RESUMO
Approximately 75% of xenobiotics are primarily eliminated through metabolism; thus the accurate scaling of metabolic clearance is vital to successful drug development. Yet, when data is scaled from in vitro to in vivo, hepatic metabolic clearance, the primary source of metabolism, is still commonly underpredicted. Over the past decades, with biophysics used as a key component to restore aspects of the in vivo environment, several new cell culture settings have been investigated to improve hepatocyte functionalities. Most of these studies have focused on shear stress, i.e., flow mediated by a pressure gradient. One potential conclusion of these studies is that hepatocytes are naturally "mechanosensitive," i.e., they respond to a change in their biophysical environment. We demonstrate that hepatocytes also respond to an increase in hydrostatic pressure that, we suggest, is directly linked to the lobule geometry and vessel density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hydrostatic pressure improves albumin production and increases cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2 expression levels in an aryl hydrocarbon-dependent manner in human hepatocytes. Increased albumin production and CYP function are commonly attributed to the impacts of shear stress in microfluidic experiments. Therefore, our results highlight evidence of a novel link between hydrostatic pressure and CYP metabolism and demonstrate that the spectrum of hepatocyte mechanosensitivity might be larger than previously thought.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Mecanotransdução Celular/genética , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genética , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Células Hep G2 , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Pressão Hidrostática , Inativação Metabólica/genética , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Optimization of a water soluble, moderately potent lead series of isoxazole-3-carboxamides was conducted, affording a compound with the requisite balance of potency, solubility and physicochemical properties for in vivo use. Compound 8e was demonstrated to be efficacious in a rat model of inflammatory pain, following oral administration.
Assuntos
Isoxazóis/química , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Isoxazóis/uso terapêutico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismoRESUMO
Systematic optimisation of a poorly soluble lead series of isoxazole-3-carboxamides was conducted. Substitution of the 4-position with specific polar functionality afforded the requisite balance of potency, solubility and physicochemical properties. Compound 21a was found to be efficacious in the rat Capsaicin Hargreaves assay following oral administration.
Assuntos
Cicloexanóis/química , Isoxazóis/química , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Amidas/química , Amidas/farmacocinética , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Capsaicina/toxicidade , Cicloexanóis/farmacocinética , Cicloexanóis/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Isoxazóis/farmacocinética , Isoxazóis/uso terapêutico , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismoRESUMO
Optimisation of a screening hit incorporating both TRPV1 activity and solubility was conducted. Substitution of the isoxazole-3-carboxamide with the bespoke 1S, 3R-3-aminocyclohexanol motif afforded the requisite balance of potency and solubility. Compounds 32 and 40 were found to have antihyperalgesic effects in the rat CFA Hg assay and induce a mechanism based hyperthermia.