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OBJETIVE: H. pylori infection is acquired early in life, but symptoms occur mainly in adults. The mode of transmission remains unclear, but several studies have demonstrated that the microorganism may be transmitted orally. H. pylori has been detected in the oral cavity of children, and some authors have studied infection prevalence due to the importance of the bacteria in gastric and extragastric pathology. In México, little is known about H. pylori prevalence in the oral cavity of asymptomatic children, so the aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori in asymptomatic children and evaluate factors associated with the infection. DESING: We studied 162 asymptomatic children of 3.025±1.474 years of age from a kindergarten in México City. Oral swabs, rotating around to cheeks inside of oral cavity were obtained to determine H. pylori, using the polymerase chain reaction for 16S rRNA and glmM genes. RESULTS: We detected a 13% prevalence of H. pylori infection by PCR, and the results were confirmed by sequencing and showed a >97% identity with H. pylori. We observed increased infection with age. No association between H. pylori infection and variables such as sex, family history of gastric diseases, crowding or pets in the home were found. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection in the oral cavity is frequent among asymptomatic children in México, which represents a risk of infection for other family members and for other children in educational facilities. Early diagnosis is essential for control of the infection and for the development of preventive strategies in childhood.
Assuntos
Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Boca/microbiologia , Fatores Etários , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Resumen Aunque la conciencia por el correcto uso de las sustancias empleadas para el tratamiento de las diferentes enfermedades tiene el mismo principio hipocrático de «primero no hacer daño¼, ésta no fue concretada como una actividad exprofeso para la vigilancia de sus efectos, lo que en épocas recientes se denomina farmacovigilancia. Las actividades de farmacovigilancia se impulsaron a partir de importantes reacciones adversas graves a medicamentos que fueron señales para advertir que, si bien éstos tienen como propósito mejorar el estado de salud, también tienen potencialidad de ser perjudiciales de manera importante, incluso fatal. Las actividades de farmacovigilancia como esfuerzo mundial procuran la mejora de la seguridad de los medicamentos mediante la monitorización de las reacciones adversas que se presentan postcomercialización en población abierta. Con el devenir histórico de la ciencia médica, también se ha hecho evidente la necesidad de implementar mecanismos para disminuir el potencial error humano, así como identificar y gestionar los riesgos y problemas relacionados con los medicamentos; ha sido importante, también, impulsar la cultura del reporte a fin de percibir la problemática y analizar su causalidad, y con el esfuerzo de todos, establecer mecanismos que influyan en la mejora del perfil de seguridad del sistema de medicación de las naciones. México, como un actor importante en la toma de decisiones globales, no se ha mantenido aislado ante este escenario y se suma a los esfuerzos dando importantes pasos desde las mismas autoridades sanitarias, implementando acciones que van desde el ámbito normativo y que han permeado en todo el sector salud de nuestro país. Ante este esperanzador panorama, sería irresponsable bajar la guardia; al contrario, hay que redoblar esfuerzos para concretar el programa de farmacovigilancia. Dichos esfuerzos no escapan a nuestro medio; con la creación de la Unidad de Farmacovigilancia Hospitalaria del Hospital Central Militar en 2014, nuestra institución es consistente con la visión de la calidad y seguridad en salud.
Abstract Although awareness of the correct use of substances used for the treatment of different diseases has the same Hippocratic principle of: «first do no harm¼, this was not made concrete as an ex-professed activity for the monitoring of its effects, which in recent times is called pharmacovigilance. Pharmacovigilance activities were prompted by major serious adverse reactions to drugs that were warning signs that, while they are intended to improve health status, they also have the potential to be harmful in significant, even fatal, ways. Pharmacovigilance activities, as a global effort, aim to improve the safety of medicines by monitoring post-marketing adverse reactions in the open population. With the historical development of medical science, it has also become evident the need to implement mechanisms to reduce the potential for human error, as well as to identify and manage the risks and problems related to medicines; it has also been important to promote a reporting culture in order to warn of the problem, analyze its causality, and with everybody's effort, establish mechanisms that improve the safety profile of the nations' medication system. Mexico, as an important actor in global decision-making, has not remained isolated in the face of this scenario, and joins the efforts of the health authorities themselves in taking important steps, implementing actions that go from the regulatory sphere, and have permeated the entire health sector of our country. Faced with this hopeful scenario, it would be irresponsible to lower our guard; on the contrary, we must redouble our efforts to implement a pharmacovigilance programme. These efforts do not escape us, and that with the creation of the Hospital Pharmacovigilance Unit of the Central Military Hospital in 2014, our institution is consistent with the vision of quality and health safety.
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Los prolactinomas son adenomas hipofisiarios frecuentes y son causa importante de infertilidad. Son más frecuentes en mujeres entre la segunda y quinta décadas de la vida. Morfólogicamente se clasifican como microprolactinomas (<10 mm) y macroprolactinomas (>10 mm). Sus manifestaciones pueden ser endocrinas (que son las más frecuentes) o por efecto de masa y neurológicas