Sequence variation in the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased and healthy chickens.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene and the variation in alpha-toxin production of Clostridium perfringens type A strains isolated from presumably healthy chickens and chickens suffering from either necrotic enteritis (NE) or cholangio-hepatitis. The alpha-toxin encoding plc genes from 60 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types (strains) of C. perfringens were sequenced and translated in silico to amino acid sequences and the alpha-toxin production was investigated in batch cultures of 45 of the strains using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach. Overall, the truncated amino acid sequences showed close similarity (>98% at the amino acid level) to previously reported sequences from chicken-derived C. perfringens isolates. Variations were however observed in 23 out of 379 aa positions leading to the definition of 26 different alpha-toxin sequence types among the 60 strains. Moreover, a type II intron of 834 non-coding nucleotides was identified in the plc gene of three of the investigated strains. The in vitro alpha-toxin production investigated in 45 of the strains, including the three harbouring the intron, revealed no correlation between PFGE type, alpha-toxin sequence type, health status of the host chickens and level of alpha-toxin production. It is therefore concluded that neither plc gene type nor alpha-toxin production level seems to correlate to origin (healthy or diseased chicken) of the C. perfringens strains.

In vitro production of necrotic enteritis toxin B, NetB, by netB-positive and netB-negative Clostridium perfringens originating from healthy and diseased broiler chickens.

The Clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis toxin B, NetB, was recently proposed as a new key virulence factor for the development of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of the netB gene and the in vitro production of the NetB toxin in a well characterized collection of 48 C. perfringens Type A isolates, obtained from Danish broiler flocks. The investigation revealed netB gene prevalences of approx. 50% and 60% among isolates from diseased (NE) and healthy flocks, respectively. Only minor nucleotide variations were observed between the isolates in the coding sequence (CDS) of the netB gene, and the promoter region was observed to be completely conserved. However, in vitro NetB production was only observed in 4 out of 14 netB-positive C. perfringens isolates recovered from healthy birds, whereas 12 out of 13 netB-positive isolates from NE birds were shown to produce the NetB toxin. It is therefore proposed that genotype, i.e. presence of the netB gene, in itself is inadequate for predicting virulence of C. perfringens, and future investigations should focus on the bacterial phenotypes; the regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of NetB, and potentially also other toxins, and its implications for the virulence of individual C. perfringens strains.

Dynamics of plc gene transcription and alpha-toxin production during growth of Clostridium perfringens strains with contrasting alpha-toxin production.

The aim of the present study was to investigate transcription dynamics of the alpha-toxin-encoding plc gene relative to two housekeeping genes (gyrA and rplL) in batch cultures of three Clostridium perfringens strains with low, intermediate, and high levels of alpha-toxin production, respectively. The plc transcript level was always low in the low alpha-toxin producing strain. For the two other strains, plc transcription showed an inducible pattern and reached a maximum level in the late exponential growth phase. The transcription levels were however inversely correlated to alpha-toxin production for the two strains. We propose that this discrepancy is due to differences in plc translation rates between the strains and that strain-specific translational rates therefore must be determined before alpha-toxin production can be extrapolated from transcript levels in C. perfringens.

Desulfovibrio alkalitolerans sp. nov., a novel alkalitolerant, sulphate-reducing bacterium isolated from district heating water.

A novel alkalitolerant, sulphate-reducing bacterium (strain RT2T) was isolated from alkaline district heating water. Strain RT2T was a motile vibrio (0.5-0.8 microm wide and 1.4-1.9 microm long) and grew at pH 6.9-9.9 (optimum at pH 9.0-9.4) and at 16-47 degrees C (optimum at 43 degrees C). The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.7 mol%. A limited number of compounds were used as electron donors with sulphate as electron acceptor, including lactate, pyruvate, formate and hydrogen/acetate. Sulphite and thiosulphate also served as electron acceptors. Based on physiological and genotypic properties, the isolate was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Desulfovibrio, for which the name Desulfovibrio alkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RT2T (=DSM 16529T=JCM 12612T). The strain is the first alkali-tolerant member of the genus Desulfovibrio to be described.

Characterization of the marine propionate-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfofaba fastidiosa sp. nov. and reclassification of Desulfomusa hansenii as Desulfofaba hansenii comb. nov.

A rod-shaped, slightly curved sulfate reducer, designated strain P2(T), was isolated from the sulfate-methane transition zone of a marine sediment. Cells were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The strain reduced sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite to sulfide and used propionate, lactate and 1-propanol as electron donors. Strain P2(T) also grew by fermentation of lactate. Propionate was oxidized incompletely to acetate and CO(2). The DNA G+C content was 48.8 mol%. Sequence analysis of the small-subunit rDNA and the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene revealed that strain P2(T) was related to the genera Desulfonema, Desulfococcus, Desulfosarcina, 'Desulfobotulus', Desulfofaba, Desulfomusa and Desulfofrigus. These genera include incomplete as well as complete oxidizers of substrates. Strain P2(T) shared important morphological and physiological traits with Desulfofaba gelida and Desulfomusa hansenii, including the ability to oxidize propionate incompletely to acetate. The 16S rRNA gene similarities of P2(T) to Desulfofaba gelida and Desulfomusa hansenii were respectively 92.9 and 91.5 %. Combining phenotypic and genotypic traits, we propose strain P2(T) to be a member of the genus Desulfofaba. The name Desulfofaba fastidiosa sp. nov. (type strain P2(T)=DSM 15249(T)=ATCC BAA-815(T)) is proposed, reflecting the limited number of substrates consumed by the strain. In addition, the reclassification of Desulfomusa hansenii as a member of the genus Desulfofaba, Desulfofaba hansenii comb. nov., is proposed. A common line of descent and a number of shared phenotypic traits support this reclassification.