Synthesis of a novel magnetic nanomaterial for the development of a multielemental speciation method of lead, mercury, and vanadium via HPLC-ICP MS.

A new magnetic functionalized material based on graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles named by us, M@GO-TS, was designed and characterized in order to develop a magnetic solid-phase extraction method (MSPE) to enrich inorganic and organic species of lead, mercury, and vanadium. A flow injection (FI) system was used to preconcentrate the metallic and organometallic species simultaneously, while the ultra-trace separation and determination of the selected species were achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP MS). Therefore, preconcentration and separation/determination processes were automated and conducted separately. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method combining an online MSPE and HPLC-ICP MS for multielemental speciation. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factor obtained for PbII, trimethyllead (TML), HgII, methylmercury (MetHg), and VV was 27. The calculated LOD for all studied species were as follows: 5 ng L-1, 20 ng L-1, 2 ng L-1, 10 ng L-1, and 0.4 ng L-1, respectively. The RSD values calculated with a solution containing 0.5 µg L-1 of all species were between 2.5 and 4.5%. The developed method was validated by analyzing Certified Reference Materials TMDA 64.3 for total concentration and also by recovery analysis of the species in human urine from volunteers and a seawater sample collected in Málaga. The t statistical test showed no significant differences between the certified and found values for TMDA 64.3. All the recoveries obtained from spiked human urine and seawater samples were close to 100%. All samples were analyzed using external calibration. The developed method is sensitive and promising for routine monitoring of the selected species in environmental waters and biological samples.

Comparative Analysis of Supply Risk-Mitigation Strategies for Critical Byproduct Minerals: A Case Study of Tellurium.

Materials criticality assessment is a screening framework increasingly applied to identify materials of importance that face scarcity risks. Although these assessments highlight materials for the implicit purpose of informing future action, the aggregated nature of their findings make them difficult to use for guidance in developing nuanced mitigation strategy and policy response. As a first step in the selection of mitigation strategies, the present work proposes a modeling framework and accompanying set of metrics to directly compare strategies by measuring effectiveness of risk reduction as a function of the features of projected supply demand balance over time. The work focuses on byproduct materials, whose criticality is particularly important to understand because their supplies are inherently less responsive to market balancing forces, i.e., price feedbacks. Tellurium, a byproduct of copper refining, which is critical to solar photovoltaics, is chosen as a case study, and three commonly discussed byproduct-relevant strategies are selected: dematerialization of end-use product, byproduct yield improvement, and end-of-life recycling rate improvement. Results suggest that dematerialization will be nearly twice as effective at reducing supply risk as the next best option, yield improvement. Finally, due to its infrequent use at present and its dependence upon long product lifespans, recycling end-of-life products is expected to be the least effective option despite potentially offering other benefits (e.g., cost savings and environmental impact reduction).

Ionizing diagnostic radiation exposure in patients with Crohn's disease: A retrospective study in a medium hospital and its predictive factors. / Exposición a radiación diagnóstica en pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn: estudio retrospectivo en un hospital medio y sus factores predictivos.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that diagnostic medical radiation exposure may be responsable for 0.5-2% of cancers worldwide. Because of the relapsing course of Crohn's disease (CD), these patients usually requiere multiple ionizing radiation test. OBJECTIVE: Stimating the total cumulative effective dose received by our CD patients and identifying the risk factors associated with the exposure to a cumulative effective dose due to the disease (CEED) > 50mSv. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study (2001-2014). POPULATION: patients with CD. Risk dose >50mSv. For calculating de cumulative effective dose and the CEED, all the ionizing test done were taken. For identifying predictive factors for receiving a CEDD >50mSv, an univariate and a multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using a >50mSv dose as dependent variable. RESULTS: Of the 267 patients analyzed the 24.6% of them received a cumulative effective dose > 50mSv and the 15.2% a CEED>50mSv. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables were identified as independent predictors associated with a CEDD >50mSv: major surgery (OR= 2.1; IC95% [1.1-3.8]; p=.019) and severity (OR= 20.6; IC95% [4.5-94.8]; p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CD are more at risk of receiving risk CEED, so it would be advisable to monitor the cumulative effective dose received to anticipate our intervention in order to avoid reaching that dose. The ultrasounds and abdominal resonance enterography are alternatives in these cases, although their accessibility is limited in some centers.

Clinical implications of routine genomic mutation sequencing in PIK3CA/AKT1 and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF in metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the molecular profiling of tumour tissues in order to investigate alternative breast cancer (BC) therapies. However, the impact of genomic screening for druggable mutations with targeted gene panel sequencing (TGPS) in routine practice remains controversial. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of data from a genomic screening programme at our institution, in which we performed simplified TGPS for mutations in PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF in order to select patients for targeted therapy clinical trials. The genomes of archived samples of primary (PT) and/or metastatic (MT) tumours from advanced BC patients were analysed with MassARRAY technology (Sequenom MassARRAY, OncoCarta v1.0). The level of PTEN expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The primary endpoint was to identify the proportion of BC patients with PI3 K and MAPK alterations who were included in clinical trials using targeted therapies against these pathways. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifteen metastatic BC patients (65 PT and 168 MT) were included. Fifty-two patients (24.19 %) were enrolled in tailored clinical trials, of whom 29 (55.77, 13.49 % of all patients screened) harboured mutations targeted by the study drug. Moreover, 12 wild-type patients out of the 215 (5.58 %) were included in the clinical trials for which mutation analysis was an inclusion criteria. All the patients received drugs targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway and only two were given combinations directed against the PI3K and MAPK pathways. PI3KCA mutations were present in 33.7 % (61/181) of the patients, 45.83 % in PTs and 29.32 % in MTs. AKT1 mutations were detected in 5.48 % (8/146) of patients and PTEN loss in 34.67 % (52/150). KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations were present in 12.06, 5.67, and 3.18 % of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Genomic screening with a simplified TGPS is feasible, and was used to identify 13.49 % of patients who were included in clinical trials using targeted therapy against the mutations they harboured; PI3KCA mutations were the most frequent aberration in our series.

Keeping prior anticoagulation treatment in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke: the REKOALA study.

INTRODUCTION: A consensus on the management of anticoagulated patients in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke has not yet been established. We aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes in such patients based on the continuation or discontinuation of anticoagulation. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with acute ischaemic stroke and cardioembolic source receiving anticoagulant therapy is done. Patients were classified based on the continuation or discontinuation of anticoagulation at admission. Clinical outcomes, haemorrhagic and ischaemic events were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis and a sub-analysis of patients with severe ischaemic stroke at admission (NIHSS score ≥ 15) were performed. RESULTS: Anticoagulation was continued in 147 (78.8%) of 186 patients. Patients continuing anticoagulant had lower NIHSS (median 5 vs 18, p < 0.001). There were no differences in haemorrhagic or ischaemic events. In the multivariate analysis, good functional outcome at discharge was higher in the continuation group, OR (CI95%) 3.77 (1.2-11.2). PSM analysis adjusted for potential confounders such as NIHSS had higher rates of good functional outcomes at discharge (80% vs 36%, p = 0.004) and at 90 days (76% vs 44%, p = 0.042) in the continuation group. Patients with severe stroke in this group had lower 90-day mortality (34.6% vs 62.5%, p = 0.045) and higher rates of good clinical outcome at discharge (33.3% vs 8.3%, p = 0.032). No differences were observed in 90-day haemorrhagic or ischaemic events. CONCLUSION: Continuation of anticoagulation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and cardioembolic source did not increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage and may be associated with better functional outcomes.

Neurodata Tracker: Software for computational assessment of hand motor skills based on optical motion capture in a virtual environment.

Objectives: Deficits affecting hand motor skills negatively impact the quality of life of patients. The NeuroData Tracker platform has been developed for the objective and precise evaluation of hand motor deficits. We describe the design and development of the platform and analyse the technological feasibility and usability in a relevant clinical setting. Methods: A software application was developed in Unity (C#) to obtain kinematic data from hand movement tracking by a portable device with two cameras and three infrared sensors (leap motion®). Four exercises were implemented: (a) wrist flexion-extension (b) finger-grip opening-closing (c) finger spread (d) fist opening-closing. The most representative kinematic parameters were selected for each exercise. A script in Python was integrated in the platform to transform real-time kinematic data into relevant information for the clinician. The application was tested in a pilot study comparing the data provided by the tool from ten healthy subjects without any motor impairment and ten patients diagnosed with a stroke with mild to moderate hand motor deficit. Results: The NeuroData Tracker allowed the parameterization of kinematics of hand movement and the issuance of a report with the results. The comparison of the data obtained suggests the feasibility of the tool for detecting differences between patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions: This new platform based on optical motion capturing provides objective measurement of hand movement allowing quantification of motor deficits. These findings require further validation of the tool in larger trials to verify its usefulness in the clinical setting.

Platinum availability for future automotive technologies.

Platinum is an excellent catalyst, can be used at high temperatures, and is stable in many aggressive chemical environments. Consequently, platinum is used in many current industrial applications, notably automotive catalytic converters, and prospective vehicle fuel cells are expected to rely upon it. Between 2005 and 2010, the automotive industry used approximately 40% of mined platinum. Future automotive industry growth and automotive sales shifts toward new technologies could significantly alter platinum demand. The potential risks for decreased platinum availability are evaluated, using an analysis of platinum market characteristics that describes platinum's geophysical constraints, institutional efficiency, and dynamic responsiveness. Results show that platinum demand for an automotive fleet that meets 450 ppm greenhouse gas stabilization goals would require within 10% of historical growth rates of platinum supply before 2025. However, such a fleet, due largely to sales growth in fuel cell vehicles, will more strongly constrain platinum supply in the 2050 time period. While current platinum reserves are sufficient to satisfy this increased demand, decreasing platinum ore grade and continued concentration of platinum supply in a single geographic area are availability risk factors to platinum end-users.

Evaluating the potential for secondary mass savings in vehicle lightweighting.

Secondary mass savings are mass reductions that may be achieved in supporting (load-bearing) vehicle parts when the gross vehicle mass (GVM) is reduced. Mass decompounding is the process by which it is possible to identify further reductions when secondary mass savings result in further reduction of GVM. Maximizing secondary mass savings (SMS) is a key tool for maximizing vehicle fuel economy. In today's industry, the most complex parts, which require significant design detail (and cost), are designed first and frozen while the rest of the development process progresses. This paper presents a tool for estimating SMS potential early in the design process and shows how use of the tool to set SMS targets early, before subsystems become locked in, maximizes mass savings. The potential for SMS in current passenger vehicles is estimated with an empirical model using engineering analysis of vehicle components to determine mass-dependency. Identified mass-dependent components are grouped into subsystems, and linear regression is performed on subsystem mass as a function of GVM. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to determine the mean and 5th and 95th percentiles for the SMS potential per kilogram of primary mass saved. The model projects that the mean theoretical secondary mass savings potential is 0.95 kg for every 1 kg of primary mass saved, with the 5th percentile at 0.77 kg/kg when all components are available for redesign. The model was used to explore an alternative scenario where realistic manufacturing and design limitations were implemented. In this case study, four key subsystems (of 13 total) were locked-in and this reduced the SMS potential to a mean of 0.12 kg/kg with a 5th percentile of 0.1 kg/kg. Clearly, to maximize the impact of mass reduction, targets need to be established before subsystems become locked in.

Evaluating rare earth element availability: a case with revolutionary demand from clean technologies.

The future availability of rare earth elements (REEs) is of concern due to monopolistic supply conditions, environmentally unsustainable mining practices, and rapid demand growth. We present an evaluation of potential future demand scenarios for REEs with a focus on the issue of comining. Many assumptions were made to simplify the analysis, but the scenarios identify some key variables that could affect future rare earth markets and market behavior. Increased use of wind energy and electric vehicles are key elements of a more sustainable future. However, since present technologies for electric vehicles and wind turbines rely heavily on dysprosium (Dy) and neodymium (Nd), in rare-earth magnets, future adoption of these technologies may result in large and disproportionate increases in the demand for these two elements. For this study, upper and lower bound usage projections for REE in these applications were developed to evaluate the state of future REE supply availability. In the absence of efficient reuse and recycling or the development of technologies which use lower amounts of Dy and Nd, following a path consistent with stabilization of atmospheric CO(2) at 450 ppm may lead to an increase of more than 700% and 2600% for Nd and Dy, respectively, over the next 25 years if the present REE needs in automotive and wind applications are representative of future needs.

A Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole/GO@Fe3O4 Nanocomposite Modified Impedimetric Sensor for the Routine Monitoring of Lysozyme.

Lysozyme (LYS) applications encompass anti-bacterial activity, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, a porous framework that was based on the polymerization of pyrrole (PPy) in the presence of multi-functional graphene oxide/iron oxide composite (GO@Fe3O4) has been developed. Oxygen-containing and amine groups that were present in the nanocomposite were availed to assembly LYS as the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) template. The synthesized material (MIPPy/GO@Fe3O4) was electrodeposited on top of a gold microelectrode array. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to confirm the adequate preparation of GO@Fe3O4, and the characterization of the resulting molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIECS) was carried out by electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS), FT-IR analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impedimetric responses were analyzed mathematically by fitting to a Q(Q(RW)) equivalent circuit and quantitative determination of LYS was obtained in a linear range from 1 pg/mL to 0.1 µg/mL, presenting good precision (RSD ≈ 10%, n = 5) and low limit of detection (LOD = 0.009 pg/mL). The fabrication of this device is relatively simple, scalable, rapid, and economical, and the sensor can be used up to nine times without disintegration. The MIECS was successfully applied to the determination of LYS in fresh chicken egg white sample and in a commercial drug, resulting in a straightforward platform for the routine monitoring of LYS.

A novel approach for adapting the standard addition method to single particle-ICP-MS for the accurate determination of NP size and number concentration in complex matrices.

This paper presents a novel approach, based on the standard addition method, for overcoming the matrix effects that often hamper the accurate characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex samples via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). In this approach, calibration of the particle size is performed by two different methods: (i) by spiking a suspension of NPs standards of known size containing the analyte, or (ii) by spiking the sample with ionic standards; either way, the measured sensitivity is used in combination with the transport efficiency (TE) for sizing the NPs. Moreover, such transport efficiency can be readily obtained from the data obtained via both calibration methods mentioned above, so that the particle number concentration can also be determined. The addition of both ionic and NP standards can be performed on-line, by using a T-piece with two inlet lines of different dimensions. The smaller of the two is used for the standards, thus ensuring a constant and minimal sample dilution. As a result of the spiking of the samples, mixed histograms including the signal of the sample and that of the standards are obtained. However, the use of signal deconvolution approaches permits to extract the information, even in cases of signal populations overlapping. For proofing the concept, characterization of a 50 nm AuNPs suspension prepared in three different media (i.e., deionized water, 5% ethanol, and 2.5% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide-TMAH) was carried out. Accurate results were obtained in all cases, in spite of the matrix effects detected in some media. Overall, the approach proposed offers flexibility, so it can be adapted to different situations, but it might be specially indicated for samples for which the matrix is not fully known and/or dilution is not possible/recommended.

The use of a smartphone application to improve stroke code workflow metrics: A pilot study in a comprehensive stroke centre.

Background: Timely coordination between stroke team members is of relevance for stroke code management. We explore the feasibility and potential utility of a smartphone application for clinical and neuroimaging data sharing for improving workflow metrics of stroke code pathways, and professionals' opinions about its use. Methods: We performed an observational pilot study including stroke code activations at La Paz University Hospital in Madrid, from June 2019 to March 2020. Patients were classified according to the activation or not of the JOIN app by the attending physician. Clinical data and time-to-procedures were retrieved from the app or from the hospital records and the Madrid regional stroke registry as appropriate and compared between both groups. An anonymous survey collected professionals' opinions about the app and its use. Results: A total of 282 stroke code activations were registered. The JOIN app was activated in 111 (39%) cases. They had a significant reduction in imaging-to-thrombolysis (31 vs 20 min, p = .026) and in door-to-thrombolysis times (51 vs 36 min, p = .004), with more patients achieving a door-to-needle time below 45 min (68.8% vs 37.8%, p = .016). About 50% of the users found the app useful for facilitating the diagnosis and decision-making; interoperability with clinical files was considered an opportunity for improvement. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that JOIN helps improve and document workflow metrics in acute stroke management in a comprehensive stroke centre. These results support testing JOIN in a prospective randomised study to confirm its usefulness and the general applicability of the results.

Uptake of genetic testing and long-term tumor surveillance in von Hippel-Lindau disease.

BACKGROUND: von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL gene. Patients have significant morbidity and mortality secondary to vascular tumors. Disease management is centered on tumor surveillance that allows early detection and treatment. Presymptomatic genetic testing is therefore recommended, including in at-risk children. METHODS: We tested 17 families (n = 109 individuals) for VHL mutations including 43 children under the age of 18. Personalized genetic counseling was provided pre and post-test and the individuals undergoing presymptomatic testing filled out questionnaires gathering socio-demographic, psychological and psychiatric data. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing of the VHL gene. Mutation-carriers were screened for VHL disease-related tumors and were offered follow-up annual examinations. RESULTS: Mutations were identified in 36 patients, 17 of whom were asymptomatic. In the initial screening, we identified at least one tumor in five of 17 previously asymptomatic individuals. At the end of five years, only 38.9% of the mutation-carriers continued participating in our tumor surveillance program. During this time, 14 mutation carriers developed a total of 32 new tumors, three of whom died of complications. Gender, education, income, marital status and religiosity were not found to be associated with adherence to the surveillance protocol. Follow-up adherence was also independent of pre-test depression, severity of disease, or number of affected family members. The only statistically significant predictor of adherence was being symptomatic at the time of testing (OR = 5; 95% CI 1.2 - 20.3; p = 0.02). Pre-test anxiety was more commonly observed in patients that discontinued follow-up (64.7% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The high initial uptake rate of genetic testing for VHL disease, including in minors, allowed the discontinuation of unnecessary screening procedures in non mutation-carriers. However, mutation-carriers showed poor adherence to long-term tumor surveillance. Therefore, many of them did not obtain the full benefit of early detection and treatment, which is central to the reduction of morbidity and mortality in VHL disease. Studies designed to improve adherence to vigilance protocols will be necessary to improve treatment and quality of life in patients with hereditary cancer syndromes.

Modelling the biphasic growth and product formation by Enterococcus faecium CECT 410 in realkalized fed-batch fermentations in whey.

The influence of initial pH on growth and nutrient (total sugars, nitrogen, and phosphorous) consumption by Enterococcus faecium CECT 410 was studied during batch cultures in whey. With these data, two realkalized fed-batch fermentations were developed using different feeding substrates. The shift from homolactic to mixed acid fermentation, the biphasic kinetics observed for cell growth and nitrogen consumption and the increase in the concentrations of biomass and products (lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and butane-2,3-diol) were the most noteworthy observations of these cultures. Modelling the fed-batch growth of Ent. faecium with the Logistic and bi-Logistic models was not satisfactory. However, biomass production was best mathematically described with the use of a double Monod model, which was expressed in terms of biomass, product accumulation, and nitrogen utilization. Product formation was successfully modelled with a modified form of the Luedeking and Piret model developed in this study.

Comparative Study of Synthesis Methods to Prepare New Functionalized Adsorbent Materials Based on MNPs-GO Coupling.

In this work, the synthesis of new adsorbent nanomaterials based on the coupling of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide (MNPs-GO) was addressed. Separately, MNPs and GO have adsorbent properties of great interest, but their use involves certain difficulties. The coupling seeks compensation for their disadvantages, while maintaining their excellent properties. Three different routes to synthesize coupled MNPs-GO were studied and are compared in this work. The three synthesized materials were functionalized with chelating groups: [1,5-bis (di-2-pyridyl) methylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (DPTH) and [1,5-bis(2-pyridyl)3-sulfophenylmethylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (PSTH). The new adsorbent nanomaterials were characterized adequately. Moreover, their capacities of adsorption toward heavy and noble metals were determined, in order to apply them as extractants in magnetic solid-phase extraction to preconcentrate metals in environmental samples. The results showed that one of the routes provided nanomaterials with better adsorbent characteristics and higher yields of functionalization.

Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector.

Trade tensions, resource nationalism, and various other factors are increasing concerns regarding the supply reliability of nonfuel mineral commodities. This is especially the case for commodities required for new and emerging technologies ranging from electric vehicles to wind turbines. In this analysis, we use a conventional risk-modeling framework to develop and apply a new methodology for assessing the supply risk to the U.S. manufacturing sector. Specifically, supply risk is defined as the confluence of three factors: the likelihood of a foreign supply disruption, the dependency of U.S. manufacturers on foreign supplies, and the ability of U.S. manufacturers to withstand a supply disruption. The methodology is applied to 52 commodities for the decade spanning 2007-2016. The results indicate that a subset of 23 commodities, including cobalt, niobium, rare earth elements, and tungsten, pose the greatest supply risk. This supply risk is dynamic, shifting with changes in global market conditions.

MicroRNA-33b Suppresses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Repressing the MYC-EZH2 Pathway in HER2+ Breast Carcinoma.

Downregulation of miR-33b has been documented in many types of cancers and is being involved in proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, the enhancer of zeste homolog 2-gene (EZH2) is a master regulator of controlling the stem cell differentiation and the cell proliferation processes. We aim to evaluate the implication of miR-33b in the EMT pathway in HER2+ breast cancer (BC) and to analyze the role of EZH2 in this process as well as the interaction between them. miR-33b is downregulated in HER2+ BC cells vs healthy controls, where EZH2 has an opposite expression in vitro and in patients' samples. The upregulation of miR-33b suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, reduced invasion, migration and regulated EMT by an increase of E-cadherin and a decrease of ß-catenin and vimentin. The silencing of EZH2 mimicked the impact of miR-33b overexpression. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-33b induces cell proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT, and EZH2 expression in non-tumorigenic cells. Importantly, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association between high miR-33b expression and better overall survival. These results suggest miR-33b as a suppressive miRNA that could inhibit tumor metastasis and invasion in HER2+ BC partly by impeding EMT through the repression of the MYC-EZH2 loop.

HDAC5 Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment in Breast Cancer Affecting Very Young Women.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer in very young women (BCVY) defined as <35 years old, presents with different molecular biology than in older patients. High HDAC5 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC) tissue. We aimed to analyze HDAC5 expression in BCVY and older patients and their correlation with clinical features, also studying the potential of HDAC5 inhibition in BC cell lines. METHODS: HDAC5 expression in 60 BCVY and 47 older cases were analyzed by qRT-PCR and correlated with clinical data. The effect of the HDAC5 inhibitor, LMK-235, was analyzed in BC cell lines from older and young patients. We performed time and dose dependence viability, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis assays. RESULTS: Our results correlate higher HDAC5 expression with worse prognosis in BCVY. However, we observed no differences between HDAC5 expression and pathological features. Our results showed greatly reduced progression in BCVY cell lines and also in all triple negative subtypes when cell lines were treated with LMK-235. CONCLUSIONS: In BCVY, we found higher expression of HDAC5. Overexpression of HDAC5 in BCVY correlates with lower survival rates. LMK-235 could be a potential treatment in BCVY.

[Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on sexual function]. / Impacto de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal sobre la función sexual.

Like other chronic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease impairs the quality of life of affected individuals, with an impact on all phases of sexual functioning. The most important factors in this dysfunction are depressed mood, inflammatory activity and concomitant diseases. While the main objective of physicians is to improve the systemic and gastrointestinal symptoms of this disease, other factors are also involved in restoring quality of life. Although sexual problems are a concern to patients, this topic has been insufficiently studied and is not generally taken into account by physicians treating inflammatory bowel disease. If comprehensive care is to be provided to patients with inflammatory bowel disease, sexuality should be approached directly and patients should be referred to appropriate specialists if dysfunction is detected.