Is Bariatric Surgery a Trigger Factor for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases?

Bariatric procedures are an effective option for weight loss and control of comorbidities in obese patients. Obesity is a proinflammatory condition in which some cytokines such as leptin, a proinflammatory protein, is elevated and adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory protein, is decreased. In patients undergoing weight reduction surgeries, these hormone levels behave paradoxically. It is not known whether bariatric surgery protects against development of autoinflammatory or autoimmune conditions; nevertheless, changes occurring in the immune system are incompletely understood. In this case series, we describe 4 patients undergoing bariatric surgery, who subsequently developed systemic autoimmune diseases. Patients in our case series were asymptomatic before surgery and developed an autoimmune disease within 11.2 months. Two women fulfilled criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (one associated with antiphospholipid syndrome), and 2 men developed rheumatoid arthritis. A causal relationship is difficult to establish because factors that could trigger these diseases are multiple, including genetic susceptibility, time elapsed until achievement of ideal weight, and vitamin deficiencies, among others. However, clinicians must be attentive to this possible association.

Lymphomagenesis predictors and related pathogenesis.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by a wide range of clinical manifestations and complications, including B-cell lymphoma. This study aims to describe the predictors associated with lymphomagenesis in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, emphasising the pathophysiological bases that support this association. We performed a review of the literature published through a comprehensive search strategy in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of science. Forty publications describing a total of 45,208 patients with SS were retrieved. The predictors were grouped according to their pathophysiological role in the lymphoproliferation process. Also, some new biomarkers such as MicroRNAs, P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) were identified. The knowledge of the pathophysiology allows the discrimination of markers that participate in the initial stages. Considering that the lymphoproliferation process includes the progression of lymphoma towards more aggressive subtypes, it is essential to recognise biomarkers associated with a worse prognosis.

Reproducibility of minor salivary gland biopsy reports in Sjögren's syndrome and its correlation with disease biomarkers.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is challenging to diagnose. Although minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) is a useful ancillary study, different factors make its interpretation difficult. Also, the significance of distinct histopathological findings is unknown. We aimed to determine the concordance between pathologists and rheumatologists in interpreting the MSGB results, as well as the correlation between MSGB findings, paraclinical features, and SS diagnosis. METHODS: This descriptive retrospective study reviewed medical charts from 998 individuals from a single center where MSGBs had been performed. Rheumatologists interpreted biopsy reports from pathologists, and interobserver variability was calculated. Logistic regression using immunological parameters and histological findings was performed. RESULTS: We included 998 patients with a median age of 55 years (45-64 years); the majority of patients were females (n = 934, 93.6%). Chisholm and Mason's scoring system was the most frequently used scale (55.1%). There was a good correlation between pathologists and rheumatologists for diagnosing SS using MSGB findings (Cohen's kappa 0.91). We observed a strong association between interstitial plasmocytes and SS (OR 24, 95% CI 9.09-64.94, p = 0). CONCLUSION: The MSGB is an essential tool for the diagnosis of SS. Although different factors may negatively affect its reproducibility, histological findings, such as interstitial plasmocytes, may predict the risk of developing SS. Key Points • We provide information based on 998 patients with suspected SS diagnosis. • Chisholm and Mason's scale is the most frequently used compared to Greenspan's and Tarpley's scales. • There is good correlation between pathologists and rheumatologists for the diagnosis of SS using MSGB.

Autoantibodies production and immunological abnormalities after bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Bariatric surgery is a widely used procedure for the treatment of obesity. Our aim is to describe the main immunological changes in patients who undergo bariatric surgery. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted within a cohort of patients undergoing bariatric surgery and without previous evidence of systemic or organ-specific autoimmune diseases in whom 3 blood samples were collected - one day before surgery (Time 0), and 5 (Time 1) and 10 months (Time 2) after surgery. RESULTS: Thirty four obese patients underwent surgery (Time 0):30(88.24%) were women, mean age 38.3 years. When comparing Time 0 and Time 2, there were statistically significant changes in CD4+T cell count, with an increase from 1074/mL(IQR:860-1316) to 1217.5/mL(IQR:838-1510),p = 0.0002. The CD4/CD8 ratio increased from 2.2(IQR: 1.7-2.7) to 2.4(1.8-2.8), p = 0.0001. As for humoral variables, the C3 fraction of complement decreased from 164 ±â€¯40.6 mg/dL to 112.4 ±â€¯31.4 mg/dL(p < 0.001) and C4 decreased from 29.3 ±â€¯10.1 mg/dL to 22.5 ±â€¯7.1(p = 0.0009) at Time 2. Four patients with negative ANAs at baseline, showed positive ANAs at Time 2.One patient developed anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies >200 IU/mL at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing bariatric surgery show immunological changes which might eventually lead to develop an autoimmune disease.

Etanercept-induced pityriasis lichenoides chronica in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

We present a 74-year-old female patient who developed a pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) during etanercept therapy. This association is not described in the literature and might be considered in the spectrum of cutaneous adverse reactions of etanercept.

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Abatacept.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial membrane inflammation and joint cartilage destruction. Abatacept is a biologic agent that blocks the costimulation signals, preventing antigen presentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. It is approved for the treatment of patients with RA. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an infectious disease complicating several immunosuppressive drugs. PJP associated with abatacept has not been reported yet in the medical literature. Various factors, such as the mechanism of action of abatacept, may contribute to predisposing to Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. In this paper, we report a patient with RA who developed PJP under abatacept treatment.

Efectos del belimumab en pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sistémico, un estudio prospectivo observacional / Effects of belimumab in Colombian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; a prospective observational study

Resumen Introducción: El belimumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal tipo IgG1 que se une e inhibe la forma soluble de Blys (estimulador de linfocitos B) y ha mostrado efectividad en el manejo del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Sin embargo, se desconoce su efectividad en una población tan variable étnicamente como la colombiana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo observacional entre febrero de 2015 y febrero de 2016, en pacientes con LES, con enfermedad activa a pesar del tratamiento estándar, quienes fueron tratados con belimumab. Resultados: El uso de belimumab se relacionó con una mejoría significativa en los compromisos articular, cutáneo y hematológico, con aumento de los niveles de complemento, disminución de las exacerbaciones por LES y de las hospitalizaciones, además de una menor actividad calculada por SLEDAI después de 3 meses de utilización y con una estabilidad mantenida hasta los 9 meses. Conclusiones: Se observó que el belimumab es útil en pacientes colombianos con LES que son refractarios a la terapia estándar, especialmente en manifestaciones articulares, hematológicas y cutáneas, en un entorno de pacientes de la vida real.

Abstract Introduction: Belimumab, a monoclonal type Ig G1 antibody that binds and inhibits the Belimumab soluble form of the Blys (B lymphocyte stimulator) has shown to be effective in the manamanagement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, its effectiveness is unknown in an ethnically variable population, such as in Colombia. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between February 2015 and February 2016 on patients with active SLE disease despite being on standard treatment and who were treated with Belimumab. Results: Belimumab showed a significant improvement in joint, cutaneous and haematological involvement, with an increase in complement levels, a decrease in lupus crises and hospital admissions. After 3 months there was lower activity, calculated by SLEDAI, with stability for 9 months. Conclusions: In a real-life patient setting, it was observed that belimumab was useful in Colombian patients with SLE and refractory to standard therapy, especially in the joint, haematological, and cutaneous manifestations.