This method allows anyone to rapidly perform TDM at the bedside and is expected to be used to evaluate appropriate drug therapy.

College of American Pathologists Quality Cross Check -Chemistry and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring as a tool for biannual instrument correlations.

BACKGROUND: Biannual instrument-correlation studies are required for nonwaived assays performed on multiple instruments. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using College of American Pathologists (CAP) Quality Cross Check-Chemistry and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (CZQ) to assess instrument correlations among multiple analyzers, analyzer models, and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) licenses for 55 unique analytes. METHODS: Instrument correlation studies were performed on 9 Abbott ARCHITECT instruments (c4000 [n = 4], c8000 [n = 2], and c16000 [n = 3]) over 3 CLIA licenses using CZQ materials. The mean (SD) values, concentration difference, percent bias, and peer data for each individual level of CZQ were determined for each individual analyzer. Acceptable concentration and percentage for each analyte were set using criteria from CAP or other reputable sources such as the American Association of Bioanalysts or the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Peer data were provided by CAP with the CZQ kit. RESULTS: Correlations using CZQ materials showed that 94.5% of assays studied were within the acceptability criteria by percent bias only and 98.2% were within acceptability criteria by concentration difference. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CZQ provides support to standardized correlation studies among instruments within and across separate CLIA licenses. However, widespread adoption of CZQ may be limited due to concerns regarding matrix effects, analyte ranges, and ease of data analysis.

Evaluation of Busulfan as a Third-Party Immunoassay on a Clinical Chemistry Analyzer.

BACKGROUND: Busulfan is widely used in conditioning regimens to prepare patients for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is critical due to large inter- and intra-individual variability in busulfan pharmacokinetics, and the risk of adverse consequences of toxicity including hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Busulfan is most commonly measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which is not as widely available in clinical laboratories as automated routine clinical chemistry analyzers. The objective was to perform analytical verification of a busulfan immunoassay on the Abbott Alinity c platform. METHODS: The MyCare Oncology busulfan immunoassay was configured as a third-party reagent on the Abbott Alinity c. Imprecision, linearity, sample carryover, and onboard stability of reagent studies were evaluated. The performance of the busulfan immunoassay using the Abbott Alinity c was compared to the Beckman Coulter AU480 using sodium heparinized plasma, as well as to LC-MS/MS using lithium heparinized plasma. RESULTS: The imprecision goal of 8% was met, and linearity within the analytical measurement range of 240 to 1700 ng/mL was verified. Sample carryover was negligible, and the reagents were stable onboard for at least 84 days. The busulfan immunoassay correlated well with LC-MS/MS (slope = 0.949, y-intercept = -7.8 ng/mL, r2 = 0.9935) and the Beckman Coulter AU480 (slope = 1.090, y-intercept = -34.5 ng/mL, r2 = 0.9988). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated successful analytical verification of a busulfan third-party immunoassay on the Abbott Alinity c platform. The ability to perform TDM of busulfan on a routine clinical chemistry analyzer will positively impact turnaround times to improve patient outcomes.

Standardization and validation of a high-efficiency liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) for voriconazole blood level determination. / Estandarización y validación de un método de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia con detector de arreglo de diodos (HPLC-DAD) para la determinación de niveles sanguíneos de voriconazol

INTRODUCTION: A specialized service for antifungal blood level determination is not available in Colombia. This service is essential for the proper follow-up of antifungal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To standardize and validate a simple, sensitive, and specific protocol based on high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector for voriconazole blood level quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an Agilent HPLC™ series-1200 equipment with a UVdiode array detector with an analytical column Eclipse XDB-C18 and pre-column Eclipse- XDB-C18 (Agilent). We used voriconazole as the primary control and posaconazole as an internal control. We performed the validation following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations. RESULTS: The best chromatographic conditions were: Column temperature of 25°C, UV variable wavelength detection at 256 nm for voriconazole and 261 nm for posaconazole (internal standard); 50 µl of injection volume, 0,8 ml/min volume flow, 10 minutes of run time, and mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (60:40). Finally, retention times were 3.13 for voriconazole and 5.16 minutes for posaconazole. Quantification range varied from 0.125 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: The selectivity and chromatographic purity of the obtained signal, the detection limits, and the standardized quantification make this method an excellent tool for the therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with voriconazole.

Introducción. Hasta la fecha, Colombia no cuenta con un servicio especializado de medición de niveles séricos de antifúngicos, procedimiento esencial para el adecuado seguimiento del tratamiento de infecciones fúngicas invasoras. Objetivo. Estandarizar y validar un protocolo ­simple, sensible y específico­ basado en la aplicación de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia acoplada con un detector de arreglo de diodos para la cuantificación de los niveles séricos de voriconazol. Materiales y métodos. Se usó un equipo HPLC-Agilent™, serie-1200, con un detector UVDAD, una columna analítica Eclipse-XDB-C18 y una pre-columna Eclipse-XDB-C18, ambas de la marca Agilent. Como control primario se utilizó voriconazol y como control interno, posaconazol. La validación se hizo cumpliendo todos los criterios de aceptación recomendados por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Resultados. Las mejores condiciones cromatográficas se obtuvieron con los siguientes parámetros: temperatura de la columna de 25 °C, detección UV-VWD de 261 nm, volumen de inyección de 50 µl, flujo de 0,8 ml/minuto y un tiempo de corrido de 10 minutos. La fase móvil usada fue acetonitrilo:agua (60:40) y los tiempos finales de retención fueron de 3,13 para voriconazol y de 5,16 minutos para posaconazol. El rango de cuantificación fue desde 0,125 µg/ml hasta 16 µg/ml. Conclusiones. La selectividad y la pureza de la señal cromatográfica, así como los límites de detección y cuantificación estandarizados hacen de esta metodología una excelente herramienta para el seguimiento terapéutico de pacientes tratados con voriconazol o en profilaxis con este fármaco.

Micro/nanofluidic device for tamsulosin therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia at point of care.

Discovering the balance between toxicity and efficacy for many drugs requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of their concentrations in the blood. Here, a hot-embossed microfluidic device with a new design integrated to a nanofracture is presented for purification of blood samples from numerous proteins and cells, allowing to the separation of small molecules from blood matrix. The device was used to separate and quantitatively detect tamsulosin drug after derivatization with fluorescamine reagent, allowing converting it from a neutral molecule into a charged fluorescent complex under the experimental conditions, and thus its separation by electrophoresis. The device is portable and easy operated, and the presented method showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9948) over a concentration range of 0.1-1 µg/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) was below 10% (n = 3), indicating good precisions, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were estimated to be 0.1 and 0.55 µg/mL, respectively. Whole blood samples from 10 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were analyzed, showing good percentage recoveries of tamsulosin in whole blood. This point-of-care (POC), low-cost method could increase the convenience of patients and doctors, make therapies safer, and make TDM available in different regions and places.

Smart Bandage Based on a ZIF-8 Triboelectric Nanogenerator for In Situ Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Concentration.

For chronic wounds, frequent replacement of bandages not only increases the likelihood of secondary damage and the risk of cross infection but also wastes medication. Therefore, in situ real-time monitoring of the concentrations of residual drugs in bandages is crucial. Here, we propose a novel strategy that combines a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with medical bandages to develop a smart bandage based on zeolite imidazolate framework TENG. During the process of wound healing, the electrical output of TENG changes with the continuous release of drugs. Based on the correlation between the electrical signal of TENG and drug concentration, the concentration of residual drugs in the bandage can be monitored in real-time in situ, guiding medical staff to replace the bandage at the most appropriate time. The smart bandage based on TENG provides a new strategy for in situ real-time monitoring of drug concentration and also provides an ideal and feasible solution for the field of biomedical drug sensing.

CoaguChek and Coag-Sense PT2 Meter Point of Care INR Device Validation.

OBJECTIVE: To standardize international normalized ratio (INR) measurements and improve data integrity by enabling electronic result transmission for warfarin monitoring, two point-of-care (POC) devices were evaluated against an internal plasma INR reference method. METHODS: A multicenter study was pursued (January 24, 2022, through October 19, 2022) to compare concordance of two commercially available POC devices, Coag-Sense PT2 Meter (Coag-Sense) and CoaguChek XS Pro and Plus devices (CoaguChek), against an internal plasma INR method among patients treated with warfarin. Bias and linear regression analysis were assessed for these devices including dosing decision accuracy compared with plasma INR reference. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-nine patients treated with warfarin across three Mayo Clinic sites agreed to participate. Atrial fibrillation (n=191, 63.9%), venous thromboembolism (n=65; 21.7%), and heart valve prosthesis (n=46; 15.4%) were common anticoagulant indications with a 2.5 INR target for 280 (93.6%) of patients. For the CoaguChek devices, 243 (81.3%) of values fell within 0.2 INR units with plasma INR referent and 285 (95.3%) within 0.4 units (R2=0.93). For the Coag-Sense device, 102 (34.1%) of values fell within 0.2 INR units and 180 (60.2%) within 0.4 INR units of plasma INR values, (R2=0.83; P<.0001). Using the plasma INR as the gold standard, appropriate dosing recommendations would have occurred for 292 (97.7%) of the CoaguChek and 244 (81.6%) of the Coag-Sense results. CONCLUSION: Compared with a plasma referent, INR values obtained from the CoaguChek devices exhibited less systematic bias compared with Coag-Sense measures. This translates to a greater percentage of concordant management decisions between POC and laboratory INR methods.

Needle-in-needle electrochemical sensor for in-vivo monitoring of anticancer drug etoposide.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) serves as a potent tool for adjusting drug concentration within a reasonable range. However, continuous monitoring of anticancer drugs in-vivo presents a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a needle-in-needle electrochemical sensor based on an acupuncture needle electrode, capable of monitoring the anticancer drug etoposide in the peritoneal cavity of living rats. The acupuncture needle was modified with Au nanoparticles and etoposide-templated molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), resulting in high sensitivity and selectivity in the electrochemical detection of etoposide. The modified acupuncture needle (0.16 mm diameter) was anchored inside a syringe needle (1.40 mm diameter), allowing the outer syringe needle to protect the modified materials of the inner acupuncture needle during skin piercing. Due to the unique needle-in-needle design, high stability was obtained during in-vivo etoposide monitoring. Connecting to a smartphone-controlled portable electrochemical workstation, the needle-in-needle sensor offers great convenience in point-of-care TDM. Moreover, the electrode materials on the acupuncture needle were carefully characterized and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, low detection limits and wide linear range were achieved. This work provides new insights into acupuncture needle electrochemical sensors and further expands the feasibility for real-time and in-vivo detection.

Hydrogel-Coated SERS Microneedles for Drug Monitoring in Dermal Interstitial Fluid.

In vivo drug monitoring is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drug treatment. Blood sampling and analysis is the current gold standard but needs professional skills and cannot meet the requirements of point-of-care testing. Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) showed great potential to replace blood for in vivo drug monitoring; however, the detection was challenging, and the drug distribution behavior in ISF was still unclear until now. In this study, we proposed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) microneedles (MNs) for the painless and real-time analysis of drugs in ISF after intravenous injection. Using methylene blue (MB) and mitoxantrone (MTO) as model drugs, the innovative core-satellite structured Au@Ag SERS substrate, hydrogel coating over the MNs, rendered sensitive and quantitative drug detection in ISF of mice within 10 min. Based on this technique, the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs in ISF was investigated and compared with those in blood, where the drugs were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the MB concentration in ISF and blood was comparable, whereas the concentration of MTO in ISF was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than in blood. This work proposed an efficient tool for ISF drug monitoring. More importantly, it experimentally proved that the penetration ratio of blood to ISF was drug-dependent, providing insightful information into the potential of ISF as a blood alternative for in vivo drug detection.

Development of nanobiosensor for therapeutic drug monitoring in personalized cancer treatment approach.

Docetaxel is one of the most effective and safe chemotherapy drugs according to the World Health Organization, but its clinical use has been discontinued due to its various side effects. To reduce these side effects, the amount of docetaxel drug should be kept at the most effective level, it should be monitored in body fluids. Due to the limitations of traditional analytical methods used for this purpose, such as expensive and low sensitivity, labor-intensive and time-consuming complex preliminary preparation, efficient methods are required for the determination of the docetaxel level in the body. The increasing demand for the development of personalized therapy has recently spurred significant research into biosensors for the detection of drugs and other chemical compounds. In this study, an electrochemical-based portable nanobiosensor system was developed for the rapid, low-cost, and sensitive determination of docetaxel. In this context, mg-p(HEMA)-IMEO nanoparticles to be used as nanobiosensor bioactive layer was synthesized, characterized, and docetaxel determination conditions were optimized. According to the results obtained, the developed nanobiosensor system can detect docetaxel with a sensitivity of 2.22 mg/mL in a wide calibration range of 0.25-10 mg/mL, in only 15 min, in mixed media such as commercially available artificial blood serum and urine. determined. We concluded that the developed nanobiosensor system can be successfully used in routine drug monitoring as a low-cost biomedical device capable of direct, rapid, and specific drug determination within the scope of personalized treatment, providing point-of-care testing.

Therapeutic drug monitoring on-site has the potential to significantly save healthcare expenditures while also improving patient outcomes.Chromatography's applicability as a routine procedure is restricted by its lack of standardization, expensive equipment, lengthy turnaround times, and labor-intensive sample preparation.Overcoming these drawbacks, nanobiosensors provide an inexpensive, user-friendly, on-site analytical approach to fully explore the possibilities of therapeutic drug monitoring.

A retrospective analysis to estimate trough concentrations of teicoplanin in patients with suspected or documented Gram-positive infections

Abstract Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic commonly used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections in the clinic. The aim of this study was to provide a therapeutic reference for the clinical application and dosage regimen adjustment of teicoplanin by identifying factors associated with its plasma trough concentration (Ctrough). A retrospective study was performed on patients with suspected or documented Gram-positive infections who were hospitalized from November 2017 to January 2020 and treated with teicoplanin while undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). A total of 112 Ctrough trough measurements were obtained from 72 patients were included in this study. SPSS software was used for correlation analysis and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. The Ctrough for teicoplanin showed statistically significant relationships (P<0.05) with PLT, Scr, CLcr, eGFR, BUN and Cys-C. ROC curve analysis revealed that CLcr and eGFR were more sensitive and specific for Ctrough compared to the other factors. These findings should be considered in the clinical application of teicoplanin and for its dosage adjustment.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of gabapentin: the applicability in patients with neuropathic pain

Abstract Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug prescribed for several neuropathic pain conditions. This study aimed to evaluate gabapentin (GAB) trough plasma concentration range and the applicability of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with neuropathic pain. Fifty-three patients with neuropathic pain, aged 20 to 75, received gabapentin as treatment for at least 7 days. Gabapentin plasma concentration was sampled before GAB administration and quantified by liquid chromatography with a UV detector. GAB trough plasma concentration ranged between 0.40 and 11.94 µg/mL in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. No differences were observed in terms of GAB plasma concentrations between responsive and non-responsive patients. Our data suggest that the reference ranges suggested in the literature for patients with epilepsy should not be used for patients with neuropathic pain. Therapeutic drug monitoring of GAB was shown to be an important tool to assess treatment adherence.

Análise da notificação de eventos adversos através da pesquisa de cultura de segurança do paciente / Adverse event notification analysis through patient safety culture research / Análisis de la notificación de eventos adversos a través de la investigación de cultura de seguridad del paciente

Objetivo: a avaliação da cultura de segurança do paciente permite aos hospitais identificar e gerir prospectivamente questões relevantes de segurança em suas rotinas de trabalho. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, ocorrida no ano de 2017 na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulta em um hospital privado, localizado em Niterói/RJ. A população foram os profissionais médicos e equipe de enfermagem, utilizando análise estatística por meio de programa R, com a interface Rcmdr. Resultados: baseados nas respostas às perguntas sobre notificação de eventos aplicada com a Pesquisa de Cultura de Segurança do Paciente a 97 profissionais, com uma taxa de resposta de 85,6%, correspondendo a 83 profissionais. Menos de 45% dos participantes da pesquisa sempre notificam um erro, engano ou falha, que afete ou não o paciente, 59,0% não fizeram nenhuma notificação nos últimos 12 meses antecedentes à pesquisa e não houve diferença significativa na quantidade de notificação que destacasse uma categoria profissional, graduados ou não. Discussão: houve maior adesão à notificação de eventos pelos com maior tempo de hospital e com maior tempo naquela terapia intensiva. Não se encontrou correlação do número de notificações relatadas com o tempo de profissão e com a carga horária de trabalho. Conclusão: no que tange à conscientização de incrementar a adesão à notificação de eventos, a análise realizada contribuiu para a melhoria da segurança do paciente

Objective: ealuating the patient's safety culture allows hospitals to identify and manage relevant safety issues prospectively in their work routines. Method: a quantitative, transversal and descriptive study, carried out in 2017 at the Adult Intensive Care Unit in a private hospital, located in Niterói / RJ. The population were medical professionals and nursing staff, using statistical analysis through program R, with the Rcmdr interface. Results: based on responses to questions about event notification applied with the Patient Safety Culture Survey to 97 professionals, with a response rate of 85.6%, corresponding to 83 professionals. Less than 45% of respondents report an error, deception, or failure, affecting the patient, 59.0% did not report in the last 12 months prior to the survey, and there was no significant difference in the amount of notification that stood out a professional category, graduates or not. Discussion: there was greater adherence to the notification of events by those with longer hospital time and with more time in that intensive therapy. There was no correlation between the number of reports reported with the time of profession and the workload. Conclusion: with regard to the awareness of increasing adherence to event notification, the analysis performed contributed to the improvement of patient safety

Objetivo: la evaluación de la cultura de seguridad del paciente permite a los hospitales identificar y gestionar prospectivamente cuestiones relevantes de seguridad en sus rutinas de trabajo. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo, ocurrido en el año 2017 en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Adulta en un hospital privado, ubicado en Niterói / RJ. La población fueron los profesionales médicos y equipo de enfermería, utilizando análisis estadístico por medio del programa R, con la interfaz Rcmdr. Resultados: basados en las respuestas a las preguntas sobre notificación de eventos aplicada con la Encuesta de Cultura de Seguridad del Paciente a 97 profesionales, con una tasa de respuesta del 85,6%, correspondiendo a 83 profesionales. En la mayoría de los casos, la mayoría de las personas que sufren de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, una categoría profesional, graduados o no. Discusión: hubo mayor adhesión a la notificación de eventos por los con mayor tiempo de hospital y con mayor tiempo en aquella terapia intensiva. No se encontró correlación del número de notificaciones relatadas con el tiempo de profesión y con la carga horaria de trabajo. Conclusión: en lo que concierne a la concientización de incrementar la adhesión a la notificación de eventos, el análisis realizado contribuyó a la mejora de la seguridad del paciente

Estudio comparativo de equipos INR capilar "point of care" versus INR venoso, en pacientes en tratamiento con antagonistas de vitamina K / Comparison of point of care capillary international normalized ratio (INR) with INR measured in venous samples

Background: INR is used to monitor the treatment with vitamin K antagonists. A strategy to reduce waiting times for sampling is to measure INR in a capillary sample using a portable point of care (POC) type coagulometer. Aim: To evaluate the correlation of CoaguChek Pro II™, Xprecia™ and microINR™ with venous INR measured at the clinical laboratory and their ease of use. Materials and Methods: Patients provided capillary and venous blood samples for parallel tests comparing Xprecia™ Stride with CoaguChek Pro II™ and with venous INR, microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM and with venous INR. The devices' ease of use was assessed surveying the sampling staff. Results: The three tested devices had good correlation coefficients with venous INR: CoaguChek Pro IITM 0.953 and 0.962; Xprecia™ of 0.912 and microINR™ of 0.932. The correlation coefficient of Xprecia™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.937 and microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.976. Conclusions: CoaguChek Pro IITM, Xprecia™ and microINR™ results had a good correlation coefficient with INR measured at the laboratory. Our results indicate that, in the hands of trained users, POC-type coagulometers are reliable and acceptable for routine use in anticoagulant treatment control.

Juego de patentes. Sobre medicamentos genéricos y biosimilares / The patents game. Generic and biosimilar drugs

La protección mediante patentes a los medicamentos es limitada y, al expirar estos títulos de propiedad intelectual, entran en el mercado otros medicamentos copiados que compiten con los innovadores. Inicialmente estos fueron idénticos a los originales, los llamados medicamentos genéricos, pero, en los últimos años, a raíz de la irrupción de las terapias biológicas y la expiración de muchas de sus patentes han aparecido también los medicamentos biosimilares. Aunque no son copias exactas del original, al igual que los medicamentos genéricos, los medicamentos biosimilares tienen que demostrar equivalencia en calidad seguridad y eficacia respecto a los originales. A pesar de su importancia y su contribución a la sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario, a veces hay desconocimiento sobre las diferencias entre medicamentos genéricos y medicamentos biosimilares y qué implica su utilización en términos clínicos y económicos. Con esta revisión pretendemos aclarar aspectos que a menudo se desconocen a pesar del uso cada vez mayor de estos fármacos (AU)

The protection provided by patents on medicines has a limited duration. The expiry of patents expiration allows copies of the drugs to be released, competing with original. At first, they were identical to the original, known as generic drugs, but in recent years, due to the marketing of biological therapies and the expiry of many of their patents, biosimilar drugs have also emerged. These are not exact copies of the original, but, like generic drugs, biosimilar drugs have to demonstrate equivalence to the reference drugs in quality, safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, despite their importance and contribution to sustainability of health system, doctors are sometimes unaware of differences between them, and their impact in terms of clinical and economic effects. An attempt is made to review and clarify certain aspects often unknown by physicians, despite their involvement in their use (AU)

Primeras experiencias de monitorización de vancomicina en un Hospital General de Especialidades / First experiences of monitoring of vancomycin in a General Hospital of Specialties

Introducción: vancomicina es un antibiótico eficaz para el tratamiento de infecciones por gérmenes grampositivos, sin embargo la toxicidad renal asociada a su uso, ha relegado su utilización a líneas secundarias de uso. Este hecho ha consolidado el tratamiento empírico con antibióticos más caros. Objetivo: analizar los datos de monitorización de vancomicina y valorar la eficiencia frente al uso de otros antibióticos. Método: estudio observacional donde se analiza la monitorización farmacocinética de vancomicina y la eficiencia de una Unidad de Farmacocinética Clínica, con una población de 137 pacientes ingresados en un hospital general de especialidades. Resultados: la utilización de vancomicina en primera intención, supuso un ahorro de 16.472,82 € respecto al uso de daptomicina y de 83.039,83 € respecto al de linezolid. No obstante, el 18% de nuestra muestra no pudo ser tratado con vancomicina, lo que hace necesario disponer de otros fármacos

Introduction: vancomycin is an effective antibiotic for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive germs, however renal toxicity associated with its use, has relegated its use to use secondary lines. This fact has consolidated the empirical treatment with more expensive antibiotics. Objective: to analyze the data of monitoring of vancomycin and rating the efficiency facing the use of other antibiotics. Materials and methods: observational study where discusses monitoring pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin and a unit of pharmacokinetics clinical efficiency, with a population of 137 patients admitted to a general hospital specialties. Results: the use of Vancomycin in first intention meant a savings of € 16.472,82 regarding the use of € 83.039,83 the linezolid and daptomycin. However, 18% of our sample not could be treated with Vancomycin, making it necessary to have other drugs

Estandarización y validación en Colombia de una metodología basada en HPLC para la determinación de la concentración sérica de posaconazol / Standardisation and validation of an HPLC method for determining serum posaconazole levels in Colombia

Antecedentes. Hasta la fecha, Colombia no cuenta con un servicio especializado de medición de concentraciones séricas de antifúngicos, procedimiento esencial para el adecuado manejo del tratamiento de las infecciones invasivas por hongos. Objetivos. Estandarizar y validar un protocolo simple, sensible y específico, basado en la cromotografía líquida de alta eficiencia, que, cumpliendo con los parámetros recomendados por la Food and Drug Administration, permita detectar y cuantificar concentraciones séricas de posaconazol. Métodos. Se usó un equipo de cromotografía líquida de alta eficiencia Agilent, serie 1200, con detector ultravioleta de matriz de diodos y columna analítica Eclipse-XDB-C18. Como estándar primario se utilizó posaconazol SCH56592 (lote IRQ-PAZ-10-X-103), y como control interno, itraconazol (lote ZR051211PUC921). La validación se hizo teniendo en cuenta los parámetros recomendados por la Food and Drug Administration (selectividad, curvas de calibración, recuperación, exactitud, precisión, sensibilidad, reproducibilidad y estabilidad de la muestra) para este tipo de métodos. Resultados. Los parámetros cromatográficos más adecuados fueron los siguientes: temperatura de la columna, 25°C; detección ultravioleta, 261nm; volumen de inyección, 50μl; flujo, 0,8ml/min; tiempo de migración, 10min; fase móvil, acetonitrilo:agua (70:30). Los tiempos de retención finales fueron de 3,4 y 7,2min para posaconazol e itraconazol, respectivamente, con un rango de cuantificación amplio y confiable, desde 0,125 hasta 16μg/ml. Bajo estas condiciones el método fue selectivo, el R2 de las curvas de calibración fue≥0,99 y el porcentaje de recuperación fue del 98,7%, con un porcentaje del coeficiente de variación inferior al 10%. El porcentaje de error relativo en la exactitud, así como el porcentaje del coeficiente de variación en la precisión, fueron inferiores al 15%, cumpliendo así con los criterios de aceptación recomendados por la Food and Drug Administration. Conclusiones. La selectividad y pureza de la señal cromatográfica obtenida, así como los límites de detección y cuantificación estandarizados, hacen de esta metodología una excelente herramienta para el seguimiento terapéutico de los pacientes bajo tratamiento con posaconazol (AU)

Background. Colombia currently does not have a specialised service for measuring antifungal levels in serum, which is of prime importance for the proper treatment and correct management of invasive fungal infections. Aims. To standardise and validate a simple, sensitive, and specific protocol, based on high performance liquid chromatography, complying with the parameters recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, to detect, identify, and quantify serum concentrations of posaconazole. Methods. A high performance liquid chromatography Agilent series-1 200 equipment was used with ultraviolet diode array detector and analytical column-Eclipse XDB-C18. Posaconazole-SCH56592 (batch IRQ-PAZ-10-X-103) was used as the primary control and itraconazole (batch ZR051211PUC921) was used as an internal control. The validation was performed taking into account all criteria recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (selectivity, calibration curves, recovery, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability of the sample). Results. The most suitable chromatographic conditions were the following: column temperature 25°C, ultraviolet detection at 261nm, 50μl injection volume, flow volume 0.8ml/min, 10min running time, mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (70:30), and final retention times of 3.4 and 7.2min for posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, with a wide and reliable quantification range (0.125μg/ml to 16μg/ml). Using these parameters, the method was selective, R2 in the calibration curves was≥0.99, and the percentage recovery was 98.7%, with a coefficient of variation less than 10%. The relative error for accuracy and the coefficient of variation for precision were less than 15%, all meeting the acceptance criteria recommended by the Food and Drug Administration. Conclusions. The selectivity and chromatographic purity of the obtained signal, as well as the standardised limits of detection and quantification, make this method an excellent tool for therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with posaconazole (AU)

Revisión sistemática de los estudios españoles sobre atención farmacéutica comunitaria en hipertensión arterial / Systematic review of the spanish studies about community pharmaceutical care in hypertension

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es un problema de salud pública mundial de gran prevalencia, y responsable de una morbimortalidad muy elevada. A pesar de los grandes esfuerzos sanitarios y económicos realizados, el grado de control es muy escaso, situándose alrededor del 20% los hipertensos bien controlados entre los tratados, tanto en España como en los países de nuestro entorno. Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente la evidencia que aportan los estudios españoles sobre el impacto de la atención farmacéutica en hipertensión arterial, realizados en el ámbito comunitario. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en MEDLINE, COCHRANE, DIALNET, y en revistas y webs especializadas en atención farmacéutica. Se incluyeron estudios de intervención farmacéutica en hipertensión arterial multicéntricos, realizados en España en el ámbito de la farmacia comunitaria. Se excluyeron estudios piloto, muestras inferiores a 10 pacientes y estudios descriptivos o cribados. Resultados: De los 18 estudios encontrados, 9 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. 6 eran ensayos controlados, y 3 no controlados. La descripción de cada estudio incluye el número y tipo de pacientes, tiempo de seguimiento, intervención farmacéutica y resultados obtenidos. Conclusiones: Los estudios españoles sobre el impacto de la atención farmacéutica comunitaria en el control de la presión arterial muestran mejoras en resultados clínicos (disminución de presión arterial media o de la proporción de pacientes mal controlados), en línea con los estudios realizados a nivel internacional. Por otro lado, se necesitan estudios de calidad adicionales que exploren el impacto de la intervención farmacéutica en resultados económicos y humanísticos

Background: Hypertension is an important public health problem around the world, with a high prevalence, and responsible for a very high morbidity and mortality. In spite of the big sanitary and economic efforts that have been made until now, the degree of control of this disease is very limited. Only around 20% of the treated hypertensive patients are well controlled, both in Spain and in the countries around us. Objective: To review systematically the evidence from Spanish studies about the impact of pharmaceutical care in hypertension, conducted in the community pharmacy setting. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE, COCHRANE, DIALNET, and journals and web pages specialized in pharmaceutical care. Multicenter studies of pharmaceutical interventions in hypertension, conducted in Spain in the community pharmacy setting were included. Pilot studies, screenings, descriptive studies, or samples with less than 10 patients were excluded. Results: 18 studies were found. 9 out of them met the inclusion criteria. 6 were controlled trials, and 3 were uncontrolled trials. The description of each study includes the number and type of patients, monitoring length, pharmaceutical interventions, and outcomes achieved. Conclusions: The Spanish studies about the impact of community pharmaceutical care on blood pressure control show improvements in clinical outcomes (decrease of either mean blood pressure or percentage of uncontrolled patients). The results are similar to those carried out internationally. On the other hand, further quality studies exploring the economic and humanistic outcomes of the pharmaceutical intervention are required

How can pharmacist remuneration systems in Europe contribute to generic medicine dispensing? / ¿Cómo pueden contribuir los sistemas de remuneración farmacéutica a la dispensación de medicamentos genéricos?

Generic medicines can generate larger savings to health care budgets when their use is supported by incentives on both the supply-side and the demand-side. Pharmacists’ remuneration is one factor influencing the dispensing of generic medicines. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of different pharmacist remuneration systems for generic medicines in Europe, with a view to exploring how pharmacist remuneration systems can contribute to generic medicine dispensing. Methods: Data were obtained from a literature review, a Master thesis in Pharmaceutical Care at the Catholic University of Leuven and a mailing sent to all members of the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union with a request for information about the local remuneration systems of community pharmacists and the possible existence of reports on discounting practices. Results: Pharmacists remuneration in most European countries consists of the combination of a fixed fee per item and a certain percentage of the acquisition cost or the delivery price of the medicines. This percentage component can be fixed, regressive or capped for very high-cost medicines and acts as a disincentive for dispensing generic medicines. Discounting for generic medicines is common practice in several European countries but information on this practice tends to be confidential. Nevertheless, data for Belgium, France, the Netherlands and United Kingdom indicated that discounting percentages varied from 10% to 70% of the wholesale selling price. Conclusion: Pharmacists can play an important role in the development of a generic medicines market. Pharmacists should not be financially penalized for dispensing generic medicines. Therefore, their remuneration should move towards a fee-for-performance remuneration instead of a price-dependent reimbursement which is currently used in many European countries. Such a fee-for-performance remuneration system provides a stimulus for generic medicines dispensing as pharmacists are not penalized for dispensing them but also needs to account for the loss of income to pharmacists from prohibiting discounting practices (AU)

Los medicamentos genéricos pueden producir mayores ahorros a los presupuestos sanitarios cuando se apoyan con incentivos tanto a la oferta como a la demanda. La remuneración de los farmacéuticos es un factor que influye en la dispensación de medicamentos genéricos. Objetivos: El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una revisión de diferentes sistemas remunerativos de medicamentos genéricos en Europa, con idea de explorar con la remuneración de los farmacéuticos puede contribuir a la dispensación de genéricos. Métodos: Se obtuvieron datos de una revisión de la literatura, de una tesis de Master en Atención Farmacéutica en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, y de un correo enviado a todos los miembros del Grupo Farmacéutico de la Unión Europea solicitando información sobre los sistemas locales de remuneración de farmacéuticos comunitarios y la posible existencia de informes sobre las prácticas de descuentos. Resultados: La remuneración de los farmacéuticos en la mayoría de los países europeos consiste en la combinación de una tasa fija por artículo y un cierto porcentaje del precio de compra o del precio de venta del medicamento. Este componente porcentual puede ser fijo, regresivo o con topes para los medicamentos de muy alto coste, y actúa como un desincentivo para dispensar medicamentos genéricos. Los descuentos para medicamentos genéricos son practica común en varios países Europeos, pero la información sobre esta práctica tiende s ser confidencial. Sin embargo, los datos de Bélgica, Francia, Holanda y Reino Unido indican que los porcentajes de descuento varían del 10% al 70% del precio del mayorista. Conclusión: Los farmacéuticos pueden jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo del mercado de genéricos. No se debería penalizar financieramente a los farmacéuticos por dispensar genéricos. Por tanto, su remuneración debería moverse hacia una tasa-por-acto en lugar de un rembolso precio-dependiente, que es lo que ocurre en la mayoría de los países Europeos. Este sistema de remuneración en tasa-por-acto produce estímulos para la dispensación de genéricos, ya que los farmacéuticos no son penalizados por dispensarlos, pero también necesita tener en cuenta las pérdidas de ingresos al prohibir las prácticas de descuentos (AU)

Sobre el coste-efectividad de dabigatrán. Respuesta / On the Cost-effectiveness of Dabigatran. Response

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