Retinal choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in former preterm and full-term infants aged 4 to 8 years.

PURPOSE: To compare the retinal thickness at the fovea center, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and choroidal thickness (CT) in former preterm and full-term infants. METHODS: A total of 121 healthy children aged 4-8 years were divided 4 groups: group 1; children born on time, group 2; preterm children without a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), group 3; preterm children with a history of spontaneously regressed ROP and group 4; preterm children who underwent diode laser photocoagulation for ROP. The retinal thickness at the fovea, peripapillary RNFL thickness at global, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants and submacular CT at 7 different points were measured by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness at the fovea center was statistically higher, whereas the mean RNFL thickness values in global, nasal, superior and inferior quadrants were statistically lower in group 4. No difference was found in the mean submacular CT value of any point between the groups. CONCLUSION: Transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation treatment for ROP seems to cause an increase in macular thickness and a decrease in RNFL thickness.

The effects of smoking on dry eye parameters in healthy women.

AIM: To investigate the effects of chronic smoking on dry eye parameters. METHODS: Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and tear function tests such as Schirmer's test, tear break-up-time (TBUT) test and impression cytology of 63 female chronic smokers and 40 age-matched female non-smokers were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The mean OSDI scores, Schirmer test results and TBUT levels were 35.85 ± 24.01 point, 14.25 ± 5.94 mm and 5.17 ± 2.85 s in chronic smokers and 15.20 ± 12.93 point, 15.48 ± 7.01 mm and 10.03 ± 3.44 s in non-smokers, respectively. Differences in OSDI scores, TBUT levels and impression cytology grades among the chronic smokers and non-smokers were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Smoking behavior seems to affect the dry eye parameters negatively.

Dry eye findings worsen with anticholinergic therapy in patients with urge incontinence.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the effects of oral anticholinergic (OAC) drugs on tear secretion in women with overactive bladder over a 3-month follow-up period. METHODS: In this prospective study, 108 women with a diagnosis of overactive bladder were evaluated. All patients were examined ophthalmologically at baseline (day 0), and after 1 month (day 30) and 3 months (day 90) of OAC treatment. Tear film break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer 1 test results were recorded. The subjective complaints of the patients including dry mouth, and burning, dryness and foreign body sensation in the eyes, were also recorded. The chi-squared test or the paired sample t test as appropriate, was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 51.8 ± 9.2 years (30 - 69 years). The most frequent subjective complaints were dry mouth and dry eyes and both complaints were significant on both day 30 and day 90. Both tear film BUT and Schirmer 1 test results were significantly lower on day 30 and day 90. Dry eye measurement values worsened with prolongation of OAC treatment (p = 0.037 and p = 0.012 for BUT, and p = 0.046 and p = 0.035 for Schirmer 1 test, on day 30 and day 90, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OAC treatment in women with overactive bladder significantly and progressively affects tear secretion.

Effects of commonly used intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs on mesenchymal stem cells derived from the limbus and ciliary body.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of commonly used intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibodies on proliferation index and viability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from ciliary body and limbus (CB-MSC and LMSC). METHODS: CB-MSCs and LMSCs were isolated from newborn rats' eyes, and they were expanded in medium by the explant method. Intravitreally used anti-VEGF drugs, aflibercept, bevacizumab and ranibizumab were tested into the 16-well plates, respectively, at four different concentrations. After keeping them for 48 h, the proliferation indexes and viabilities of CB-MSCs and LMSCs were compared separately by Real-Time Cell Analyzer and Methylthiazoltetrazoli (MTT) test. RESULTS: Anti-VEGFs used at 5-times and 10-times of the standard clinical dosage caused statistically significant negative effects on proliferation indexes of CB-MSCs and LMSCs at the 24th hour compared to control group. Only the anti-VEGF group that had 10-times dosage of those used clinically had a statistically significant negative effect on the viabilties of CB-MSCs and LMSCs. CONCLUSION: Administrations of high doses or repeated standard doses of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents may affect the proliferation indexes and viabilities of CB-MSCs and LMSCs adversely. These novel findings deserve further in vivo investigations.

The short-term and long-term adverse ocular effects of fesoterodine fumarate.

AIM: To evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of fesoterodine fumarate treatment which is used for overactive bladder (OAB) on pupil diameter (PD), intraocular pressure (IOP) and accommodation amplitude (AA). METHOD: Ophthalmic examination was performed before and after receiving medication (on the 30th and 90th day) on 120 eyes of 120 women whom were planned to begin anticholinergic treatment (fesoterodine fumarate, 4 mg/day, peroral) for OAB, prospectively. The changes in PD, IOP and AA were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The mean age of 120 women was 52.06 ± 9.39 years (30-70 years). The mean PD, IOP and AA values were 4.12 ± 0.61 mm (3.00-5.70 mm), 15.58 ± 1.74 mmHg (11-20 mmHg) 2.28 ± 1.26 Diopter (D) (0.50-5.50 D) at baseline; 4.68 ± 0.65 mm (3.20-5.80 mm), 16.11 ± 1.72 mmHg (11-20 mmHg), 1.68 ± 1.04 D (0.25-4.50 D) at 30th day; and 4.28 ± 0.58 mm (3.10-5.70 mm), 16.09 ± 1.96 mmHg (11-19 mmHg), 2.18 ± 1.19 D (0.50-5.00 D) at 90th day, respectively. Although increases in PD values and decreases in AA values were statistically significant (p < 0.001 for each), the changes in IOP values were not as such (p = 0.642). Visual complaint was not observed in any patient. DISCUSSION: The newest anticholinergic medication in women with OAB increased the PD and decreased the AA statistically significantly. Clinically, it seems to be well-tolerated by the patient.

The effects of commonly used intravitreal steroids on proliferation index of ciliary body-derived mesenchymal stem cells: an in vitro study.

AIM: To investigate the effects of commonly used intravitreal steroids on survival and proliferation (namely, proliferation index) of ciliary body-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSC). METHODS: CB-MSCs were isolated from newborn rats' eye, and they were expanded in the medium. Commonly used intravitreal steroids such as dexamethasone (Dex) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) were added into the medium at commonly used concentration in clinical practice (0.1 mg/mL) and at lower concentration (0.01 mg/mL). Proliferation indexes of CB-MSCs were analyzed with the xCELLigence system at nine consecutive times (at 3rd, 6th, 21th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th, 90th and 100th h). RESULTS: Both TA and Dex at both 0.01 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL concentrations had negative effect on proliferation indexes of CB-MSC. Although negative effect of TA on proliferation index of CB-MSC at both concentrations was not statistically significant, statistically significant negative effect of Dex at 0.01 mg/mL concentration started 60th h (p = 0.017) and 0.1 mg/mL concentration started 30th h (p = 0.014). DISCUSSION: Even therapeutic doses of intravitreal corticosteroid agents might have negative effects on limited numbers of stem cells. Especially, Dex caused statistically significant toxic effects on CB-MSCs even at lower concentrations of those used clinically. These novel findings deserve further in vivo investigations.

Effect of allogeneic limbal mesenchymal stem cell therapy in corneal healing: role of administration route.

AIMS: To investigate whether allogeneic limbal mesenchymal stem cell (LMSC) therapy affects corneal healing after a severe chemical burn and whether the route of administration of LMSCs differs in its therapeutic effect in this respect. METHODS: A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats with clinically proven alkali injury were divided into four equal groups (n = 15) as follows: group 1: 2 × 10(5) cells/drop LMSCs, topically applied 6 times a day for 2 days; group 2: 2.4 × 10(6) cells in 0.5 ml LMSCs, subconjunctivally applied; group 3: 2.4 × 10(6) cells in 1 ml LMSCs, intraperitoneally applied, and group 4: no LMSC treatment. The groups were compared according to grades of corneal opacity (CO), corneal neovascularization (CNV) and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS). The migration of LMSCs into the cornea and the inflammatory characteristics of the groups were evaluated with BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine bromodeoxyuridine) immunostaining and histopathologically in a 4-week follow-up. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the LMSC-treated and control groups in each week regarding mean CO scores and in the 3rd week regarding the mean CNV and CFS scores (p < 0.05). The statistical significance was due to the differences between the topical and the control group and between the subconjunctival and the control group. BrdU+ LMSCs were seen in the corneal epithelium of the all LMSC-administered rats, and fewer inflammatory changes were observed in these rats. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic LMSC treatment, especially topical and subconjunctival administration, seems to be helpful in affecting corneal healing after a severe corneal burn.

Retinal findings similar to retinopathy of prematurity in a term-infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

PURPOSE: To present a term-born infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (C-CMV) infection with an atypical retinal finding mimicking retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). CASE DESCRIPTION: A term-born infant was referred to our clinic due to a C-CMV infection. Fundoscopic examination of both eyes revealed a demarcation line at zone II level and peripheral avascular retina along the temporal retina. There was no chorioretinitis, no vitritis, and no retinal vasculitis. There was no history of oxygen supplementation. The demarcation lines in both eyes regressed spontaneously within 3 weeks without any sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: It has been known for many years that C-CMV infection may affect the eye, and chorioretinitis is the most common finding. In this case report, we presented an atypical ROP-like retinal finding in an infant with C-CMV infection. We think that the development of retinal vascularization may be affected by C-CMV infection. We hope that this finding may provide a clue for future investigations to understand the relationship between the pathogenesis of ROP and infection-induced inflammatory processes in prenatal and perinatal life.

Rehabilitation Methods for Patients with Geographic Atrophy due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Effects of Rehabilitation on Quality of Life.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the low vision rehabilitation methods and to investigate the effect of visual rehabilitation on quality of life in patients with low vision due to geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods: The better-seeing eye of 78 patients with geographic atrophy due to ARMD were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, ophthalmological examination findings, and preferred low vision aids for near and distant were recorded. Fifty-seven patients who preferred to use a low vision aid device in daily life were considered as a rehabilitation group, whereas 21 patients who did not use any device were considered as a control group. The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was applied to all patients at the initial examination and at least 6 months after the initial examination. Results: In the rehabilitation group, statistically significant increases were found in the overall composite score, and general vision, near and distance activities, social functioning, mental health, role difficulties, and dependency subscale scores of the NEI-VFQ-25 quality of life scale after low vision rehabilitation (p=0.009 for general vision, p < 0.001; for others). In the control group, there was no statistically significant change in any of the subscale scores or the overall score of the scale (p > 0.05). All patients (n = 78) were recommended to use at least one low vision aid for near vision. Hyperocular glasses were recommended for 77 patients (98.72%), magnifiers for 15 patients (19.23%), electro-optical devices for 2 patients (2.56%), and telemicroscope for one patient (1.28%). Furthermore, 17 patients (21.8%) were prescribed more than one low vision aids. However, for distance vision, only 29 patients (37.18%) received a recommendation for a low vision aid. Conclusions: Low vision patients with ARMD-related geographic atrophy should meet with low vision aids as soon as possible and should be included in low vision rehabilitation programs.

Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. METHODS: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

Effects of diode laser photocoagulation treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity.

AIM: To investigate the effects of diode laser treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Premature infants who received diode laser treatment for ROP (n=68) and premature infants with spontaneous regressed ROP without treatment (n=50) were performed longitudinal ocular biometric measurements including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length as follows: 1d prior to laser treatment, and 3, 6, 9, and 12mo after the laser treatment. RESULTS: The mean birth weight, gestational age and initial examination time values were 936.53±302.07 g, 26.66±2.42wk, 36.26±2.73wk in the treatment group and 959.78±260.08 g, 27.28±2.10wk, 36.56±2.54wk in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in these demographic characteristics of the groups. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length demonstrated statistically significant linear increases during the study period in the two groups (P<0.001 for each). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of anterior chamber depth after laser treatment. Measurements of the lens thickness at 9th and 12th months (9th month 3.70±0.22 vs 3.60±0.21 mm, P=0.017; 12th month 3.81±0.21 vs 3.69±0.22 mm, P=0.002) and the axial length at 12th month (19.35±0.79 vs 19.13±0.54 mm, P=0.031) after laser treatment were statistically higher in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Diode laser retinal photocoagulation treatment in premature infants seems to increase the lens thickness and axial length.

Should parents be present during screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity?

Purpose: To investigate whether parents should be present during screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by investigating the anxiety levels of parents using two different approaches. Methods: This cross-sectional and two-center study was carried out with the parents at the time of the first ROP screening examination of their premature infants. At one center, the parents accompanied the infants during the ROP examination (Group 1), and in the other center, they did not (Group 2). Anxiety levels were assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which consists of the State Anxiety (STAI-S) and Trait Anxiety (STAI-T) subscales and a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: A total of 147 parents of 127 infants were included in the study. STAI-T and -S levels were 40.5 ± 8 and 37.9 ± 7.5, respectively, in Group 1 and 39.6 ± 8.1 and 39.4 ± 9.1 in Group 2 before the examination. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of these values between the two groups (P > 0.05). The state anxiety levels increased by an average of 1.7 ± 8 in Group 1 and reached 39.6 ± 10.1 after the examination. In Group 2, these levels decreased by an average of - 2.7 ± 7.5 points to a score of 36.4 ± 10.3. This difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.001). A similar pattern was observed in the evaluation of the VAS data. Conclusion: As a preliminary opinion, it may be more appropriate for parents to not participate in screening examinations, but single-center controlled studies are required to confirm the results.

Ophthalmologic approach to babies with cerebral visual impairment.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an increasingly common type of visual disturbance in infants and children. The increased incidence is associated with improved neonatal intensive care services and survival of premature infants, especially in developed countries and our country. For accurate ophthalmological evaluation, it is important to know the behavioral responses to visual stimuli that are unique to CVI such as color preference, need for movement, visual latency, visual field preference, and difficulty in visual complexity. METHODS: This review is prepared to draw attention to the subject within the scope of Ankara University Vision, Artificial Vision and Low Vision Rehabilitation training programs. RESULTS: The most common causes are hypoxia and perinatal ischemia. Ocular structures are generally normal or are not sufficient to explain the visual impairment. Diagnosis and habilitation methods differ from visual impairment of ocular origin. As a result, early diagnosis of CVI in infants and toddlers and an effective visual habilitation with a multidisciplinary approach where ophthalmologists and pediatricians lead the team is very valuable. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and early visual habilitation will increase the quality of life of babies and will provide important gains for families and therefore the whole society. Pediatricians should be familiar with this group of disturbances and the available resources, as they are best placed to refer the child for evaluation and rehabilitation and encourage the family for follow-up.

The outcomes of 326 external dacryocystorhinostomy operations in children with dacryostenosis - 30-year experience of an oculoplastic surgeon.

PURPOSE: To report demographic features and surgical outcomes of 320 children undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for dacryostenosis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the records of patients aged <16 years who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Patient demographic features and success rates of the operations were analyzed from the data records. Children with <12-month follow-up were not enrolled in the study. RESULTS: We identified 326 operative records of 320 children (162 [50.6%] girls and 158 [49.4%] boys) who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy with a mean follow-up of 26.03 ± 11.11 months. Overall, we evaluated 116 (35.6%) cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Our series demonstrated a 99.4% success rate for external dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSIONS: External dacryocystorhinostomy in children has a high success rate if performed by an experienced oculoplastic surgeon.

The Effect of Laser Photocoagulation on Intraocular Pressure in Premature Infants With Retinopathy of Prematurity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of diode laser treatment on intraocular pressure (IOP) of premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The premature infants who underwent retinal laser photocoagulation therapy for ROP, and gestational age-matched, birth weight-matched, and sex-matched premature infants with ROP which recovered spontaneously without any treatment were enrolled into the study. Anterior segment examination and longitudinal IOP and central corneal thickness measurements were performed 5 times as follows: 1 day before the laser treatment (T0), and 24 hours (T1), 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after the laser treatment. Premature infants who experienced any complication related to the laser treatment were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Laser treated 67 premature infants and 70 premature infants in control group met inclusion criteria. Significant linear decreases in IOP and central corneal thickness values were measured throughout the study period for both groups (both, P<0.001). These changes were similar in 2 groups. There was a statistically insignificantly (P=0.999) and transient increase in the mean IOP value in the laser-treated group 24 hours after laser treatment. None of the patients in the laser-treated group experienced a shallow anterior chamber or a remarkable IOP elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser treatment for ROP was safe, and did not raise the IOP of premature infants.

Prostaglandin E2 Levels of Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Ketorolac 0.4% and Nepafenac 0.1% Administered Healthy Rabbits.

PURPOSE: To compare the lowering effects of ketorolac 0.4% and nepafenac 0.1% on aqueous and vitreous humor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in rabbits. METHODS: Ketorolac and nepafenac ophthalmic solutions were administered to the right eyes of 24 healthy rabbits after randomized division into two groups. The left eyes of these rabbits were considered as controls for the two groups. On the 4th day of the experiment, the samples were taken from the aqueous and vitreous humors of the rabbits bilaterally, and PGE2 levels were measured by an enzyme immune assay kit. RESULTS: Ketorolac and nepafenac achieved a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001, for each) in PGE2 levels in the aqueous (11.75 ± 6.15 and 14.75 ± 7.60 pg/mL, respectively) and the vitreous humor (6.58 ± 4.62 and 9.83 ± 4.55 pg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both ketorolac and nepafenac inhibited PGE2 levels in both the aqueous and vitreous humors of rabbits. Although PGE2-lowering effects were similar in the aqueous humor, nepafenac seemed to be more potent than ketorolac in the vitreous humor.

Short- and long-term effects of zinc treatment on lacrimal gland histopathology and tear functions tests in radioiodine-administered rats.

PURPOSE:: To investigate the short-term (1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) protective effects of zinc administration on radioiodine (RAI)-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats. METHODS:: A total of 40 rats were divided into two groups: an RAI group (n=20), which was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL physiologic saline for 7 days by gastric gavage, and a zinc group (n=20), which received a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL of physiologic saline containing zinc sulfate at a concentration of 10 mg/kg concentration for 7 days by gastric gavage. All rats underwent tear function tests before and 1 week after RAI administration. About 1 week after irradiation, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed and the extraorbital lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. The remaining animals of the groups underwent the same procedures at 8 weeks after irradiation. RESULTS:: In the RAI and zinc groups, the mean tear production was 3.75 ± 1.55 and 3.65 ± 1.53 mm at baseline, 2.10 ± 1.07 and 3.30 ± 1.34 mm at week 1 (p=0.004), and 3.22 ± 1.48 and 3.50 ± 1.78 mm at week 8, respectively; further, the mean corneal fluorescein staining scores were 4.65 ± 2.16 and 4.80 ± 2.21 points at baseline, 7.85 ± 1.90 and 5.45 ± 2.06 points at week 1 (p=0.001), and 5.44 ± 2.13 and 4.90 ± 2.08 at week 8, respectively. The histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands at weeks 1 and 8 were consistent with the tear function test results. CONCLUSIONS:: Zinc treatment seems to be protective against RAI-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats, particularly in the acute period.

Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants / O efeito da dilatação da pupila na pressão intraocular em bebês pré-termo e a termo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. Methods: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. Results: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). Conclusion: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da dilatação da pupila sobre a pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos pré-termo e a termo. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo envolveu 55 olhos de 28 bebês pré-termo e 38 olhos de 20 bebês a termo. Os bebês foram divididos em dois grupos, pré-termo e a termo, de acordo com a idade gestacional ao nascimento: grupo pré-termo <37 semanas; grupo a termo ≥37 semanas. A dilatação da pupila foi feita com tropicamida 0,5% e fenilefrina 2,5%. As medições da pressão intraocular foram realizadas com Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finlândia) antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. O teste t pareado foi usado para comparar as medidas antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. Resultados: A alteração média da pressão intraocular foi de -1,04 ± 3,03 mmHg (+6,20/-11,40 mmHg) no grupo pré-termo e -0,39 ± 2,81 mmHg (+4,60/-9,70 mmHg) no grupo a termo. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na pressão intraocular foi observada apenas no grupo pré-termo após a dilatação da pupila (p=0,01). Conclusão: Após a dilatação da pupila, pode ocorrer alteração inesperada da pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos, principalmente em bebês pré-termo.

Growth of biometric components and development of refractive errors in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate the biometric components and refractive errors in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length were measured with an ultrasound biometer. Cycloplegic refraction was performed by streak skiascopy. Infants with or without ROP were grouped according to postmenstrual age at the time of ocular examination: Group 1, ≤33 weeks; Group 2, 34-37 weeks; Group 3, 38-41 weeks; Group 4, 42-45 weeks; Group 5, ≥46 weeks. RESULTS: The mean postnatal age of 894 infants (451 females and 443 males) was 8.7 ± 4.5 weeks, gestational age was 30.9 ± 2.8 weeks, and birth weight was 1506 ± 484 g. In Group 2, the mean vitreous length and axial length of infants with ROP were significantly lower than those of infants without ROP (P = 0.011, P = 0.001). The mean anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, spherical equivalent, and astigmatism in all groups did not differ significantly among the infants with or without ROP (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length showed a linear growth throughout the follow-up period. The maximum elongation was observed in vitreous length and axial length.

Maternal Diabetes as an Independent Risk Factor for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Infants With Birth Weight of 1500 g or More.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Data of 78 premature infants from diabetic mothers were compared with data of 258 controls. We examined the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of ROP and type 1 ROP, adjusting for multiple risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of outcome variables. Prior to multivariable logistic regression analysis, the association of each independent variable with the outcome variables, a univariate estimate was performed. The crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) values and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were given. Main outcome measures were the development of ROP and the development of type 1 ROP. RESULTS: The study was conducted on 336 preterm infants; 78 were from diabetic mothers and 258 were from nondiabetic mothers. The rate of ROP (78.2% in case group and 14.7% in control group) and the rate of type 1 ROP (20.5% in case group and 4.7% for controls) were found significantly higher in the case group (P = .001 for both). Maternal diabetes was shown to be an independent risk factor for both ROP and type 1 ROP (OR with 95% CI: 25.040 [12.728-49.264]; 6.311 [2.647-15.048], respectively, and P < .001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the presence of maternal diabetes is significantly associated with the development of ROP and type 1 ROP in premature infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more.