Impact of the Acetyl Group on Cysteine: A Study of N-Acetyl-Cysteine through Rotational Spectroscopy.

Herein, we report a spectroscopic study of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an important antioxidant drug, using Fourier-transform microwave techniques and in isolated conditions. Two conformers are observed, where most stable structure adopts a cis disposition, and the second conformer has a lower abundance and adopts a trans disposition. The rotational constants and the barriers to methyl internal rotation are determined for each conformer, allowing a precise conformation identification. The results show that the cis form adopts an identical structure in the crystal, solution, and gas phases. Additionally, the structures are contrasted against those of cysteine.

Assessment of pathogenic protozoa in a drinking water treatment plant with UV treatment.

Controlling drinking water treatment processes is essential to address water contamination and the adaptability of certain pathogenic protozoa. Sometimes, standard treatment methods and chlorine disinfection may prove insufficient in eliminating pathogenic protozoa. However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has proved to be more effective than chlorine. This study aims to characterize the eukaryotic community of a drinking water treatment plant that applies a final UV disinfection treatment, focusing on pathogenic protozoa. Fifty water samples (raw water, before and after UV treatment) were evaluated to comply with regulation parameters and identify relevant protozoa. Despite physicochemical and microbiological parameters meeting the regulation, some potentially pathogenic protozoa, such as Blastocystis or Cryptosporidium, were still detected in very low relative abundances in treated water. It was found for the first time in Spain the pathogenic amoebae Naegleria fowleri in one river water, which was not found after the treatment. Moreover, Blastocystis subtypes ST1-ST6 were detected in this study in raw, before and after UV water samples. Blastocystis was only found in 2 two samples after UV treatment, with a very low abundance (≤0.02%). Obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of water treatment in reducing the prevalence of pathogenic protozoa.

Immunity onset alters plant chromatin and utilizes EDA16 to regulate oxidative homeostasis.

Perception of microbes by plants leads to dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome, which is essential for plant health. The appropriate amplitude of this transcriptional response can be regulated at multiple levels, including chromatin. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between chromatin remodeling and transcription dynamics upon activation of plant immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that activation of plant immunity by bacteria leads to nucleosome repositioning, which correlates with altered transcription. Nucleosome remodeling follows distinct patterns of nucleosome repositioning at different loci. Using a reverse genetic screen, we identify multiple chromatin remodeling ATPases with previously undescribed roles in immunity, including EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT ARREST 16, EDA16. Functional characterization of the immune-inducible chromatin remodeling ATPase EDA16 revealed a mechanism to negatively regulate immunity activation and limit changes in redox homeostasis. Our transcriptomic data combined with MNase-seq data for EDA16 functional knock-out and over-expressor mutants show that EDA16 selectively regulates a defined subset of genes involved in redox signaling through nucleosome repositioning. Thus, collectively, chromatin remodeling ATPases fine-tune immune responses and provide a previously uncharacterized mechanism of immune regulation.

Bringing Machine-Learning Enhanced Quantum Chemistry and Microwave Spectroscopy to Conformational Landscape Exploration: the Paradigmatic Case of 4-Fluoro-Threonine.

A combined experimental and theoretical study has been carried out on 4-fluoro-threonine, the only naturally occurring fluorinated amino acid. Fluorination of the methyl group significantly increases the conformational complexity with respect to the parent amino acid threonine. The conformational landscape has been characterized in great detail, with special attention given to the inter-conversion pathways between different conformers. This led to the identification of 13 stable low-energy minima. The equilibrium population of so many conformers produces a very complicated and congested rotational spectrum that could be assigned through a strategy that combines several levels of quantum chemical calculations with the principles of machine learning. Twelve conformers out of 13 could be experimentally characterized. The results obtained from the analysis of the intra-molecular interactions can be exploited to accurately model fluorine-substitution effects in biomolecules.

Development of Recyclable Polystyrene-Supported Phosphonic Acid Resins for Carbohydrate Immobilization and Glycosylation.

This article describes the development of a recyclable polystyrene-based phosphonic acid resin and its use for the synthesis of immobilized glycosyl phosphonate donors and subsequent glycosylation reaction. This solid support was generated on a decagram scale from the commercially available Merrifield resin and subsequently functionalized via two different methods into eight different glycosylphosphonates. The resultant glycosylphosphonate-containing resins were obtained in 59-96% yields and were found to be bench-stable at room temperature. These donors could be activated using trifluoroborane etherate at 80 °C to react with various alcohol- and thiol-based acceptors to provide 17 different glycosides in good-to-excellent yields (53-98%). In addition, it was demonstrated that glycosylated resin could be recovered and recycled multiple times to regenerate immobilized glycosylphosphonate donors and could be subjected to on-resin glycan elongation.

Comparison between one and two-dimensional liquid chromatographic approaches for the determination of plasmatic stroke biomarkers by isotope dilution and tandem mass spectrometry.

This work presents the evaluation of one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the quantification of three stroke outcome predictors in plasma. Isotopically labelled analogues of L-arginine (L-Arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are used to quantify the three analytes by isotope dilution and tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic isotope effects were not observed between natural L-Arg and its 15N-labelled analogue but they were observed between natural ADMA and SDMA and their multiple deuterated analogues. Under these conditions, bidimensional chromatography through the use of an automated multiple heart cutting mode provided unsatisfactory results for ADMA and SDMA due to the different amounts of natural and labelled compounds transferred from the first to the second chromatographic dimension. In contrast, using one dimensional liquid chromatography after a derivatization step to esterify carboxylic groups, chromatographic isotope effects did not alter the initial mass balance as full coelution of natural and labelled analogues or baseline resolution between the analytes was not required. This method was successfully validated following the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and applied to the analysis of plasma samples from patients who had suffered from an intraparenchymal haemorrhagic stroke.

Economic evaluations of radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres in liver metastases of colorectal cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Transarterial radioembolization with yttrium-90 (Y-90 TARE) microspheres therapy has demonstrated positive clinical benefits for the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer (lmCRC). This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the available economic evaluations of Y-90 TARE for lmCRC. METHODS: English and Spanish publications were identified from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, MEDES health technology assessment agencies, and scientific congress databases published up to May 2021. The inclusion criteria considered only economic evaluations; thus, other types of studies were excluded. Purchasing-power-parity exchange rates for the year 2020 ($US PPP) were applied for cost harmonisation. RESULTS: From 423 records screened, seven economic evaluations (2 cost-analyses [CA] and 5 cost-utility-analyses [CUA]) were included (6 European and 1 USA). All included studies (n = 7) were evaluated from a payer and the social perspective (n = 1). Included studies evaluated patients with unresectable liver-predominant metastases of CRC, refractory to chemotherapy (n = 6), or chemotherapy-naïve (n = 1). Y-90 TARE was compared to best supportive care (BSC) (n = 4), an association of folinic acid, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) (n = 1), and hepatic artery infusion (HAI) (n = 2). Y-90 TARE increased life-years gained (LYG) versus BSC (1.12 and 1.35 LYG) and versus HAI (0.37 LYG). Y-90 TARE increased the quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) versus BSC (0.81 and 0.83 QALY) and versus HAI (0.35 QALY). When considering a lifetime horizon, Y-90 TARE reported incremental cost compared to BSC (range 19,225 to 25,320 $US PPP) and versus HAI (14,307 $US PPP). Y-90 TARE reported incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) between 23,875 $US PPP/QALY to 31,185 $US PPP/QALY. The probability of Y-90 TARE being cost-effective at £ 30,000/QALY threshold was between 56% and 57%. CONCLUSIONS: Our review highlights that Y-90 TARE could be a cost-effective therapy either as a monotherapy or when combined with systemic therapy for treating ImCRC. However, despite the current clinical evidence on Y-90 TARE in the treatment of ImCRC, the global economic evaluation reported for Y-90 TARE in ImCRC is limited (n = 7), therefore, we recommend future economic evaluations on Y-90 TARE versus alternative options in treating ImCRC from the societal perspective.

Determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in human hair samples of individuals from Colombian gold mining regions by double spiking isotope dilution and GC-ICP-MS.

With the aim to distinguish between routes of exposition to mercury (Hg) in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) communities and to distinguish between Hg contamination sources, Hg species composition should be performed in human biomarkers. In this work, Hg species-specific determination were determined in human hair samples (N = 96), mostly non-directly occupied in ASGM tasks, from the six most relevant gold mining Colombian regions. Therefore, MeHg, Hg(II) and THg concentrations were simultaneously determined by double spiking species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and GC-ICP-MS. Only 16.67% of participants were involved at some point in AGSM works and fish consumption ranged from 3 to 7 times/week, which is between medium and high intake levels. The median concentration of THg obtained from all samples is higher than the reference dose weekly acceptable of MeHg intake established by the EPA (1 ppm), whereas a 25% were more than 4 times higher than the WHO level (2.2 µg Hg g-1). Median THg value of individuals consuming fish 5-7 times per week was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the other consuming groups (12.5 µg Hg g-1). Most of the samples presented a % of MeHg relative to THg higher than 80%. The average % of Hg(II)/THg was 11% and only 10 individuals presented a Hg(II) content over 30%. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found when the amount of Hg(II) was compared between people involved in AGSM task and people not involved. Interestingly, significant differences among the evaluated groups where found when the percentage of the Hg(II)/THg ratio of these groups were compared. In fact, people involved in AGSM tasks showed 1.7 times higher Hg(II)/THg vs. inhabitants uninvolved. This suggest that Hg(II) determination by IDMS-GC-ICP-MS could be a good proxy for evaluating Hg(II) adsorption by direct exposure to mercury vapors onto hair.

The Accuracy and Absolute Reliability of a Knee Surgery Assistance System Based on ArUco-Type Sensors.

Recent advances allow the use of Augmented Reality (AR) for many medical procedures. AR via optical navigators to aid various knee surgery techniques (e.g., femoral and tibial osteotomies, ligament reconstructions or menisci transplants) is becoming increasingly frequent. Accuracy in these procedures is essential, but evaluations of this technology still need to be made. Our study aimed to evaluate the system's accuracy using an in vitro protocol. We hypothesised that the system's accuracy was equal to or less than 1 mm and 1° for distance and angular measurements, respectively. Our research was an in vitro laboratory with a 316 L steel model. Absolute reliability was assessed according to the Hopkins criteria by seven independent evaluators. Each observer measured the thirty palpation points and the trademarks to acquire direct angular measurements on three occasions separated by at least two weeks. The system's accuracy in assessing distances had a mean error of 1.203 mm and an uncertainty of 2.062, and for the angular values, a mean error of 0.778° and an uncertainty of 1.438. The intraclass correlation coefficient was for all intra-observer and inter-observers, almost perfect or perfect. The mean error for the distance's determination was statistically larger than 1 mm (1.203 mm) but with a trivial effect size. The mean error assessing angular values was statistically less than 1°. Our results are similar to those published by other authors in accuracy analyses of AR systems.

Plant circadian clock control of Medicago truncatula nodulation via regulation of nodule cysteine-rich peptides.

Legumes house nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic rhizobia in specialized polyploid cells within root nodules, which undergo tightly regulated metabolic activity. By carrying out expression analysis of transcripts over time in Medicago truncatula nodules, we found that the circadian clock enables coordinated control of metabolic and regulatory processes linked to nitrogen fixation. This involves the circadian clock-associated transcription factor LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), with lhy mutants being affected in nodulation. Rhythmic transcripts in root nodules include a subset of nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides (NCRs) that have the LHY-bound conserved evening element in their promoters. Until now, studies have suggested that NCRs act to regulate bacteroid differentiation and keep the rhizobial population in check. However, these conclusions came from the study of a few members of this very large gene family that has complex diversified spatio-temporal expression. We suggest that rhythmic expression of NCRs may be important for temporal coordination of bacterial activity with the rhythms of the plant host, in order to ensure optimal symbiosis.

Economic evaluations of radioembolization with Itrium-90 microspheres in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 microspheres is a clinically effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the available economic evaluations of TARE for the treatment of HCC. METHODS: The Preferred Reported Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was followed by applying a search strategy across six databases. All studies identified as economic evaluations with TARE for HCC treatment in English or Spanish language were considered. Costs were adjusted using the 2020 US dollars based on purchasing-power-parity ($US PPP). RESULTS: Among 423 records screened, 20 studies (6 cost-analyses, 3 budget-impact-analyses, 2 cost-effectiveness-analyses, 8 cost-utility-analyses, and 1 cost-minimization analysis) met the pre-defined criteria for inclusion. Thirteen studies were published from the European perspective, six from the United States, and one from the Canadian perspectives. The assessed populations included early- (n = 4), and intermediate-advanced-stages patients (n = 15). Included studies were evaluated from a payer perspective (n = 20) and included both payer and social perspective (n = 2). TARE was compared with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in nine studies or sorafenib (n = 11). The life-years gained (LYG) differed by comparator: TARE versus TACE (range: 1.3 to 3.1), and TARE versus sorafenib (range: 1.1 to 2.53). Of the 20 studies, TARE was associated with lower treatment costs in ten studies. The cost of TARE treatment varied widely according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system and ranged from 1311 $US PPP/month (BCLC-A) to 71,890 $US PPP/5-years time horizon (BCLC-C). The incremental cost-utility ratio for TARE versus TACE resulted in a 17,397 $US PPP/Quality-adjusted-Life-Years (QALY), and for TARE versus sorafenib ranged from dominant (more effectiveness and lower cost) to 3363 $US PPP/QALY. CONCLUSIONS: Economic evaluations of TARE for HCC treatment are heterogeneous. Overall, TARE is a cost-effective short- and long-term therapy for the treatment of intermediate-advanced HCC.

Understanding the abundance of the rare sugar ß-D-allose.

The conformational landscape of ß-D-allose, a rare sugar, was investigated using laser ablation in combination with high-resolution rotational spectroscopy. Altogether, three species are identified, exhibiting a counter-clockwise intramolecular hydrogen bond network. The effect of epimerization on the main aldohexose is also studied and, despite the main conformers being very similar, the position of the hydroxyl groups in allose allows the formation of considerably stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonds than in glucose, and this could explain the low abundance of ß-D-allose in Nature.

Unveiling the Shape of N-Acetylgalactosamine: A Cancer-Associated Sugar Derivative.

In the present work, we report the first rotational study of N-acetylgalactosamine, a cancer-associated sugar derivative, by means of high-resolution rotational spectroscopy. Two different conformers have been conclusively characterized using broadband Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy coupled with a laser ablation vaporization system. Additionally, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the intramolecular interactions that govern these structures, which allowed us to both characterize the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bond networks that drive the intrinsic conformation panorama of N-acetylgalactosamine and further rationalize the biological role of this aminosugar derivative as part of the Tn antigen.

Cognitive stimulation has potential for brain activation in individuals with Rett syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge regarding neuropsychological training in Rett syndrome (RS) is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome and the duration of the effect of cognitive stimulation on topographic electroencephalography (EEG) data in RS. METHODS: Twenty female children diagnosed with RS were included in the analysis. Girls with RS conducted a cognitive task using an eye-tracker designed to evaluate access and choice skills. EEG data were acquired during the experimental procedure including two 10-min baseline stages before and after the task. Topographical changes of several EEG spectral markers including absolute and relative powers, Brain Symmetry Index and entropy were assessed. RESULTS: Topographic significance probability maps suggested statistical decreases on delta activity and increases on beta rhythm associated with the cognitive task. Entropy increased during and after the task, likely related to more complex brain activity. A significant positive interaction was obtained between Brain Symmetry Index and age showing that the improvement of interhemispheric symmetry was higher in younger girls (5-10 years). CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, significant alterations of brain rhythms were observed during and after cognitive stimulation, suggesting that cognitive stimulation may have effects on brain activity beyond the stimulation period. Finally, our promising results also showed an increase brain symmetry that was especially relevant for the younger group. This could suggest an interaction of the eye-tracking cognitive task; however, further studies in this field are needed to assess the relation between brain asymmetries and age.

Simultaneous detection of less frequent waterborne parasitic protozoa in reused wastewater using amplicon sequencing and qPCR techniques.

Waterborne parasitic protozoa (WPP) infections have a worldwide distribution and are a source for epidemic and endemic human diseases. Although a variety of protozoa are commonly detected in wastewater and cited as causative agents of outbreaks, effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) used for irrigation can contain other pathogenic protozoa that are not currently being controlled. The lack of control on a routine basis using rapid and sensitive methods to detect these parasites in water may keep them under-recognized. This study focused on using molecular tools, 18 S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing and qPCR, to characterize WPP distribution in wastewater samples from urban WWTPs used for irrigation. A total of eight wastewater samples (from secondary and tertiary disinfection treatment effluents) were collected. Potentially pathogenic protozoa identified by 18 S rRNA sequencing and/or qPCR in the analyzed samples included Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis assemblage A and Toxoplasma gondii Positive results by qPCR were in non-quantifiable levels. Blastocystis sp. was the most represented protozoa among the sequences retrieved from the amplicon sequencing. Blastocystis ST1 and ST2 were the most abundant subtypes among the obtained OTUs. Moreover, Blastocystis sp. ST3, ST4, ST6 and ST8 were also detected, although in lower abundances. Results of this study showed that WWTP effluents used for irrigation can provide a source of WPP.

Studies of Catalyst-Controlled Regioselective Acetalization and Its Application to Single-Pot Synthesis of Differentially Protected Saccharides.

This article describes studies on the regioselective acetal protection of monosaccharide-based diols using chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) and their immobilized polymeric variants, (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS and (S)-SPINOL-PS, as the catalysts. These catalyst-controlled regioselective acetalizations were found to proceed with high regioselectivities (up to >25:1 rr) on various d-glucose-, d-galactose-, d-mannose-, and l-fucose-derived 1,2-diols and could be carried out in a regiodivergent fashion depending on the choice of chiral catalyst. The polymeric catalysts were conveniently recycled and reused multiple times for gram-scale functionalizations with catalytic loadings as low as 0.1 mol %, and their performance was often found to be superior to the performance of their monomeric variants. These regioselective CPA-catalyzed acetalizations were successfully combined with common hydroxyl group functionalizations as single-pot telescoped procedures to produce 32 regioisomerically pure differentially protected mono- and disaccharide derivatives. To further demonstrate the utility of the polymeric catalysts, the same batch of (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS catalyst was recycled and reused to accomplish single-pot gram-scale syntheses of 6 differentially protected d-glucose derivatives. The subsequent exploration of the reaction mechanism using NMR studies of deuterated and nondeuterated substrates revealed that low-temperature acetalizations happen via a syn-addition mechanism and that the reaction regioselectivity exhibits strong dependence on the temperature. The computational studies indicate a complex temperature-dependent interplay of two reaction mechanisms, one involving an anomeric phosphate intermediate and another via concerted asynchronous formation of an acetal, that results in syn-addition products. The computational models also explain the steric factors responsible for the observed C2 selectivities and are consistent with experimentally observed selectivity trends.

The bacterial biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 confers inherited resistance to Verticillium dahliae.

The biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 was previously shown to protect Arabidopsis thaliana plants against Verticillium dahliae. Here we show that K165 also confers inherited immune resistance to V. dahliae. By performing a histone acetyltransferases mutant screen, ChIP assays, and transcriptomic experiments, we were able to show that histone acetylation significantly contributes to the K165 biocontrol activity and establishment of inheritable resistance to V. dahliae. K165 treatment primed the expression of immune-related marker genes and the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene CAD3 through the function of histone acetyltransferases. Our results reveal that offspring of plants treated with K165 have primed immunity and enhanced lignification, both contributing towards the K165-mediated inherited immune resistance. Thus, our study paves the way for the use of biocontrol agents for the establishment of inheritable resistance to agronomically important pathogens.

3D trapping of microbubbles by the Marangoni force.

In this Letter, we show 3D steady-state trapping and manipulation of vapor bubbles in liquids employing a low-power continuous-wave laser using the Marangoni effect. Light absorption from photodeposited silver nanoparticles on the distal end of a multi-mode optical fiber is used to produce bubbles of different diameters. The thermal effects produced by either the nanoparticles on the fiber tip or the light bulk absorption modulate the surface tension of the bubble wall and creates both longitudinal and transversal forces just like optical forces, effectively creating a 3D potential well. Using numerical simulations, we obtain expressions for the temperature profiles and present analytical expressions for the Marangoni force. In addition, using an array of three fibers with photodeposited nanoparticles is used to demonstrate the transfer of bubbles from one fiber to another by sequentially switching on and off the lasers.

Loss of 5hmC identifies a new type of aberrant DNA hypermethylation in glioma.

Aberrant DNA hypermethylation is a hallmark of cancer although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. To study the possible role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in this process we analyzed the global and locus-specific genome-wide levels of 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in human primary samples from 12 non-tumoral brains and 53 gliomas. We found that the levels of 5hmC identified in non-tumoral samples were significantly reduced in gliomas. Strikingly, hypo-hydroxymethylation at 4627 (9.3%) CpG sites was associated with aberrant DNA hypermethylation and was strongly enriched in CpG island shores. The DNA regions containing these CpG sites were enriched in H3K4me2 and presented a different genuine chromatin signature to that characteristic of the genes classically aberrantly hypermethylated in cancer. As this 5mC gain is inversely correlated with loss of 5hmC and has not been identified with classical sodium bisulfite-based technologies, we conclude that our data identifies a novel 5hmC-dependent type of aberrant DNA hypermethylation in glioma.

Optothermal generation, trapping, and manipulation of microbubbles.

The most common approach to optically generate and manipulate bubbles in liquids involves temperature gradients induced by CW lasers. In this work, we present a method to accomplish both the generation of microbubbles and their 3D manipulation in ethanol through optothermal forces. These forces are triggered by light absorption from a nanosecond pulsed laser (λ = 532 nm) at silver nanoparticles photodeposited at the distal end of a multimode optical fiber. Light absorbed from each laser pulse quickly heats up the silver-ethanol interface beyond the ethanol critical-point (∼ 243 °C) before the heat diffuses through the liquid. Therefore, the liquid achieves a metastable state and owing to spontaneous nucleation converted to a vapor bubble attached to the optical fiber. The bubble grows with semi-spherical shape producing a counterjet in the final stage of the collapse. This jet reaches the hot nanoparticles vaporizing almost immediately and ejecting a microbubble. This microbubble-generation mechanism takes place with every laser pulse (10 kHz repetition rate) leading to the generation of a microbubbles stream. The microbubbles' velocities decrease as they move away from the optical fiber and eventually coalesce forming a larger bubble. The larger bubble is attracted to the optical fiber by the Marangoni force once it reaches a critical size while being continuously fed with each bubble of the microbubbles stream. The balance of the optothermal forces owing to the laser-pulse drives the 3D manipulation of the main bubble. A complete characterization of the trapping conditions is provided in this paper.