Clinical and molecular characterization of seven patients with Danon disease.

Danon disease is an X-linked glycogen storage disease characterized by skeletal myopathy, cardiomyopathy and intellectual impairment. It is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP2) gene. In the present study, exon and boarding intron analysis of 96 cardio disease-associated genes was performed in 770 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) using second-generation sequencing. Next, the identified mutations were confirmed in family members of the patients and 300 healthy controls. Detailed clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic findings were recorded. A pathogenic mutation in LAMP2 was identified in 7 patients who phenotypically presented with HCM. A total of four patients had a fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) on surface ECG. In addition, two patients presented with ventricular preexcitation with a short PR interval. Compared with the patients with protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit γ2 syndrome and Fabry disease, the 7 patients with Danon disease presented at an earlier age, had a smaller left atrial size, a thinner maximal left ventricular wall thickness and a lower probability of pacemaker implantation. Compared with 12 sex- and age-matched patients with sarcomere-protein mutations, the 4 patients with Danon disease had a lower left ventricular outflow tract gradient and worse diastolic function. The present study provided a comprehensive comparison of different pathologies presenting with HCM and reported on features of early-onset Danon disease, including the characteristic preexcitation and fQRS on ECG. This may provide valuable information that may be utilized for the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with Danon disease. The present study was registered as a clinical trial with ClinicalTrials.gov (Sep. 2, 2016; registry no. NCT02888132).