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The chalcone compound DHPO was synthesized through a chemical reaction between 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanone and 3,4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde under ultrasound irradiation. The interaction between the DHPO compound and several metal ions was studied using fluorescence behavior, revealing that the chalcone function as a "turn on and turn off" switch fluorescent sensor, for selectively and sensitively detecting Fe3+ ions. The process of fluorescence quenching and complexation of DHPO with Fe3+ ion was further studied using methods such as Benesi-Hildebrand, Stern-Volmer plot, and job plot.
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This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.
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Benzopiranos , Nitrilas , Compostos de Espiro , Espiro-Oxindóis , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Compostos de Espiro/química , Oxindóis/farmacologia , Oxindóis/químicaRESUMO
In this article, novel thiazol-indolin-2-one derivatives 4a-f have been synthesized via treatment of thiosemicarbazide (1) with some isatin derivative 2a-f and N-(4-(2-bromoacetyl)phenyl)-4-tolyl-sulfonamide (3) under reflux in ethanol in the presence of triethyl amine (TEA). The structures of new products were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses. Moreover, all compounds were investigated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using celecoxib as a reference drug. The target compound 4b was the most active anti-inflammatory candidate and exhibited higher edema inhibition (EI = 38.50%) than that recorded by celecoxib (EI = 34.58%) after 3 h. Furthermore, the most active compounds 4b and 4f were subjected to a molecular docking study inside COX-2 enzyme to show their binding interactions. Both compounds 4b and 4f showed good fitting into COX-2 binding site with docking energy scores - 11.45 kcal/mol and - 10.48 kcal/mol, respectively which indicated that compound 4b revealed the most promising and effective anti-inflammatory potential.
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We aimed to evaluate the ability of parasternal intercostal thickening fraction (PIC TF) to predict the need for mechanical ventilation, and survival in subjects with severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This prospective observational study included adult subjects with severe COVID-19. The following data were collected within 12 h of admission: PIC TF, respiratory rate oxygenation index, [Formula: see text] ratio, chest CT, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score. The ability of PIC TF to predict the need for ventilatory support (primary outcome) and a composite of invasive mechanical ventilation and/or 30-days mortality were performed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) analysis. Multivariate analysis was done to identify the independent predictors for the outcomes. Fifty subjects were available for the final evaluation. The AUC (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the right and left PIC TF ability to predict the need for ventilator support was 0.94 (0.83-0.99), 0.94 (0.84-0.99), respectively, with a cut off value of > 8.3% and positive predictive value of 90-100%. The AUC for the right and left PIC TF to predict invasive mechanical ventilation and/or 30 days mortality was 0.95 (0.85-0.99) and 0.90 (0.78-0.97), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, only the PIC TF was found to independently predict invasive mechanical ventilation and/or 30-days mortality. In subjects with severe COVID-19, PIC TF of 8.3% can predict the need to ventilatory support with a positive predictive value of 90-100%. PIC TF is an independent risk factor for the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and/or 30-days mortality.
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COVID-19 , Respiração Artificial , Adulto , Humanos , COVID-19/terapia , Curva ROC , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Hospitais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease is a major public brain condition that has resulted in many deaths, as revealed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conventional Alzheimer's treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy are not very effective and are usually associated with several adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new therapeutic approach that completely treats Alzheimer's disease without many side effects. In this research project, we report the synthesis and biological activities of some new thiazole-bearing sulfonamide analogs (1-21) as potent anti-Alzheimer's agents. Suitable characterization techniques were employed, and the density functional theory (DFT) computational approach, as well as in-silico molecular modeling, has been employed to assess the electronic properties and anti-Alzheimer's potency of the analogs. All analogs exhibited a varied degree of inhibitory potential, but analog 1 was found to have excellent potency (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.05 µM for AChE) and (IC50 = 0.20 ± 0.050 µM for BuChE) as compared to the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 µM and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM). The structure-activity relationship was established, and it mainly depends upon the nature, position, number, and electron-donating/-withdrawing effects of the substituent/s on the phenyl rings.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Twenty-four analogues of benzimidazole-based thiazoles (1-24) were synthesized and assessed for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory potential. All analogues were found to exhibit good inhibitory potential against cholinesterase enzymes, having IC50 values in the ranges of 0.10 ± 0.05 to 11.10 ± 0.30 µM (for AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM to 14.20 ± 0.10 µM (for BuChE) as compared to the standard drug Donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM, respectively). Among the series, analogues 16 and 21 were found to be the most potent inhibitors of AChE and BuChE enzymes. The number (s), types, electron-donating or -withdrawing effects and position of the substituent(s) on the both phenyl rings B & C were the primary determinants of the structure-activity relationship (SAR). In order to understand how the most active derivatives interact with the amino acids in the active site of the enzyme, molecular docking studies were conducted. The results obtained supported the experimental data. Additionally, the structures of all newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by using several spectroscopic methods like 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and HR EIMS.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Aminoácidos , Benzimidazóis/química , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Donepezila , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most chronic metabolic diseases. In the past few years, our research group has synthesized and evaluated libraries of heterocyclic analogs against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and found encouraging results. The current study comprises the evaluation of benzimidazole-bearing thiosemicarbazone as antidiabetic agents. A library of fifteen derivatives (7-21) was synthesized, characterized via different spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS, NMR, and screened against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. All derivatives exhibited excellent to good biological inhibitory potentials. Derivatives 19 (IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.20 µM and 1.20 ± 0.20 µM) and 20 (IC50 = 1.60 ± 0.20 µM and 1.10 ± 0.01 µM) were found to be the most potent among the series when compared with standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 11.29 ± 0.07 and 11.12 ± 0.15 µM, respectively). These derivatives may potentially serve as the lead candidates for the development of new therapeutic representatives. The structure-activity relationship was carried out for all molecules which are mainly based upon the pattern of substituent/s on phenyl rings. Moreover, in silico docking studies were carried out to investigate the active binding mode of selected derivatives with the target enzymes.
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Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases , Tiossemicarbazonas , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , alfa-Amilases , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Acarbose , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Benzimidazóis/química , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Triazole-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives (6a-u) were synthesized then characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as 1HNMR and 13CNMR and HRMS (ESI). Newly synthesized derivatives were screened in vitro for inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. All derivatives (except 6c and 6d, which were found to be completely inactive) demonstrated moderate to good inhibitory effects ranging from 0.10 ± 0.050 to 12.20 ± 0.30 µM (for AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.10 to 14.10 ± 0.40 µM (for BuChE). The analogue 6i (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.050 for AChE and IC50 = 0.20 ± 0.050 µM for BuChE), which had di-substitutions (2-nitro, 3-hydroxy groups) at ring B and tri-substitutions (2-nitro, 4,5-dichloro groups) at ring C, and analogue 6b (IC50 = 0.20 ± 0.10 µM for AChE and IC50 = 0.30 ± 0.10 µM for BuChE), which had di-Cl at 4,5, -NO2 groups at 2-position of phenyl ring B and hydroxy group at ortho-position of phenyl ring C, emerged as the most potent inhibitors of both targeted enzymes (AChE and BuChE) among the current series. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) was developed based on nature, position, number, electron donating/withdrawing effects of substitution/s on phenyl rings. Molecular docking studies were used to describe binding interactions of the most active inhibitors with active sites of AChE and BuChE.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Tiossemicarbazonas , Humanos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/síntese química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiossemicarbazonas/síntese química , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologia , Tiossemicarbazonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congenital pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a progressive disease. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) is the treatment of choice in valvular PS. AIM: We aim to study the relationship between biomarkers and echocardiographic markers in valvular PS and to assess the impact of BPV on these markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with moderate and severe valvular PS amenable for BPV were recruited. Serum troponin I was measured. Echocardiographic assessment of PS and right ventricular (RV) function was done. All patients underwent BPV. Troponin level and echocardiographic data were re-assessed 2 weeks and 6 months after BPV. RESULTS: Fifty patients with valvular PS were recruited. There was significant correlation between peak SPG and troponin (P < .001). Troponin was significantly decreased 2 weeks after BPV. Similarly, there was an initial improvement in RV function. After 6 months of follow-up, we divided patients into two groups: Group A: 36 patients with no restenosis. Group B: 14 patients with restenosis. There were high significant differences between both groups regarding troponin level and RV functions with re-elevated troponin in Group B that correlated with peak PG (r = .9, P < .001). RV function parameters in Group B became significantly worse 6 months after BPV than those after the initial 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: Troponin correlates with the severity of PS and associates with RV dysfunction. Both troponin and RV functions improved with BPV. Recurrent elevation of troponin and impairment of RV function is associated with PV restenosis and could be set as an indication for repeated balloon dilatation of PV.
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Valvuloplastia com Balão , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar , Biomarcadores , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Large and combined laryngoceles usually need an external approach. One difficulty in such approach was the dissection at the paraglottic space. To overcome such difficulty, a thyroid chondroplastic flap approach to the paraglottic space was designed. METHODS: This study is a case series of thirty consecutive patients (24 men and six women with an average age of 45.6 years), having large combined laryngocele resected externally between January 1995 and December 2019) at the department of ORL_HNS Tanta University, Egypt. RESULTS: This approach allowed for excellent exposure of the paraglottic space, facilitating complete resection. Complications included perichondrial tearing in five patients, obstructing hematoma in two patient and minimal edema in four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid chondroplastic flap is an excellent and safe approach for the paraglottic space facilitating complete resection of large laryngoceles.
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Laringocele , Laringe , Dissecação , Egito , Feminino , Humanos , Laringe/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Glândula TireoideRESUMO
The reaction of the 2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (1) with salicylaldehyde (2) in 1,4-dioxane containing a catalytic amount of piperidine gave the coumarin derivative 3. The latter reacted with different reagents to give pyrano[4,5-b]thiazole, pyrido[4,5-b]thiazole and thieno[5,4-b]thiazole dereivatives. The anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of the newly synthesized products were evaluated and the results showed that compounds 7a, 8a, 10b, 13b, 15b, 18a, 19b, 19c, and 19d showed higher activity compared to the rest of the compounds. In addition to this, toxicity of such active compounds was studied against shrimp larvae where compounds 10b, 18a, 19c and 19d showed to be non-toxic against the tested organisms.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Tiazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Dromedary camels complaining from conception failure or abortion were investigated and their herders interviewed in Al Ahsa province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) during 2013 and 2015. The most important reproductive disorder according to the responders is uterine infection (60.2%) followed by obesity (22.3%) then physiological conditions (hormonal disturbances; 7.8%), adhesions (3.9%) and repeat breeders (2.9%). Of the camel herders, 78.6% reported previous occurrence of abortion in their herds and 46% reported abortion cases in the last season (2015/2016), while 21.4% reported no history of abortion. Most of the responders (97.1%) do not call a veterinarian for cases of abortion in their herds and 53.4% do not discard aborted materials. The majority of the herders (76.7%) deny that handling aborted materials or touching vaginal fluids can result in human infection, or replied they do not know. Uterine swab samples were collected and tested by PCR for seven potential pathogens and sera tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Brucella. Five pathogens were identified in infected uterine samples, namely Coxiella burnetii (36%), Campylobacter spp. (27%), Brucella spp. (17%), Salmonella spp. (13%), and Chlamydia spp. (7%). Sero-prevalence of Brucella and BVDV was 8.2 and 29.1% in overall sera, respectively, and varies with regard to the region. The findings of the present study demonstrate that reproductive disorders dominated by uterine infections and abortions are widespread in dromedary camels in KSA.
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Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Camelus , Infecções do Sistema Genital/veterinária , Doenças Uterinas/veterinária , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Feminino , Incidência , Prevalência , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/microbiologia , Arábia Saudita/epidemiologia , Doenças Uterinas/epidemiologia , Doenças Uterinas/microbiologiaRESUMO
The mutual interplay between neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and autophagy has piqued researchers' interest, particularly when it comes to linking their impact and relationship to cognitive deficits. Being able to reduce inflammation and apoptosis, melatonin has shown to have positive neuroprotective effects; that is why we thought to check the possible role of agomelatine (AGO) as a promising candidate that could have a positive impact on cognitive deficits. In the current study, AGO (40 mg/kg/day, p.o., 7 days) successfully ameliorated the cognitive and learning disabilities caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats (250 µg/kg/day, i.p., 7 days). This positive impact was supported by improved histopathological findings and improved spatial memory as assessed using Morris water maze. AGO showed a strong ability to control BACE1 activity and to rein in the hippocampal amyloid beta (Aß) deposition. Also, it improved neuronal survival, neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis by boosting BDNF levels and promoting its advantageous effects and by reinforcing the pTrkB expression. In addition, it upregulated the pre- and postsynaptic neuroplasticity biomarkers resembled in synapsin I, synaptophysin, and PSD-95. Furthermore, AGO showed a modulatory action on Sortilin-related receptor with A-type repeats (SorLA) pathway and adjusted autophagy. It is noteworthy that all of these actions were abolished by administering PD98059 a MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor (0.3 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 days). In conclusion, AGO administration significantly improves memory and learning disabilities associated with LPS administration by modulating the ERK/SorLA/BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway parallel to its capacity to adjust the autophagic process.
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Deficiências da Aprendizagem , Lipopolissacarídeos , Ratos , Animais , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/farmacologia , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/metabolismo , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/patologia , Hipocampo , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic hemithyroidectomy (EH) performed via the modified unilateral axillo-breast approach (UABA) in patients with lactating and/or large ptotic breasts. METHODS: Between 2019 and 2021, we studied the records of twenty-three eligible female patients with lactating and/or large ptotic breasts who were presented with benign unilateral thyroid nodule (s) and who were treated by EH using modified UABA at Mansoura University Oncology Center or Meet Ghamr oncology center. The demographic data, clinicopathological parameters, operative and the esthetic outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients (39%) were lactating. All patients were obese (the mean BMI was 37.82 ± 4.37). All patients were having large breasts, cup C and D sizes (34% of patients & 56% of patients respectively), except for only two lactating female patients who had Cup B breasts. All patients were having ptotic breasts. The thyroid nodules greatest dimension ranged from 2.1-6 cm. All procedures were completed successfully endoscopically without any perioperative adverse events except for one case with temporary hoarseness of voice and three cases with axillary port sites cellulitis. The mean operative time was 83.26 ± 7.92 min. The patient satisfaction scores were high. CONCLUSION: EH via modified UABA in patients with lactating and/or large ptotic breasts is safe, feasible and effective procedure without adverse events. It should be offered to this group of patients as an alternative to conventional open thyroidectomy if there is no other contraindication.
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Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Tireoidectomia/métodos , Lactação , Mama/cirurgia , Mama/patologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the outcomes of posterior cordotomy in cases with bilateral abductor vocal fold immobility (BAVFI), either by radiofrequency or CO2 laser. METHODS: This prospective comparative randomized study included 80 patients with BAVFI of different etiologies. They were divided randomly into two groups. Group A included 44 patients for whom radiofrequency was used for posterior cordotomy, while the other group (group B) included 36 patients managed by CO2 laser-assisted posterior cordotomy. RESULTS: The postoperative respiratory chink improved significantly in both groups, with a significant improvement in the dyspnea, especially in group B. The postoperative voice handicapped VHI-10 scores showed significant deterioration in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: CO2 laser and radiofrequency-assisted posterior cordotomy were effective and safe for managing cases with BAVFI. Moreover, the CO2 laser has the upper hand regarding breathing and exercise tolerance outcomes, significantly impacting the quality of life.
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BACKGROUND: A number of research were conducted on the pyran and thiophene derivatives, which were attributed to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-plasmodial, as well as acting as caspase, hepatitis C and cancer inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The multicomponent reactions of the 5-acetyl-2-amino-4-(phenylamino)-thiophene-3-carbonitrile produced biologically active target molecules like pyran and their fused derivatives. Comparison between regular catalytic multi-component reactions and solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multicomponent was studied. METHODS: The multicomponent reactions in this work were carried out not only under the reflux conditions using triethylamine as a catalyst but also in solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) catalysts. RESULTS: Through this work, thirty-one new compounds were synthesized and characterized and were evaluated toward the six cancer cell lines, namely A549, HT-29, MKN-45, U87MG, and SMMC-7721 and H460. The most active compounds were further screened toward seventeen cancer cell lines classified according to the disease. In addition, the effect of compound 11e on the A549 cell line was selected to make further morphological changes in the cell line. The Molecular docking studies of 11e and 11f were carried and promising results were obtained. CONCLUSION: The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds derived from thiophene derivatives has been receiving significant attention. After a detailed optimizing study, it has been found that the solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multi-component syntheses afforded a high yield of compounds, opening a greener procedure for this synthetically relevant transformation. Many of the synthesized compounds can be considered anticancer agents, enhancing further studies.
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Antineoplásicos , Proliferação de Células , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Líquidos Iônicos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Tiofenos , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Tiofenos/síntese química , Humanos , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Líquidos Iônicos/farmacologia , Líquidos Iônicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Introduction: Early dental implant failure (EDIF) can occur even when optimal materials are used, surgical protocols are strictly followed and the quantity and quality of bone at the recipient site are sufficient. The existence of specific patient-related risk factors require an investigation into the regulatory mechanisms controlling bone metabolism, bone remodelling and bone turnover as well as serum Vitamin D. The implant stability quotient is used as a prognostic indicator for possible implant failure. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between serum Vitamin D levels and EDIF. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 implant placement sites were identified in 53 patients enrolled in this study. All patients had the assessments of serum Vitamin D levels side by side with assessments of primary and secondary implant stability at proposed implant sites at the time of implant placement and after 12 weeks using a resonance frequency analysis device. Results: Ten early failures (7%) were recorded. There was no correlation between gender, age, smoking, hyperglycaemia or an increased incidence of early failures. Statistical analysis reported two early failures (4.5%) in patients with serum levels of Vitamin D >30 ng/mL, two early failures (2.3%) in patients with levels between 10 and 30 ng/mL and six early failures (46.2%) in patients with levels <10 ng/mL. Discussion: The role of Vitamin D as a risk factor for early implant failure should be considered in patients with Vitamin D deficiency. The incidence of early implant failures was higher in patients with low serum levels of Vitamin D. Patients with low serum Vitamin D levels had a greater rate of early implant failure.
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The demand for the functionalization of additive materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) is currently high due to their potential applications across various sectors. The preparation of BC-based additive materials typically involves two approaches: in situ and ex situ. In situ modifications entail the incorporation of additive materials, such as soluble and dispersed substances, which are non-toxic and not essential for bacterial cell growth during the production process. However, these materials can impact the yield and self-assembly of BC. In contrast, ex situ modification occurs subsequent to the formation of BC, where the additive materials are not only adsorbed on the surface but also impregnated into the BC pellicle, while the BC slurry was homogenized with other additive materials and gelling agents to create composite films using the casting method. This review will primarily focus on the in situ and ex situ functionalization of BC then sheds light on the pivotal role of functionalized BC in advancing biomedical technologies, wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, bone regeneration, and biosensors.
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Celulose , Engenharia Tecidual , Celulose/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Materiais Biocompatíveis/metabolismoRESUMO
In this paper, novel pyridines 2-8 were designed and synthesized via the one-pot, four-component reaction of 2-formylphenyl 4-tolylsulfonate with malononitrile, ammonium acetate, and phenols or 2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one or 6-aminopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione under microwave irradiation in an aqueous solution of water and ethanol (1:1 ratio). The structures of new pyridines 2-8 were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, and 13CNMR. This application has many advantages, such as having easy workup, eco-friendliness, reaction time being short (6-13 min), high production (94-98%), inexpensiveness, and avoiding the use of harmful solvents. Moreover, all compounds have been investigated as insecticidal agents against cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) insects, and the toxicity effect was studied, followed by the structure-activity relationship. From the LC50 values, it has been found that compounds 7 and 8 were excellent and promising insecticidal agents, with LC50 values of 0.05 and 0.09 ppm against nymphs and 0.93 and 1.01 ppm against adults of cowpea aphid. Furthermore, the obtained results indicated that compounds 2-8 can be applied as insecticidal agents for the control of cowpea aphids and to protect agricultural crops from this destructive pest, which effects crop production and causes major economic damage.
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Microbial enzymes are crucial catalysts in various industries due to their versatility and efficiency. The microbial enzymes market has recently expanded due to increased demand for many reasons. Among them are eco-friendly solutions, developing novel microbial strains with enhanced enzymes that perform under harsh conditions, providing sustainability, and raising awareness about the benefits of enzyme-based products. By 2030, the global enzyme market is expected to account for $525 billion, with a growth rate of 6.7â¯%. L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase are among the leading applied microbial enzymes in antitumor therapy, with a growing market share of 16.5â¯% and 9.5â¯%, respectively. The use of microbial enzymes has opened new opportunities to fight various tumors, including leukemia, lymphosarcoma, and breast cancer, which has increased their demand in the pharmaceutical and medicine sectors. Despite their promising applications, commercial use of microbial enzymes faces challenges such as short half-life, immunogenicity, toxicity, and other side effects. Therefore, this review explores the industrial production, purification, formulation, and commercial utilization of microbial enzymes, along with an overview of the global enzyme market. With ongoing discoveries of novel enzymes and their applications, enzyme technology offers promising avenues for cancer treatment and other therapeutic interventions.