Herpes simplex reactivation following neurosurgery: case report and review of the literature.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is a common viral encephalitis associated with significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated early. Neurosurgery may be an impetus for viral reactivation, either from direct nerve manipulation or high-dose steroids often administered during cases. The authors present the 40th known case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis following neurosurgical intervention and review the previously reported cases. In their review, the authors observed positive HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which had initially been negative in several cases. In cases in which there is high suspicion of HSV, it may be prudent to continue antiviral therapy and retest CSF for HSV PCR. Antiviral therapy significantly reduces mortality associated with HSV encephalitis.

Incidence and survival trends in oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas in the United States from 2000 to 2013: a CBTRUS Report.

Measuring tumor-specific trends in incidence is necessary to elucidate tumor-type contribution to overall cancer burden in the US population. Recently, there have been conflicting reports concerning the incidence of oligodendrogliomas (OD) and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOD). Therefore, our goal was to examine trends in OD and AOD incidence and survival by age, gender and race. Data was analyzed from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) from 2000 to 2013. Age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 person-years with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and annual percent changes (APCs) with 95% CI were calculated for OD and AOD by age, sex and race. Survival rates were calculated for age, sex and race using a subset of the CBTRUS data. OD and AOD incidence peaked at 36-40 and 56-60 years, respectively. AOD:OD ratio increased up to age 75. Overall, OD and AOD incidence decreased [OD: APC -3.2 (2000-2013), AOD: -6.5 (2000-2007)]. OD incidence was highest in Whites but decreased significantly (2000-2013: APC -3.1) while incidence in Black populations did not significantly decrease (2000-2013: APC -1.6). Survival rates decreased with advancing age for OD, while persons aged 0-24 had the lowest survival for AOD. The current study reports a decrease in overall OD and AOD incidence from 2000 to 2013. Furthermore, AOD makes up an increasing proportion of oligodendroglial tumors up to age 75. Lower AOD survival in 0-24 years old may indicate molecular differences in pediatric cases. Thus, surveillance of tumor-specific trends by age, race and sex can reveal clinically relevant variations.

Incidence and survival trends for medulloblastomas in the United States from 2001 to 2013.

Population-based data examining recent epidemiological trends in medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain malignancy, are limited. Therefore, we sought to examine recent population-level trends in medulloblastoma incidence and survival. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) data were analyzed from 2001 to 2013. Age-adjusted incidence rates (IR) and annual percent changes (APCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by age, sex, and race. Relative survival rates were calculated by age, sex, and race using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) registries; subsets of CBTRUS data. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine survival differences. Medulloblastoma incidence remained relatively stable from 2001 to 2013, with minor fluctuations from 2001 to 2009 (APC = 2.2, 95% CI 0.8, 3.5) and 2009-2013 (APC = -4.1, 95% CI -7.5, -0.6). Incidence was highest in patients aged 1-4 years at diagnosis, but patients aged 10-14 years showed increased incidence from 2000 to 2013 (APC = 3.2, 95% CI 0.6, 5.8). Males displayed higher IR relative to females (males: 0.16 vs. females: 0.12), except in patients <1 year-old. Compared to Whites, Blacks displayed a non-significant increase in incidence (APC = 1.7, 95% CI -0.4, 4.0) and in mortality risk (hazard ratio for survival = 0.74; p = 0.09). The current study reports no overall change in medulloblastoma incidence from 2001 to 2013. Male and female patients <1 year-old had equal medulloblastoma incidence rates and poor 5-year relative survival compared to other ages. Non-significant trends in the data suggest disparities in medulloblastoma incidence and survival by race. Thus, analysis of tumor-specific trends by demographic variables can uncover clinically informative trends in cancer burden.

The obesity paradox and ventriculoperitoneal shunting in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients undergoing microsurgical clipping.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can be devastating. Identifying predisposing factors is paramount in reducing aSAH-related mortality. Obesity's negative impact on health is well-established. However, the controversial "obesity paradox" in neurosurgery suggests that obesity may confer a survival advantage in SAH. We hypothesized that obesity would have a negative impact on outcomes following surgical clipping in aSAH. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review was performed of aSAH patients undergoing surgical clipping from 2017 to 2021. Demographics and clinically relevant variables were collected. Obesity was defined as body mass index >30. Primary outcome was death or severe disability (mRS 4-6) at last follow-up. Secondary outcome was VPS placement. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model identified predictors of poor outcome. Kaplan-Meier curves identified survivorship differences between obese and non-obese patients. RESULTS: Poor outcome occurred in 11 of 52 total patients (21.2 %). There were no differences in demographics or distribution of Hunt Hess (HH), modified Fisher Grade (mFG), or external ventricular drain (EVD) placement between obese and non-obese patients. On univariate analysis, hypertension, older age, and non-obesity were predictive of poor outcome. On multivariable analysis, only obesity remained significant, suggesting a protective effect from poor outcome (HR 0.45 [0.21-0.95], p = 0.037). VPS placement occurred in 6 (11.5 %) patients for which obesity was not a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may have a protective effect against poor outcome following surgical clipping in aSAH. Additionally, obesity does not appear to increase rate of EVD conversion to VPS. Thus, our study suggests that obesity should not preclude patients from open surgical intervention when clinically appropriate.

Treatment outcomes for ARUBA-eligible brain arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of real-world data from the NVQI-QOD AVM registry with the ARUBA trial.

BACKGROUND: Significant controversy exists about the management of unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Results from A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) suggested that intervention increases the risk of stroke/death compared with medical management. However, numerous study limitations raised concerns about the trial's generalizability. OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of stroke/death and functional outcomes in ARUBA-eligible patients from a multicenter database, the Neurovascular Quality Initiative-Quality Outcomes Database (NVQI-QOD). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of ARUBA-eligible patients who underwent intervention at 18 participating centers. The primary endpoint was stroke/death from any cause. Secondary endpoints included neurologic, systemic, radiographic, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: 173 ARUBA-eligible patients underwent intervention with median follow-up of 269 (25-722.5) days. Seventy-five patients received microsurgery±embolization, 37 received radiosurgery, and 61 received embolization. Baseline demographics, risk factors, and general AVM characteristics were similar between groups. A total of 15 (8.7%) patients experienced stroke/death with no significant difference in primary outcome between treatment modalities. Microsurgery±embolization was more likely to achieve AVM obliteration (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated no difference in overall death/stroke outcomes between the different treatment modalities' 5-year period (P=0.087). Additionally, when compared with the ARUBA interventional arm, our patients were significantly less likely to experience death/stroke (8.7% vs 30.7%; P<0.001) and functional impairment (mRS score ≥2 25.4% vs 46.2%; P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that intervention for unruptured brain AVMs at comprehensive stroke centers across the United States is safe.

Flow diversion for the treatment of intracranial bifurcation aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Flow diversion (FD: flow diversion, flow diverter) is an endovascular treatment for many intracranial aneurysm types; however, limited reports have explored the use of FDs in bifurcation aneurysm management. We analyzed the safety and efficacy of FD for the management of intracranial bifurcation aneurysms. METHODS: A systematic review identified original research articles that used FD for treating intracranial bifurcation aneurysms. Articles with >4 patients that reported outcomes on the use of FDs for the management of bifurcation aneurysms along the anterior communicating artery (AComA), internal carotid artery terminus (ICAt), basilar apex (BA), or middle cerebral artery bifurcation (MCAb) were included. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. RESULTS: 19 studies were included with 522 patients harboring 534 bifurcation aneurysms (mean size 9 mm, 78% unruptured). Complete aneurysmal occlusion rate was 68% (95% CI 58.7% to 76.1%, I2=67%) at mean angiographic follow-up of 16 months. Subgroup analysis of FD as a standalone treatment estimated a complete occlusion rate of 69% (95% CI 50% to 83%, I2=38%). The total complication rate was 22% (95% CI 16.7% to 28.6%, I2=51%), largely due to an ischemic complication rate of 16% (95% CI 10.8% to 21.9%, I2=55%). The etiologies of ischemic complications were largely due to jailed artery hypoperfusion (47%) and in-stent thrombosis (38%). 7% of patients suffered permanent symptomatic complications (95% CI 4.5% to 9.8%, I2=6%). CONCLUSION: FD treatment of bifurcation aneurysms has a modest efficacy and relatively unfavorable safety profile. Proceduralists may consider reserving FD as a treatment option if no other surgical or endovascular therapy is deemed feasible.

Novel Use of the Aurora Surgiscope System for Minimally Invasive Resection of Intraparenchymal Lesions: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for intracranial pathology minimizes surgical morbidity but can come at the cost of operator ergonomics and technical surgical success. Here, the authors present a case series to report the first use of a novel 15-mm tubular retraction system with integrated lighting and visualization capabilities for MIS access to intracranial lesions. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate feasibility and effectiveness of the 15-mm Aurora Surgiscope (Integra Lifesciences) for intracranial MIS approaches. METHODS: The 15-mm Aurora Surgiscope facilitated MIS approach to gain access to intraparenchymal pathologies. The device consists of a tubular access system with integrated light source and a reusable control unit that modifies video parameters. The port was inserted along a preplanned trajectory through a mini-craniotomy. Bimanual access allowed the surgeon to comfortably dissect/resect lesional tissue using high-quality video. RESULTS: Four patients are presented. In cases 1 and 2, the authors evacuated acute intracerebral hemorrhages. Both had <15 cc hemorrhage with improved or stable neurological examination. In case 3, the authors performed gross total resection of a cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. In case 4, the authors resected a mesial posterior temporal cavernoma. No perioperative/technical complications were noted. CONCLUSION: The Aurora Surgiscope system is a novel integrated tubular retraction, lighting, and visualization system that allows access to a wide variety of pathologies using a MIS approach. The Surgiscope allows the surgeon to use bimanual dexterity through a small access port while limiting the need for additional equipment such as microscope, exoscope, or endoscope.

Use of Surpass Streamline Flow Diverter for the Endovascular Treatment of Craniocervical Aneurysms: A Single-Institution Experience.

BACKGROUND: Flow diversion has revolutionized endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms. The Surpass Streamline flow diverter (SSFD) has shown promise for expanding flow diversion device options for aneurysm treatment. SSFD differs from earlier stents by maintaining high porosity with increased pore density to ensure appropriate flow disruption. Given the delivery system's increased dimension options and potential greater flow-diverting properties, SSFD is poised to extend the anatomic and pathologic reaches of flow diversion therapy. METHODS: Data pertaining to SSFD-treated aneurysms were gathered retrospectively between 2019 and 2020, including aneurysm location, size, symptoms, complications, and occlusions rates at follow-up. Size was categorized as small (<10 mm), large (10-25 mm), and giant (>25 mm) according to SCENT (Surpass Intracranial Aneurysm Embolization System Pivotal Trial to Treat Large or Giant Wide Neck Aneurysms) criteria. Aneurysm occlusion on follow-up imaging was characterized by Simple Measurement of Aneurysm Residual after Treatment (SMART) grading with adequate occlusion defined as grades 3 and 4. Imaging was performed at time of treatment and 6-month and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: There were 42 aneurysms treated with SSFD throughout the cerebrovascular system: 3 cervical, 4 posterior, and 35 intracranial anterior circulation. Complete occlusion rates at 6 months and 1 year were 48% and 57% with adequate occlusion achieved in 89.6% and 85.7%, respectively. Rates of complete occlusion were higher for small (69%) compared with large (38%) aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest comparable complete occlusion rates compared with SCENT (66.1% vs. 57% in our center) and adequate occlusion rates. Similar occlusion rates to prior studies despite broadened inclusion criteria and diversity of treated aneurysms demonstrate favorable generalizability of flow-diverting technology to a wide array of aneurysmal pathology.

Ependymoma, NOS and anaplastic ependymoma incidence and survival in the United States varies widely by patient and clinical characteristics, 2000-2016.

BACKGROUND: Ependymoma is a rare CNS tumor arising from the ependymal lining of the ventricular system. General differences in incidence and survival have been noted but not examined on a comprehensive scale for all ages and by histology. Despite the rarity of ependymomas, morbidity/mortality associated with an ependymoma diagnosis justifies closer examination. METHODS: Incidence data were obtained from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, and survival data from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, from 2000 to 2016 for anaplastic ependymoma and ependymoma, not otherwise specified (NOS). Age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) per 100 000 person-years were analyzed by age, sex, race, and location. Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Incidence of anaplastic ependymoma was highest in ages 0 to 4 years. African American populations had lower incidence but had a 78% increased risk of death compared to white populations (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.78 [95% CI, 1.30-2.44]). Incidence was highest for anaplastic ependymoma in the supratentorial region. Adults (age 40+ years) had almost twice the risk of death compared to children (ages 0-14 years) (HR: 1.97 [95% CI, 1.45-2.66]). For ependymoma, NOS, subtotal resection had a risk of mortality 1.86 times greater than gross total resection ([HR: 1.86 [95% CI, 1.32-2.63]). CONCLUSIONS: African American populations experienced higher mortality rates despite lower incidence compared to white populations. Extent of resection is an important prognostic factor for survival. This highlights need for further evaluation of treatment patterns and racial disparities in the care of patients with ependymoma subtypes.

Nonmalignant and malignant meningioma incidence and survival in the elderly, 2005-2015, using the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States.

BACKGROUND: Meningioma incidence increases significantly with age. In the expanding elderly population, we lack complete understanding of population-based trends in meningioma incidence/survival. We provide an updated, comprehensive analysis of meningioma incidence and survival for individuals aged over 65. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) from 2005-2015 for nonmalignant and malignant meningioma. Age-adjusted incidence rates per 100000 person-years were analyzed by age, sex, race, ethnicity, location, and treatment modalities. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models for a subset of CBTRUS data. RESULTS: Nonmalignant meningioma incidence doubled from adults age 65-69 years to adults over age 85 years and was significantly greater in females than males for all ages. Malignant meningioma incidence did not differ by sex for any age grouping. Nonmalignant and malignant meningioma incidence was significantly greater in black populations versus others. Nonmalignant meningioma survival was worse with age, in black populations, and in males, including when analyzed by 5-year age groups. Surgical resection and radiation did not improve survival compared with resection alone in nonmalignant meningioma. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports increasing nonmalignant meningioma incidence in the elderly, increased incidence in black populations, and in females. In contrast, malignant meningioma incidence did not differ between sexes. Risk of death was higher for black individuals and males. Additionally, radiation did not confer a survival advantage when combined with resection for nonmalignant meningioma. Thus, we identify clinically relevant discrepancies in meningioma incidence/survival that require further study.

Improved Surgical Safety via Intraoperative Navigation for Transnasal Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Adenomas.

Objectives Intraoperative navigation during neurosurgery can aid in the detection of critical structures and target lesions. The safety and efficacy of intraoperative, stereotactic computed tomography (CT) in the transnasal transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas were explored. Design Retrospective chart review Setting Tertiary care hospital Participants Patients who underwent transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas from February 2002 to May 2017. Intraoperative stereotactic CT navigation was used for all patients after mid-October 2013. Main Outcome Measures Operative time, estimated blood loss, gross total resection rate. Results Of 634 patients included, 175 underwent surgery with intraoperative navigation and 444 had no intraoperative navigation during surgery. There was no difference in mean age, sex, tumor type, or tumor size between the two groups. Operative time, endoscope use, cerebrospinal fluid diversion, and estimated blood loss were also similar. Two patients showed intraoperative, iatrogenic misdirection in the absence of stereotactic CT navigation ( p = 0.99) but similar numbers of patients having navigated and non-navigated surgery returned to the operating room, underwent gross total resection, and showed endocrinological normalization. Conclusions These results suggest that intraoperative navigation can reduce injury without resulting in increased operative time, estimated blood loss, or reduction in gross total resection.

Rare Thymoma Metastases to the Spine: Case Reports and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: We report a series of 3 cases of metastatic thymoma to the spine with spinal cord compression. An extensive literature review of thymic metastases to the spine was completed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of current prognostic indicators and potential treatment algorithms to help guide clinicians in treatment management. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Between 2000 and 2017, 3 patients received diagnoses of thymic metastases to the spine at our institution. Metastasis presentation occurred from 2 to 8 years after the initial diagnosis with thymic cancer. All 3 patients presented with signs and symptoms of spinal cord/cauda equina compression, and underwent surgical intervention. Postoperative treatments varied among all 3 patients, 1 receiving chemotherapy, another undergoing radiation, and the third having had no further treatment because of extensive systemic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Upon review of the literature, 16 case reports/series described 28 total patients with spine metastases secondary to thymoma/thymic carcinoma. The presentations varied widely, including age, neurologic deficits, time from initial diagnosis to metastasis, and histologic grading. The only widely accepted prognostic factor is completeness of tumor resection, whereas clinical staging, histologic type, or both may also have prognostic value. Thus, gross total resection and spinal decompression should be prioritized in cases of surgical intervention. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are generally recommended. However, given the lack of standardized treatment algorithms, individualized regimens should be formulated on a case-specific basis.

Prediction of depression and anxiety via patient-assessed tremor severity, not physician-reported motor symptom severity, in patients with Parkinson's disease or essential tremor who have undergone deep brain stimulation.

OBJECTIVEDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for movement disorders such as idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). However, some patients who demonstrate benefit on objective motor function tests do not experience postoperative improvement in depression or anxiety, 2 important components of quality of life (QOL). Thus, to examine other possible explanations for the lack of a post-DBS correlation between improved objective motor function and decreased depression or anxiety, the authors investigated whether patient perceptions of motor symptom severity might contribute to disease-associated depression and anxiety.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective chart review of PD and ET patients who had undergone DBS at the Cleveland Clinic in the period from 2009 to 2013. Patient demographics, diagnosis (PD, ET), motor symptom severity, and QOL measures (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] for depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale [GAD-7], and patient-assessed tremor scores) were collected at 4 time points: preoperatively, postoperatively, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. Multivariable prediction models with solutions for fixed effects were constructed to assess the correlation of predictor variables with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores. Predictor variables included age, sex, visit time, diagnosis (PD vs ET), patient-assessed tremor, physician-reported tremor, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) score, and patient-assessed tremor over time.RESULTSSeventy PD patients and 17 ET patients were included in this analysis. Mean postoperative and 1-year follow-up UPDRS-III and physician-reported tremor scores were significantly decreased compared with preoperative scores (p < 0.0001). Two-year follow-up physician-reported tremor was also significantly decreased from preoperative scores (p < 0.0001). Only a diagnosis of PD (p = 0.0047) and the patient-assessed tremor rating (p < 0.0001) were significantly predictive of depression. A greater time since surgery, in general, significantly decreased anxiety scores (p < 0.0001) except when a worsening of patient-assessed tremor was reported over the same time period (p < 0.0013).CONCLUSIONSPatient-assessed tremor severity alone was predictive of depression in PD and ET following DBS. This finding suggests that a patient's perception of illness plays a greater role in depression than objective physical disability regardless of the time since surgical intervention. In addition, while anxiety may be attenuated by DBS, patient-assessed return of tremor over time can increase anxiety, highlighting the importance of long-term follow-up for behavioral health features in chronic neurological disorders. Together, these data suggest that the patient experience of motor symptoms plays a role in depression and anxiety-a finding that warrants consideration when evaluating, treating, and following movement disorder patients who are candidates for DBS.

Neurologic Complications, Reoperation, and Clinical Outcomes After Surgery for Vertebral Osteomyelitis.

STUDY DESIGN: A consecutive retrospective cohort study from 2008 to 2013 at a single tertiary-care institution was conducted. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to characterize recovery from pain and neurologic deficit after surgery for vertebral osteomyelitis (VO), and identify incidence of postoperative adverse events. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A minority of patients with VO require surgery. Although prior studies have characterized outcomes after medical management, the morbidity after surgery is poorly defined. METHODS: The primary outcome was change from baseline in a Modified McCormick Scale (MMS, 1-5 scale), whereas secondary outcomes included reoperation and change in self-reported pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0-10 scale). MMS and VAS were collected throughout the postoperative course as surrogates for neurologic function and degree of pain. Intraoperative, short-term postoperative (<30 d), and long-term neurologic complications were recorded. New-onset neurologic deficits in the postoperative period were considered neurologic complications. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included; a majority (52%) presented with a neurologic deficit. The median length of follow-up was 18 months. A statistically significant improvement in MMS was observed by 12 months postoperatively, whereas an improvement in VAS was observed by 3 months. The mean improvement in MMS at last follow-up was 0.35, whereas the mean improvement in VAS was 3.40. One quarter of patients required reoperation. At 24 months postoperatively, 10% died, 26% underwent reoperation, 42% experienced a neurologic complication, and 60% experienced at least one of these 3 adverse events. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate neurologic complications, reoperation, and pain in a longitudinal manner after surgery for VO. We observed statistically significant improvements in MMS and VAS in the postoperative period. Despite these improvements, the 24-month incidence of overall adverse events was 60%. Patients and clinicians should be aware of the clinical improvement but high incidence of adverse events after surgical management of VO. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.