Transrectal ultrasound vector projectile imaging for time-resolved visualization of flow dynamics in the male urethra: A clinical pilot study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Quantitative and comprehensive visualization of urinary flow dynamics in the urethra is crucial for investigating patient-specific mechanisms of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Although some methods can evaluate the global properties of the urethra, it is critical to assess the local information, such as the location of the responsible lesion and its interactions with urinary flow in relation to LUTS. This approach is vital for enhancing personalized and focal treatments. However, there is a lack of such diagnostic tools that can directly observe how the urethral shape and motion impact urinary flow in the urethra. PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a novel transrectal ultrasound imaging modality based on the contrast-enhanced urodynamic vector projectile imaging (CE-UroVPI) framework and validate its clinical applicability for visualizing time-resolved flow dynamics in the urethra. METHODS: A new CE-UroVPI system was developed using a research-purpose ultrasound platform and a custom transrectal linear probe, and an imaging protocol for acquiring urodynamic echo data in male patients was designed. Thirty-four male patients with LUTS participated in this study. CE-UroVPI was performed to acquire ultrasound echo signals from the participant's urethra and urinary flow at various voiding phases (initiation, maintenance, and terminal). The ultrasound datasets were processed with custom software to visualize urinary flow dynamics and urethra tissue deformation. RESULTS: The transrectal CE-UroVPI system successfully visualized the time-resolved multidirectional urinary flow dynamics in the prostatic urethra during the initiation, maintenance, and terminal phases of voiding in 17 patients at a frame rate of 1250 fps. The maximum flow speed measured in this study was 2.5 m/s. In addition, when the urethra had an obstruction or an irregular partial deformation, the devised imaging modality visualized complex flow patterns, such as vortices and flow jets around the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings demonstrate that the transrectal CE-UroVPI system developed in this study can effectively image fluid-structural interactions in the urethra. This new diagnostic technology has the potential to facilitate quantitative and precise assessments of urethral voiding functions and aid in the improvement of focal and effective treatments for patients with LUTS.