Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of Mexican women with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females in the world. RESULTS of several studies showed that the genome of primary cancer patients (naive for any treatment) is unstable. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the genomic instability in BC patients by means of buccal cells micronucleus (MN) cytome assay Methods: The frequencies of nuclear anomalies including MN, binucleates (BN), broken eggs (BE), condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KR) and karyolysis (KL) were evaluated in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of Mexican women with primary BC and healthy women. Buccal cells were collected from 21 BC patients (9 with stage I and 12 with stage II) and from 20 healthy females used as control group. RESULTS: The results of the evaluation of cells showed that the frequencies of MN, BN, BE, KR and KL were significantly increased in the pooled group of BC patients compared with the control group. However, no one parameter of buccal MN-cytome assay in patients with stage I BC was significant compared with controls and BC patients with stage II. CONCLUSION: Application of the buccal MN-cytome assay for the study of genomic instability in primary BC patients showed that both genotoxic and cytotoxic effects can be evaluated in such patients.

Impact of APOE Alleles-by-Diet Interactions on Glycemic and Lipid Features- A Cross-Sectional Study of a Cohort of Type 2 Diabetes Patients from Western Mexico: Implications for Personalized Medicine.

PURPOSE: To analyze clinically relevant interactions between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles and nutritional factors on glycemic control and lipid levels in a cohort of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients from western Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of the cohort of T2D patients, a total of 224 individuals were selected for interaction studies. Clinical and anthropometric data were obtained from pre-designed medical records. Dietary intake was assessed by validated three-day food consumption records. Biochemical measurements were determined by automated methods. APOE genotyping was performed by a real-time allelic discrimination assay. Gene-diet interactions were tested by corrected multiple linear regression analyses, which were adjusted by potential confounding factors such as age, sex, energy intake, BMI and anti-hyperglycemic therapy (Metformin, Glibenclamide or Insulin), and years with T2D. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of patients with T2D were on Metformin therapy. The frequencies of the APOE alleles were ε2 (5.8%), ε3 (74.1%) and ε4 (20.1%). After statistical settings, significant APOE alleles-by-diet interactions in relation to the metabolic profile were found. Interestingly, higher blood levels of total cholesterol (p int. = 0.016), non-HDL-c (p int. = 0.024), and LDL-c (p int. = 0.030) were found only in carriers of the APOE ε2 allele with a low consumption of MUFA. In contrast, carriers of the APOE ε4 allele with a high ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio in the diet had higher %HbA1c blood concentrations (p int. = 0.035). CONCLUSION: This study suggests a differential metabolic impact of APOE alleles on lipid/glycemic phenotypes depending on the dietary intake, with important potential implications in the personalized medicine and nutritional management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Interactions between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA Polymorphism and Dietary Factors Influence Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations in Diabetic Patients from Western Mexico: A Cross-sectional Study.

This study aimed to screen relevant interactions between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and dietary intakes with reference to phenotypical features in patients with T2D from western Mexico. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 175 T2D patients were enrolled. Dietary intake was evaluated using 3-day food records and appropriate software. Glycemic and blood lipid profiles were measured by standardized methods. Genotyping of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism was performed by the RFLP method. Gene-diet interactions regarding anthropometric and metabolic phenotypes were screened by adjusted multiple linear regression analyses. Genotype frequencies of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism were A1A1 (16.0%), A1A2 (52.6%), and A2A2 (31.4%). Statistically significant interactions between the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotypes and dietary factors in relation to blood triglyceride (TG) levels were found. Carriers of the A1 allele (A1A1 homozygotes plus A1A2 heterozygotes) were protected from TG increases by maltose intake (P int. = 0.023). Instead, A2A2 homozygotes were susceptible to TG rises through consumptions of total fat (P int. = 0.041), monounsaturated fatty acids (P int. = 0.001), and dietary cholesterol (P int. = 0.019). This study suggests that the interactions between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and dietary factors (sugar and fats) influence TG levels in diabetic patients.