Determination of urinary metabolites of XLR-11 by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Anal Bioanal Chem
; 408(2): 503-16, 2016 Jan.
Article
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| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-26514671
ABSTRACT
Recently, use of novel synthetic cannabinoids has increased greatly despite worldwide efforts to regulate these drugs. XLR-11 ((1-[5'-fluoropentyl]indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), a fluorinated synthetic cannabinoid with a tetramethylcyclopropyl moiety, has been frequently abused since 2012. XLR-11 produces a number of metabolites in common with its non-fluorinated parent analogue, UR-144 ((1-pentylindol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone). Therefore, it is essential to develop effective urinary markers to distinguish between these drugs. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profile of authentic human urine specimens from suspected users of XLR-11 using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we quantified four potential XLR-11 metabolites by using commercially available reference standards. In vitro metabolism of XLR-11 and UR-144 using human liver microsomes was also investigated to compare patterns of production of hydroxypentyl metabolites. Urine samples were prepared with and without enzymatic hydrolysis, and subjected to solid-phase extraction. We identified 19 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation, and combinations of these reactions. Among the identified metabolites, 12 were generated from a cyclopropyl ring-opened XLR-11 degradation product formed during smoking. The XLR-11 metabolite with a hydroxylated 2,4-dimethylpent-1-ene moiety was detected in most specimens after hydrolysis and could be utilized as a specific marker for XLR-11 intake. Quantitative results showed that the concentration ratio of 5- and 4-hydroxypentyl metabolites should also be considered as a useful marker for differentiating between the abuse of XLR-11 and UR-144.
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Bases de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Espectrometría de Masas
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Cannabinoides
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Detección de Abuso de Sustancias
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Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión
Tipo de estudio:
Evaluation_studies
Límite:
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Anal Bioanal Chem
Año:
2016
Tipo del documento:
Article