Prolonged Zika virus viremia in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Trinidad and Tobago.

An emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant public health concern because of the syndromes associated with the infection. In addition, ZIKV is considered a major problem due to large-scale spread of the disease and the possible clinical complications for the central nervous system, especially Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. Since the introduction of ZIKV in the Caribbean, molecular detection of the viral RNA has been utilized as a more specific and sensitive approach to demonstrating acute infection. However, it is generally accepted that the virus has a short viremic period, generally less than 5 days. Serologic testing has the inconvenience of strong cross-reactivity among flaviviruses, such as dengue and yellow fever. As part of the laboratory surveillance activities for Zika and other arboviruses at the Caribbean Public Health Agency, in 2016 a sample from a male who was clinically diagnosed with GBS tested positive for Zika virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The serum sample had been taken on day 21 after the onset of symptoms. The case had initially been characterized as a typical ZIKV infection (mild fever with a generalized maculopapular rash). Later, weakness of limbs and other peripheral neurological symptoms appeared. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) showed that the sample was negative for IgM antibodies against Zika, Chikungunya, and dengue viruses. The plaque reduction neutralization test was positive for ZIKV. This indicated parallel development of viremia and immune response against ZIKV. Recent reports have demonstrated a longer duration of the viremia in ZIKV infections. However, our report is the first one that links the infection with extended viremia and the development in parallel of a GBS case.

Willingness to participate and Pay for a proposed national health insurance in St. Vincent and the grenadines: a cross-sectional contingent valuation approach.

BACKGROUND: Numerous Caribbean countries are considering implementing National Health Insurance (NHI) and pooling resources to finance their health sectors. Based on this increased interest in health insurance, we investigated the willingness to participate and to pay for NHI in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, an upper-middle-income Caribbean country. METHODS: Four hundred heads of household in St. Vincent and the Grenadines were interviewed in August 2012 and September 2012. The samples were selected through simple random sampling, including the stratification of rural, semiurban, and urban communities to ensure the representativeness of the sample. A contingent valuation method with a pretested interviewer-led questionnaire was used. Respondents were presented with a hypothetical NHI plan. Chi-squared analysis was performed to identify factors that are associated with the willingness to participate. Multiple logistic regression was used to explore the factors that influence respondents' willingness to pay. RESULTS: In total, 69.5% (n = 278) of the respondents indicated that they were willing to participate in the proposed NHI plan, of whom 72.3% were willing to pay for the first bid (EC$50). When the bid was reduced to EC$25, all of the remaining respondents who indicated they were willing to participate were willing to pay this lowered bid. Overall, the respondents were willing to pay EC$77.83 (US$28.83) per month for each person to enroll in the NHI plan. Age, income, and having some form of health insurance were significantly associated with a willingness to participate in the plan. CONCLUSIONS: A higher socioeconomic status was the principal determinant factor for the willingness to participate. This is similar to studies on developing economies. The government can use these findings to guide the successful implementation of the proposed NHI program. People with a lower socioeconomic status must be engaged from the start of and throughout the development process to enhance their understanding of and participation in the plan.

Prolonged Zika virus viremia in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Trinidad and Tobago / Viremia prolongada por el virus del Zika en un paciente con síndrome de Guillain-Barré en Trinidad y Tabago / Viremia prolongada do vírus zika em paciente com síndrome de Guillain-Barré em Trinidad e Tobago

ABSTRACT An emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant public health concern because of the syndromes associated with the infection. In addition, ZIKV is considered a major problem due to large-scale spread of the disease and the possible clinical complications for the central nervous system, especially Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. Since the introduction of ZIKV in the Caribbean, molecular detection of the viral RNA has been utilized as a more specific and sensitive approach to demonstrating acute infection. However, it is generally accepted that the virus has a short viremic period, generally less than 5 days. Serologic testing has the inconvenience of strong cross-reactivity among flaviviruses, such as dengue and yellow fever. As part of the laboratory surveillance activities for Zika and other arboviruses at the Caribbean Public Health Agency, in 2016 a sample from a male who was clinically diagnosed with GBS tested positive for Zika virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The serum sample had been taken on day 21 after the onset of symptoms. The case had initially been characterized as a typical ZIKV infection (mild fever with a generalized maculopapular rash). Later, weakness of limbs and other peripheral neurological symptoms appeared. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) showed that the sample was negative for IgM antibodies against Zika, Chikungunya, and dengue viruses. The plaque reduction neutralization test was positive for ZIKV. This indicated parallel development of viremia and immune response against ZIKV. Recent reports have demonstrated a longer duration of the viremia in ZIKV infections. However, our report is the first one that links the infection with extended viremia and the development in parallel of a GBS case.(AU)

RESUMEN El virus del Zika (ZIKV), un flavivirus emergente transmitido por mosquitos, es una inquietud importante en el ámbito de la salud pública por los síndromes asociados con la infección. Además, el ZIKV se considera un problema acuciante debido a la propagación a gran escala de la enfermedad y a las posibles complicaciones clínicas en el sistema nervioso central, en concreto, el síndrome de Guillain-Barré y la microcefalia. Desde que el ZIKV se introdujera en el Caribe, la detección molecular del ARN viral ha sido el método más específico y sensible utilizado para comprobar una infección aguda. Sin embargo, se cree que el virus tiene un período virémico corto, de menos de 5 días en general. La prueba serológica presenta el inconveniente de la fuerte reactividad cruzada entre los flavivirus, como el dengue y la fiebre amarilla. Como parte de las actividades de vigilancia de laboratorio para el Zika y otros arbovirus del Agencia Caribena de Salud Publica, en el 2016 la muestra de un hombre diagnosticado con la enfermedad de Guillain Barré dio positiva para el virus del Zika por medio de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (rRT-RCP). La muestra de suero se había tomado en el día 21 después de la aparición de los síntomas. En un principio, el caso se calificó como una infección por ZIKV típica (fiebre leve con una erupción maculopapular generalizada). Posteriormente, apareció la debilidad de los miembros y otros síntomas neurológicos periféricos. La prueba de inmunoadsorción enzimática (ELISA) fue negativa para los anticuerpos de tipo IgM contra los virus del Zika, el chikunguña y el dengue. La prueba de neutralización por reducción del número de placas dio positivo para el ZIKV, lo que probó que paralelamente se había desarrollado una respuesta virémica e inmune contra el ZIKV. En informes recientes se ha demostrado que en las infecciones de ZIKV el periodo virémico es más largo. Sin embargo, nuestro informe es de los primeros que relaciona un periodo virémico prolongado con el desarrollo paralelo del síndrome de Guillain-Barré.(AU)

RESUMO O vírus zika é um flavivírus emergente transmitido por mosquitos e tem sido motivo de grande preocupação em saúde pública por causa das síndromes associadas à infecção. É também considerado um importante problema devido à propagação em grande escala e possíveis complicações clínicas no sistema nervoso central decorrentes da infecção, sobretudo síndrome de Guillain-Barré e microcefalia. Desde a introdução do vírus zika no Caribe, a detecção molecular do RNA viral tem sido usada como método mais específico e sensível para demonstrar infecção aguda. Porém, admite-se em geral que o vírus tem um curto período virêmico, inferior a 5 dias. O teste sorológico tem o inconveniente de produzir intensa reação cruzada com outros flavivírus, como os vírus da dengue e febre amarela. Como parte da vigilância laboratorial do vírus zika e outros arbovírus pela Agência de Saúde Pública do Caribe, em 2016, foi examinada uma amostra de um paciente do sexo masculino com diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Guillain-Barré e o resultado foi positivo para o vírus zika com a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. A amostra sérica havia sido coletada no dia 21 após o início dos sintomas. O caso foi inicialmente descrito como infecção típica pelo vírus zika (febre baixa com erupção cutânea maculopapular generalizada) e, posteriormente, o paciente apresentou fraqueza dos membros e outros sintomas neurológicos periféricos. A amostra foi testada com a técnica de imunoensaio enzimático (ELISA) e foi negativa para anticorpos da classe IgM contra o zika vírus, vírus chikungunya e vírus da dengue. O teste de neutralização por redução de placas foi positivo para o vírus zika, indicando aumento em paralelo da viremia e resposta imunológica ao vírus. Informes recentes têm demonstrado viremia de duração mais prolongada em infecções por vírus zika. Porém, este é o primeiro relato que associa a infecção com viremia prolongada ao surgimento em paralelo da síndrome de Guillain-Barré.(AU)