The implementation of multiple interprofessional integrated modules by health sciences faculty in Chile.

Multiple interprofessional integrated modules (MIIM) 1 and 2 are two required, cross-curricular courses developed by a team of health professions faculty, as well as experts in education, within the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile. MIIM 1 focused on virtual cases requiring team decision-making in real time. MIIM 2 focused on a team-based community project. The evaluation of MIIM included student, teacher, and coordinator perspectives. To explore the perceptions of this interprofessional experience quantitative data in the form of standardised course evaluations regarding teaching methodology, interpersonal relations and the course organisation and logistics were gathered. In addition, qualitative perceptions were collected from student focus groups and meetings with tutors and coordinators. Between 2010 and 2014, 881 students enrolled in MIIM. Their evaluation scores rated interpersonal relations most highly, followed by organisation and logistics, and then teaching methodology. A key result was the learning related to interprofessional team work by the teaching coordinators, as well as the participating faculty. The strengths of this experience included student integration and construction of new knowledge, skill development in making decisions, and collective self-learning. Challenges included additional time management and tutors' role. This work requires valuation of an alternative way of learning, which is critical for the performance of future health professionals.

Safety and effectiveness of telerehabilitation program in people with severe haemophilia in Chile. A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about how people with haemophilia (PWH) perceive and assess the usefulness, safety and effectiveness of telerehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To describe usefulness, safety, effectiveness and limitations of a telerehabilitation program applied in people with severe haemophilia implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted based on a focus group. Four analytical categories were predefined, three of which involved elements of Donabedian's model for quality assessment in health care (structure, process and results). RESULTS: One of the most important aspects according to all of the participants is the sense of safety they experienced while being taken care of by a physiotherapist specializing in PWH rehabilitation. This facilitated trust in the professional and adherence to treatment. All participants reported improvements in their physical condition and sense of well-being. The lack of adequate equipment at home, the limited length of the sessions, the perception that the physiotherapist may not be able to perform an appropriate physical examination and the lack of direct supervision were described as disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscored that telerehabilitation had high satisfaction among PWH. Telerehabilitation was perceived by PWH as a safe and effective intervention to improve physical condition. Telerehabilitation could be further supported and improved, and coverage could be enhanced, including rural and remote areas, which suffer from chronic inequalities in access to rehabilitation. The lack of face-to-face supervision and physical examination were perceived as the principal disadvantages. These results may help to improve telerehabilitation programs in PWH elsewhere.

An Intensive Care Unit Team Reflects on End-of-Life Experiences With Patients and Families in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU) represent an experience of suffering for patients, their families, and professionals. End-of-life (EOL) care has been added to the responsibilities of the ICU team, but the evidence supporting EOL care is scarce, and there are many barriers to implementing the clinical recommendations that do exist. OBJECTIVES: To explore the experiences and perspectives of the various members of an ICU care team in Chile regarding the EOL care of their patients. METHODS: A qualitative study was performed in the ICU of a high-complexity academic urban hospital. The study used purposive sampling with focus groups as a data collection method. A narrative analysis based on grounded theory was done. RESULTS: Four discipline-specific focus groups were conducted; participants included 8 nurses, 6 nursing assistants, 8 junior physicians, and 6 senior physicians. The main themes that emerged in the analysis were emotional impact and barriers to carrying out EOL care. The main barriers identified were cultural difficulties related to decision-making, lack of interprofessional clinical practice, and lack of effective communication. Communication difficulties within the team were described along with lack of self-efficacy for family-centered communication. CONCLUSION: These qualitative findings expose gaps in care that must be filled to achieve high-quality EOL care in the ICU. Significant emotional impact, barriers related to EOL decision-making, limited interprofessional clinical practice, and communication difficulties were the main findings cross-referenced.

"I don't want to be a burden" A qualitative study of the beliefs of women with chronic low back pain in relation to their painful experience.

BACKGROUND: Women's pain is still poorly understood. Moreover, maladaptive pain beliefs contribute to the disability associated with low back pain and play a key role in the transition from acute to chronic symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To explore the beliefs of women with non-specific chronic low back pain in terms of nature of symptoms, fears associated with pain, expectations for recovery, family, social and work-related limitations, and perceived self-efficacy. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative study with an interpretative approach was undertaken. Face-to-face, semi-structured individual interviews were performed. Study participants were 10 women with non-specific chronic low back pain living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. A deductive process was used to code the text and categorize the data. RESULTS: Participants described maladaptive beliefs about pain, leading to fearful attitudes and low expectations for recovery. These beliefs seemed to perpetuate pain and limit engagement in daily tasks and meaningful activities. Some of these beliefs were associated with information provided by healthcare professions. Despite having maladaptive beliefs, women perceived themselves as self-effective. CONCLUSION: Women with chronic low back pain described a range of different pain beliefs across a complex categorial structure. The contents of such structure may interfere with their decisions about therapeutic options. Their beliefs were often ungrounded in scientific principles, even if the information may have been provided by healthcare providers. Physical therapists would benefit from these findings to improve communication with their patients and assess the role of beliefs in decision-making.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS: Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION: The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

Parte 5: Enfoques Teórico-metodológicos de la Investigación Cualitativa en Salud / Part 5: Theoretical-methodological Approaches to Qualitative Health Research

Las metodologías cualitativas de investigación están siendo cada vez más utilizadas en el ámbito de la salud. Estas metodologías son útiles cuando se quiere estudiar fenómenos sociales complejos que difícilmente pueden ser estudiados mediante técnicas estadísticas o cuantitativas. Para llevar a cabo estudios cualitativos de buena calidad es necesario que los investigadores/as tengan sólidos conocimientos de la metodología y de los enfoques teóricos-metodológicos que la sustentan. Estos enfoques reflejan un posicionamiento teórico-filosófico acerca de la construcción de los fenómenos sociales y posee un cuerpo de conocimientos y procedimientos propios. Los enfoques teórico-metodológicos más utilizados en las investigaciones cualitativas en salud son la etnografía, la fenomenología y la teoría fundamentada. La recomendación es fortalecer la formación metodológica de los investigadores/as cualitativos, aumentar el rigor de los procesos investigativos y procurar la coherencia epistemológica de los estudios a través de la elección adecuada del enfoque teórico-metodológico.

Qualitative research methodologies are being increasingly used in the field of health. These methodologies are useful when you want to study complex social phenomena that can hardly be studied using statistical or quantitative techniques. To carry out qualitative studies of good quality, it is necessary for the researchers to have solid knowledge of the methodology and of the theoretical-methodological approaches that support it. These approaches reflect a theoretical-philosophical position on the construction of social phenomena and have a body of knowledge and procedures of their own. The most widely used theoretical-methodological approaches in qualitative health research are ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory. The recommendation is to strengthen the methodological training of qualitative researchers, increase the rigor of the investigative processes and ensure the epistemological coherence of the studies through the appropriate choice of the theoretical-methodological approach.

Efectividad de la Terapia Física en Mujeres con Disfunción Sexual: Scoping Review / Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in Women with Sexual Dysfunction: Scoping Review

Introducción. Las disfunciones sexuales femeninas son altamente prevalentes a lo largo de la vida, sin embargo, no son de fácil abordaje para los profesionales de salud. Los aspectos físicos de las disfunciones sexuales y su tratamiento, frecuentemente son subvalorados, porque la evidencia sobre la terapia física en estas disfunciones es limitada. Lo que genera que sean parcialmente tratadas y su sintomatología se pueda mantener y/o aumentar en el tiempo, impactando en la función sexual y en la calidad de vida. Objetivo. Revisar la literatura disponible sobre la terapia física en disfunciones sexuales femeninas y establecer su efectividad. Metodología. Se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas, entre los años 2012 y 2022 en inglés y portugués, disponibles en diferentes bases de datos como; Pubmed, Scielo, Cochrane, Pedro y en Google Scholar. Se incluyeron los registros que hicieran referencia a la terapia física en las disfunciones sexuales femeninas y que cumplieran con nuestros criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. Se incluyeron 8 registros en la síntesis cualitativa. Se identificaron 3 modalidades: herramientas de terapia física, valoración de la función sexual y del dolor. Conclusión. La terapia física demuestra ser efectiva para el tratamiento de las disfunciones sexuales femeninas. La evidencia disponible que demuestre su uso y efectividad aún es escasa, lo que limita su difusión para ser considerada en el abordaje multidisciplinario habitual. Se requiere aumentar la investigación en esta área, enfocada en el rol de la terapia física y sus modalidades terapéuticas, en el tratamiento de las disfunciones sexuales femeninas.

Background. Female sexual dysfunction is highly prevail throughout our life, nevertheless, they are not easily addressed by health professionals. The physical aspects of sexual dysfunctions and their treatment are frequently undervalued because the evidence about physical therapy in these dysfunctions is limited. What causes them to be partly treated and their symptoms can be maintained and/or increased over time and having an impact on sexual function and quality of life. Objetive. To review through literature about physical therapy in female sexual dysfunction and to establish its effectiveness. Methods. Through 2012 and 2012 it was carried out bibliographic searches in English and Portuguese, available in different databases, such as Pubmed, Scielo, Cochrane, Pedro and Google Scholar. Records referring to physical therapy in female sexual dysfunction and that fulfill our requirements of inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Results. Eight records were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three modalities were identified: physical therapy tools, assessment of sexual function and pain. Conclusion. Physical therapy proves to be effective for the treatment of female sexual dysfunctions. The available evidence that demonstrates its use and effectiveness is still scarce, which limits its diffusion to be considered in the regular multidisciplinary approach. More researches are demand in this area, focused on the role of physical therapy and its therapeutic modalities, in the treatment of female sexual dysfunctions.

Experiencias y percepciones sobre rehabilitación comunitaria en la región metropolitana de Chile Estudio Cualitativo / Experiences and perceptions about community-based rehabilitation in the Metropolitan Region of Chile: Qualitative study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC) busca mejorar el acceso a la rehabilitación y la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad. Los escasos estudios realizados muestran experiencias heterogéneas en su implementación. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las experiencias y percepciones sobre RBC de profesionales sanitarios, personas con discapacidad y familiares participantes en centros de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo. A través de un muestreo de caso típico se seleccionaron profesionales sanitarios, hombres y mujeres con discapacidad física y familiares. Se desarrollaron 16 entrevistas grupales semiestructuradas, 4 por cada grupo. Se realizó análisis de contenido semántico mediante codificación inductiva y deductiva. RESULTADOS: La RBC es valorada positivamente por las personas con discapacidad y familiares. Sin embargo, los profesionales consideran que es insuficiente para lograr la inclusión social. DISCUSIÓN: Existen barreras y facilitadores para la implementación de la RBC. Su ubicación en la Atención Primaria permite flexibilidad en la atención. No obstante, se centra en intervenciones de rehabilitación física, relegando la salud integral y el trabajo intersectorial a un segundo plano. Se requiere capacitar a los equipos sanitarios para proveer una rehabilitación integral, que contribuya a la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad

Experiencias y percepciones sobre discapacidad y participación social en centros de rehabilitación comunitaria de Chile / Experiences and perceptions on disability and social participation in community rehabilitation centers in Chile

Resumen Este estudio busca describir experiencias y percepciones sobre discapacidad y participación social de personas con discapacidad y profesionales sanitarios de centros de rehabilitación comunitaria de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con muestreo teórico de actores claves en cuatro centros. Se realizaron 16 grupos focales y análisis de contenido semántico. Las experiencias de personas con discapacidad son diversas, existen elementos comunes como la homologación de la dependencia con la discapacidad y el reconocimiento de barreras sociales. Las percepciones sobre discapacidad representan los modelos individual y social, esto último se evidencia en las injusticias y discriminaciones. La participación social es intensa y afectiva en el centro de salud, sin embargo, otros espacios de participación son escasos. Las concepciones sobre discapacidad y niveles de participación señalan la necesidad de más lineamientos, capacitación y recursos para la efectiva implementación de la rehabilitación comunitaria.

Abstract This study seeks to describe experiences and perceptions about disability and social participation of people with disabilities and professionals who are part of community rehabilitation centers in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. A qualitative study was carried out with a theoretical sampling of key actors from 4 community rehabilitation centers. 16 focus groups were conducted and a semantic content analysis was applied. The experiences of people with disabilities are diverse, there are common elements such as dependency made equivalent to disability and recognition of social barriers. Perceptions of disability represent individual and social models. The latter appears when injustices and discrimination are experienced. Social participation linked to the center is intense and affective. However, other participation spaces are scarce. The concepts of disability and levels of social participation show the need for more guidelines, training and resources for an effective implementation of community rehabilitation.

Informe descriptivo de casos auto-reportados de kinesiólogos(as) contagiados por COVID-19 en Chile / Descriptive report of self-reported cases of physiotherapists infected by COVID-19 in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: El 30 de enero de 2020 el Director General de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró que elbrote de COVID-19 constituía una Emergencia de Salud Pública de Importancia Internacional. El 11 de marzo se determinóque el brote podría caracterizarse como una pandemia, considerando sus alarmantes niveles de propagación y gravedad. En este contexto sanitario, el personal de salud tiene mayor riesgo laboral de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Con el propósito de tener un registro del número de kinesiólogos(as) contagiados en el país, el Colegio de Kinesiólogos elaboró una encuesta de auto-reporte de contagio. Este informe presenta los datos recogidos entre el 01 de junio y el 31 de julio de2020. MÉTODOS: Se diseñó una encuesta online de auto-reporte de casos confirmados de contagio por COVID-19 dirigidaa todos los kinesiólogos(as) residentes en Chile que voluntariamente quisieran participar. RESULTADOS: La encuesta fue respondida por 157 kinesiólogos(as). El 85,3% de los casos correspondió a kinesiólogos(as) jóvenes menores de 40 años. El 77,7% residía en la Región Metropolitana. El 70,1% de los kinesiólogos(as) reportó trabajar en centros de salud de alta complejidad. El 95,5% de los casos tuvo un manejo domiciliario de los síntomas. CONCLUSIÓN: El contagio laboral por COVID-19 de parte de kinesiólogos(os) que atienden pacientes infectados es considerada una enfermedad profesional y debe ser atendida según lo dispuesto en la legalidad vigente. La prevención radica en el correcto uso de los elementos de protección personal.

INTRODUCTION: On January 30th, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On March 11th, it was determined that the outbreak could be characterized as a pandemic, considering its alarming levels of spread and severity. In this health context, health workers have a higher occupational risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2. With the aim of keeping a record of the number of physiotherapists infected in the country, the Colegio de Kinesiólogos de Chile prepared a self-reported contagion survey. This report presents the data collected between June 1st and July 31th, 2020. METHODS: An online self-report survey of confirmed cases of contagion by COVID-19 was designed for all physiotherapists residing in Chile who voluntarily wanted to participate. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 157 physiotherapists. 85.3% of the cases corresponded to young professionals under 40 years of age. 77.7% resided in the Metropolitan Region. 70.1% of the physiotherapists reported working in highly complex health centers. 95.5% of the cases had a home management of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Occupational contagion by COVID-19 by physiotherapists who treat infected patients is considered an occupational disease and must be treated according to the provisions of current legislation. Prevention lies in the correct use of personal protection elements.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile / Rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC) en centros de atención primaria en Chile

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir el estado de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad en Chile. MÉTODOS Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 66 centros comunitarios de rehabilitación de la Región Metropolitana de Chile que implementaron la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad hasta diciembre de 2016. El muestreo tuvo intención censal, por lo que se contactaron todos los centros comunitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado diseñado con base a la matriz de Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El cuestionario fue respondido on-line por los coordinadores de la estrategia en sus respectivos centros. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos. RESULTADOS Se identificó un nivel heterogéneo de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad, específicamente en cuanto a los componentes de la matriz descrita por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El componente más implementado fue Salud; los componentes Social, Subsistencia y Fortalecimiento fueron medianamente implementados; y el componente Educación fue el menos implementado. CONCLUSIÓN La implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad se basa principalmente en el componente Salud. Se requiere aumentar el nivel de implementación de los otros componentes de la matriz, así como de estrategias interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales para lograr una mayor inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad.