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1.
Phys Rev Lett ; 132(12): 121902, 2024 Mar 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38579200

RESUMO

We report the measurement of the helicity asymmetry E for the pπ^{0} and nπ^{+} final states using, for the first time, an elliptically polarized photon beam in combination with a longitudinally polarized target at the Crystal Ball experiment at MAMI. The results agree very well with data that were taken with a circularly polarized photon beam, showing that it is possible to simultaneously measure polarization observables that require linearly (e.g., G) and circularly polarized photons (e.g., E) and a longitudinally polarized target. The new data cover a photon energy range 270-1400 MeV for the pπ^{0} final state (230-842 MeV for the nπ^{+} final state) and the full range of pion polar angles, θ, providing the most precise measurement of the observable E. A moment analysis gives a clear observation of the pη cusp in the pπ^{0} final state.

2.
Phys Rev Lett ; 130(15): 152502, 2023 Apr 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37115897

RESUMO

We perform a systematic study of the α-particle excitation from its ground state 0_{1}^{+} to the 0_{2}^{+} resonance. The so-called monopole transition form factor is investigated via an electron scattering experiment in a broad Q^{2} range (from 0.5 to 5.0 fm^{-2}). The precision of the new data dramatically supersedes that of older sets of data, each covering only a portion of the Q^{2} range. The new data allow the determination of two coefficients in a low-momentum expansion, leading to a new puzzle. By confronting experiment to state-of-the-art theoretical calculations, we observe that modern nuclear forces, including those derived within chiral effective field theory that are well tested on a variety of observables, fail to reproduce the excitation of the α particle.

3.
Phys Rev Lett ; 131(2): 021901, 2023 Jul 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37505937

RESUMO

The polarized cross-section ratio σ_{LT^{'}}/σ_{0} from hard exclusive π^{-}Δ^{++} electroproduction off an unpolarized hydrogen target has been extracted based on beam-spin asymmetry measurements using a 10.2 GeV/10.6 GeV incident electron beam and the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. The study, which provides the first observation of this channel in the deep-inelastic regime, focuses on very forward-pion kinematics in the valence regime, and photon virtualities ranging from 1.5 GeV^{2} up to 7 GeV^{2}. The reaction provides a novel access to the d-quark content of the nucleon and to p→Δ^{++} transition generalized parton distributions. A comparison to existing results for hard exclusive π^{+}n and π^{0}p electroproduction is provided, which shows a clear impact of the excitation mechanism, encoded in transition generalized parton distributions, on the asymmetry.

4.
Phys Rev Lett ; 130(21): 211902, 2023 May 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37295113

RESUMO

Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) allows one to probe generalized parton distributions describing the 3D structure of the nucleon. We report the first measurement of the DVCS beam-spin asymmetry using the CLAS12 spectrometer with a 10.2 and 10.6 GeV electron beam scattering from unpolarized protons. The results greatly extend the Q^{2} and Bjorken-x phase space beyond the existing data in the valence region and provide 1600 new data points measured with unprecedented statistical uncertainty, setting new, tight constraints for future phenomenological studies.

5.
Phys Rev Lett ; 130(14): 142301, 2023 Apr 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37084423

RESUMO

We report results of Λ hyperon production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets obtained with the CLAS detector and the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 5.014 GeV electron beam. These results represent the first measurements of the Λ multiplicity ratio and transverse momentum broadening as a function of the energy fraction (z) in the current and target fragmentation regions. The multiplicity ratio exhibits a strong suppression at high z and an enhancement at low z. The measured transverse momentum broadening is an order of magnitude greater than that seen for light mesons. This indicates that the propagating entity interacts very strongly with the nuclear medium, which suggests that propagation of diquark configurations in the nuclear medium takes place at least part of the time, even at high z. The trends of these results are qualitatively described by the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, particularly for the multiplicity ratios. These observations will potentially open a new era of studies of the structure of the nucleon as well as of strange baryons.

6.
Phys Rev Lett ; 128(13): 132503, 2022 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35426697

RESUMO

A precise measurement of the differential cross sections dσ/dΩ and the linearly polarized photon beam asymmetry Σ_{3} for Compton scattering on the proton below pion threshold has been performed with a tagged photon beam and almost 4π detector at the Mainz Microtron. The incident photons were produced by the recently upgraded Glasgow-Mainz photon tagging facility and impinged on a cryogenic liquid hydrogen target, with the scattered photons detected in the Crystal Ball/TAPS setup. Using the highest statistics Compton scattering data ever measured on the proton along with two effective field theories (both covariant baryon and heavy-baryon) and one fixed-t dispersion relation model, constraining the fits with the Baldin sum rule, we have obtained the proton electric and magnetic polarizabilities with unprecedented precision: α_{E1}=10.99±0.16±0.47±0.17±0.34, ß_{M1}=3.14±0.21±0.24±0.20±0.35; in units of 10^{-4} fm^{3} where the errors are statistical, systematic, spin polarizability dependent, and model dependent.

7.
Eur Phys J A Hadron Nucl ; 57(6): 205, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34720708

RESUMO

The quasifree γ → d → π 0 n ( p ) photon beam asymmetry, Σ , has been measured at photon energies, E γ , from 390 to 610 MeV, corresponding to center of mass energy from 1.271 to 1.424 GeV, for the first time. The data were collected in the A2 hall of the MAMI electron beam facility with the Crystal Ball and TAPS calorimeters covering pion center-of-mass angles from 49 ∘ to 148 ∘ . In this kinematic region, polarization observables are sensitive to contributions from the Δ ( 1232 ) and N(1440) resonances. The extracted values of Σ have been compared to predictions based on partial-wave analyses (PWAs) of the existing pion photoproduction database. Our comparison includes the SAID, MAID and Bonn-Gatchina analyses; while a revised SAID fit, including the new Σ measurements, has also been performed. In addition, isospin symmetry is examined as a way to predict π 0 n photoproduction observables, based on fits to published data in the channels π 0 p , π + n and π - p .

8.
Phys Rev Lett ; 125(6): 062001, 2020 Aug 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32845675

RESUMO

The double-polarization observable E and helicity-dependent cross sections σ_{1/2}, σ_{3/2} have been measured for the photoproduction of π^{0} pairs off quasifree protons and neutrons at the Mainz MAMI accelerator with the Crystal Ball/TAPS setup. A circularly polarized photon beam was produced by bremsstrahlung from longitudinally polarized electrons and impinged on a longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target. The reaction products were detected with an almost 4π covering calorimeter. The results reveal for the first time the helicity- and isospin-dependent structure of the γN→Nπ^{0}π^{0} reaction. They are compared to predictions from reaction models in view of nucleon resonance contributions and also to a refit of one model that predicted results for the proton and for the neutron target. The comparison of the prediction and the refit demonstrates the large impact of the new data.

9.
Phys Rev Lett ; 124(13): 132001, 2020 Apr 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32302204

RESUMO

We report a measurement of the spin polarization of the recoiling neutron in deuterium photodisintegration, utilizing a new large acceptance polarimeter within the Crystal Ball at MAMI. The measured photon energy range of 300-700 MeV provides the first measurement of recoil neutron polarization at photon energies where the quark substructure of the deuteron plays a role, thereby providing important new constraints on photodisintegration mechanisms. A very high neutron polarization in a narrow structure centered around E_{γ}∼570 MeV is observed, which is inconsistent with current theoretical predictions employing nucleon resonance degrees of freedom. A Legendre polynomial decomposition suggests this behavior could be related to the excitation of the d^{*}(2380) hexaquark.

10.
Clin Exp Immunol ; 198(3): 294-305, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31397889

RESUMO

This review takes the reader through 45 years of islet autoantibody research, from the discovery of islet-cell antibodies in 1974 to today's population-based screening for presymptomatic early-stage type 1 diabetes. The review emphasizes the current practical value of, and factors to be considered in, the measurement of islet autoantibodies.


Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Especificidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Vigilância da População/métodos
11.
Phys Rev Lett ; 123(19): 192302, 2019 Nov 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31765208

RESUMO

Virtual Compton scattering on the proton has been investigated at three yet unexplored values of the four-momentum transfer Q^{2}: 0.10, 0.20, and 0.45 GeV^{2}, at the Mainz Microtron. Fits performed using either the low-energy theorem or dispersion relations allowed the extraction of the structure functions P_{LL}-P_{TT}/ε and P_{LT}, as well as the electric and magnetic generalized polarizabilities α_{E1}(Q^{2}) and ß_{M1}(Q^{2}). These new results show a smooth and rapid falloff of α_{E1}(Q^{2}), in contrast to previous measurements at Q^{2}=0.33 GeV^{2}, and provide for the first time a precise mapping of ß_{M1}(Q^{2}) in the low-Q^{2} region.

12.
Phys Rev Lett ; 121(2): 022503, 2018 Jul 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30085726

RESUMO

We report on the first Q^{2}-dependent measurement of the beam-normal single spin asymmetry A_{n} in the elastic scattering of 570 MeV vertically polarized electrons off ^{12}C. We cover the Q^{2} range between 0.02 and 0.05 GeV^{2}/c^{2} and determine A_{n} at four different Q^{2} values. The experimental results are compared to a theoretical calculation that relates A_{n} to the imaginary part of the two-photon exchange amplitude. The result emphasizes that the Q^{2} behavior of A_{n} given by the ratio of the Compton to charge form factors cannot be treated independently of the target nucleus.

13.
Diabet Med ; 35(7): 954-963, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29577424

RESUMO

AIMS: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies are the most widely used predictive marker for Type 1 diabetes, but many individuals currently found to be GAD antibody-positive are unlikely to develop diabetes. We have shown previously that radioimmunoassays using N-terminally truncated 35 S-GAD65 (96-585) offer better disease specificity with similar sensitivity to full-length 35 S-GAD65 (1-585). To determine whether assay performance could be improved further, we evaluated a more radically truncated 35 S-GAD65 (143-585) radiolabel. METHODS: Samples from people with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes (n = 157) and their first-degree relatives (n = 745) from the Bart's-Oxford family study of childhood diabetes were measured for GAD antibodies using 35 S-labelled GAD65 (143-585). These were screened previously using a local radioimmunoassay with 35 S-GAD65 (1-585). A subset was also tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which performs well in international workshops, but requires 10 times more serum. Results were compared with GAD antibody measurements using 35 S-GAD65 (1-585) and 35 S-GAD65 (96-585). RESULTS: Sensitivity of GAD antibody measurement was maintained using 35 S-GAD65 (143-585) compared with 35 S-GAD65 (1-585) and 35 S-GAD65 (96-585). Specificity for Type 1 diabetes was improved compared with 35 S-GAD65 (1-585), but was similar to 35 S-GAD65 (96-585). Relatives found to be GAD antibody-positive using these truncated labels were at increased risk of diabetes progression within 15 years, compared with those positive for GAD(1-585) antibody only, and at similar risk to those found GAD antibody-positive by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: The first 142 amino acids of GAD65 do not contribute to epitopes recognized by Type 1 diabetes-associated GAD antibodies. Low-volume radioimmunoassays using N-terminally truncated 35 S-GAD65 are more specific than those using full-length GAD65 and offer practical alternatives to the GAD antibody ELISA for identifying children at increased risk of Type 1 diabetes.


Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epitopos/imunologia , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radioimunoensaio , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto Jovem
14.
Phys Rev Lett ; 119(2): 022001, 2017 Jul 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28753336

RESUMO

The helicity-dependent recoil proton polarizations P_{x}^{'} and P_{z}^{'} as well as the helicity-independent component P_{y} have been measured in the p(e[over →],e^{'}p[over →])π^{0} reaction at four-momentum transfer Q^{2}≃0.1 GeV^{2}, center-of-mass proton emission angle θ_{p}^{*}≃90°, and invariant mass W≃1440 MeV. This first precise measurement of double-polarization observables in the energy domain of the Roper resonance P_{11}(1440) by exploiting recoil polarimetry has allowed for the extraction of its scalar electroexcitation amplitude at an unprecedentedly low value of Q^{2}, establishing a powerful instrument for probing the interplay of quark and meson degrees of freedom in the nucleon.

15.
Phys Rev Lett ; 117(13): 132502, 2016 Sep 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27715117

RESUMO

The double polarization observable E and the helicity dependent cross sections σ_{1/2} and σ_{3/2} were measured for η photoproduction from quasifree protons and neutrons. The circularly polarized tagged photon beam of the A2 experiment at the Mainz MAMI accelerator was used in combination with a longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target. The almost 4π detector setup of the Crystal Ball and TAPS is ideally suited to detect the recoil nucleons and the decay photons from η→2γ and η→3π^{0}. The results show that the narrow structure previously observed in η photoproduction from the neutron is only apparent in σ_{1/2} and hence, most likely related to a spin-1/2 amplitude. Nucleon resonances that contribute to this partial wave in η production are only N 1/2^{-} (S_{11}) and N 1/2^{+} (P_{11}). Furthermore, the extracted Legendre coefficients of the angular distributions for σ_{1/2} are in good agreement with recent reaction model predictions assuming a narrow resonance in the P_{11} wave as the origin of this structure.

16.
Phys Rev Lett ; 114(23): 232501, 2015 Jun 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26196794

RESUMO

At the Mainz Microtron MAMI, the first high-resolution pion spectroscopy from decays of strange systems was performed by electron scattering off a (9)Be target in order to study the Λ binding energy of light hypernuclei. Positively charged kaons were detected by a short-orbit spectrometer with a broad momentum acceptance at 0° forward angles with respect to the beam, efficiently tagging the production of strangeness in the target nucleus. Coincidentally, negatively charged decay pions were detected by two independent high-resolution spectrometers. About 10(3) pionic weak decays of hyperfragments and hyperons were observed. The pion momentum distribution shows a monochromatic peak at pπ≈133 MeV/c, corresponding to the unique signature for the two-body decay of hyperhydrogen Λ(4)H→(4)He+π(-), stopped inside the target. Its Λ binding energy was determined to be BΛ=2.12±0.01 (stat)±0.09 (syst)MeV with respect to the (3)H+Λ mass.

17.
Internist (Berl) ; 56(5): 475-83, 2015 May.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25894242

RESUMO

Type 1 diabetes is the most common autoimmune disease in children and adolescents, with a rising incidence worldwide. Despite improvements in insulin therapy, in many cases complications cannot be avoided and mortality is increased. Therefore, the development of effective prevention strategies is an important medical but also economic goal. Exact prediction of the disease is necessary for prevention studies, and type 1 diabetes can be predicted very accurately with genetic and humoral markers. Primary prevention in genetically predisposed individuals is initiated before diabetes-associated autoantibodies occur. Secondary prevention aims to arrest the progression to type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive subjects. Some prevention studies show encouraging results.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/prevenção & controle , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diagnóstico Precoce , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Humanos , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Prevenção Secundária/métodos
18.
Phys Rev Lett ; 112(22): 221802, 2014 Jun 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24949757

RESUMO

A massive, but light, Abelian U(1) gauge boson is a well-motivated possible signature of physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. In this Letter, the search for the signal of such a U(1) gauge boson in electron-positron pair production at the spectrometer setup of the A1 Collaboration at the Mainz Microtron is described. Exclusion limits in the mass range of 40 MeV/c^{2} to 300 MeV/c^{2}, with a sensitivity in the squared mixing parameter of as little as ε^{2}=8×10^{-7} are presented. A large fraction of the parameter space has been excluded where the discrepancy of the measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon with theory might be explained by an additional U(1) gauge boson.

19.
Diabetologia ; 56(7): 1615-22, 2013 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23539116

RESUMO

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Islet autoantibody-positive children progress to type 1 diabetes at variable rates. In our study, we asked whether characteristic autoantibody and/or gene profiles could be defined for phenotypes showing extreme progression. METHODS: Autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2A) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) were measured in follow-up sera, and genotyping for type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes (HLA-DR/HLA-DQ, INS variable number of tandem repeats [VNTR] and single nucleotide polymorphisms at PTPN22, PTPN2, ERBB3, IL2, SH2B3, CTLA4, IFIH1, KIAA0350 [also known as CLEC16A], CD25, IL18RAP, IL10, COBL) was performed on the DNA samples of children born to a parent with type 1 diabetes and prospectively followed from birth for up to 22 years. RESULTS: Of the 1,650 children followed, 23 developed multiple autoantibodies and progressed to diabetes within 3 years (rapid progressors), while 24 children developed multiple autoantibodies and remained non-diabetic for more than 10 years from seroconversion (slow progressors). Rapid and slow progressors were similar with respect to HLA-DR/HLA-DQ genotypes, development of IAA, GADA and ZnT8A, and progression to multiple autoantibodies. In contrast, IA-2A development was considerably delayed in the slow progressors. Furthermore, both groups were effectively distinguished by the combined presence or absence of type 1 diabetes susceptibility alleles of non-HLA genes, most notably IL2, CD25, INS VNTR, IL18RAP, IL10, IFIH1 and PTPN22, and discrimination was improved among children carrying high-risk HLA-DR/HLA-DQ genotypes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that genotypes of non-HLA type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes influence the likelihood or rate of diabetes progression among children with multiple islet autoantibodies.


Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/patologia , Insulina/imunologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Adolescente , Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genótipo , Antígenos HLA-DQ/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Helicase IFIH1 Induzida por Interferon , Interleucina-10/genética , Subunidade beta de Receptor de Interleucina-18/genética , Subunidade alfa de Receptor de Interleucina-2/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Masculino , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 2/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 22/genética , Proteínas/genética , Receptor ErbB-3/genética , Transportador 8 de Zinco
20.
Phys Rev Lett ; 111(13): 132504, 2013 Sep 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24116774

RESUMO

A measurement of beam helicity asymmetries in the reaction 3He[over →](e[over →],e'n)pp is performed at the Mainz Microtron in quasielastic kinematics to determine the electric to magnetic form factor ratio of the neutron GEn/GMn at a four-momentum transfer Q2=1.58 GeV2. Longitudinally polarized electrons are scattered on a highly polarized 3He gas target. The scattered electrons are detected with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer, and the ejected neutrons are detected with a dedicated neutron detector composed of scintillator bars. To reduce systematic errors, data are taken for four different target polarization orientations allowing the determination of GEn/GMn from a double ratio. We find µnGEn/GMn=0.250±0.058(stat)±0.017(syst).

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