Multivitamins co-intake can reduce the prevalence of kidney stones: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This research aimed to explore the association between changes in the intake of common individual vitamins and combinations of vitamins and the prevalence of kidney calculi. METHODS: We used data from NHANES to investigate the association between nine common vitamins and kidney stone prevalence. Participants were clustered into several vitamin exposure patterns using an unsupervised K-means clustering method. We used logistic regression models and restrictive cubic spline curves to explore the influence of vitamins. RESULTS: The regression model exposed that compared to lower intake, high intake of vitamin B6 [Q4 OR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.62, 0.93)], vitamin C [Q4 OR (95% CI) = 0.73 (0.59, 0.90)] and vitamin D [Q4 OR (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.64, 0.94)] individually exerted protective effects against the prevalence of kidney stones. Furthermore, the restrictive cubic spline analysis showed that the protective effect against the prevalence of kidney stones is enhanced as the take of vitamin B6 and vitamin D increased. Moreover, with the increase in vitamin C intake, its protective effect may turn into a risk factor. Regarding mixed exposure, Cluster 4 exhibited a significant protective effect against kidney stones compared with Cluster 1 [Model 3 OR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.64, 0.98)]. CONCLUSIONS: Our research revealed that high levels of vitamin B6 and vitamin D intake were linked to a lower prevalence of kidney stone. With the gradual increase intake of vitamin C, the prevalence of kidney calculi decreased first and then increased. In addition, the co-exposure of nine vitamins is a protective factor for kidney stone disease.