RESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: One-third of non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (NCPVT) cases are associated with local factors. The risk of rethrombosis after anticoagulation withdrawal is unknown. We aimed to determine factors associated with new splanchnic or extrasplanchnic thrombotic events in this setting. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including cases of recent NCPVT associated with local factors. High- and low-risk prothrombotic factors, prespecified according to RIPORT study criteria, were assessed. Univariate and multivariate Cox models assessed the influence of different variables on the occurrence of new thrombotic events. RESULTS: At baseline, 83/154 (53.9%) patients had at least one prothrombotic factor including 50 (32.5%) with a high-risk and 33 (21.4%) with a low-risk prothrombotic factor. Oestrogen-containing contraception was discontinued in all patients. During follow-up, 63/140 (45%) patients had at least one prothrombotic factor, including 47 (33.6%) with a high-risk and 16 (11.4%) with a low-risk prothrombotic factor. Seventeen new thrombotic events occurred after a median follow-up of 52 (IQR 14-62) (min-max 3.0-69.0) months. New thromboses were associated with high-risk factors (hazard ratio [HR] 3.817, 95% CI 1.303-11.180, p = 0.015), but were inversely related to recanalization (HR 0.222, 95% CI 0.078-0.635, p = 0.005) and anticoagulation (HR 0.976, 95% CI 0.956-0.995, p = 0.016). When a high-risk factor was present a new thrombotic event occurred in 7.4%, 14.6%, 14.6% and 28.8% of patients at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years under anticoagulants, respectively, compared to 21.2%, 21.2%, 58% and 58% without anticoagulants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of recent NCPVT associated with local factors, high-risk factors for thrombosis are associated with new thrombotic events. Permanent anticoagulation appears beneficial in this high-risk situation. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: In non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (NCPVT) associated with local factors, systematic screening for prothrombotic factors is recommended, but the prevalence of the latter is not clearly established, and the risk of recurrent intra or extrasplanchnic thromboembolism is poorly described. Thus, interest in permanent anticoagulation remains. NCPVT associated with local factors is a matter of concern for hepatologists, gastroenterologists and digestive surgeons. Due to a lack of knowledge, practices are heterogeneous. Our findings highlight that systematic screening for prothrombotic factors in NCPVT is needed even when associated with local factors, as it may justify long-term anticoagulation for the prevention of new intra or extrasplanchnic thrombotic events in at least one-third of cases. The interest in long-term anticoagulation should be investigated prospectively in the absence of high-risk prothrombotic factors. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT0536064.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Decompensated-cirrhosis encompasses several stages with different prognosis, such as bleeding, ascites and bleeding-plus-ascites. Development of further-decompensation worsens survival, while non-selective ß-blockers (NSBBs) can modify the risk. However, how this applies to each stage is uncertain. We aimed to investigate, in each stage of decompensated-cirrhosis, the influence of further-decompensation on mortality and whether changes in portal-pressure (HVPG) under NSBBs influence these outcomes. METHODS: Patients with variceal bleeding were consecutively included differentiating those with bleeding-alone from those who also had ascites. Patients with ascites and high-risk varices referred for primary-prophylaxis were also investigated. A baseline haemodynamic study was performed and was repeated after 1-3-months under NSBBs. Outcomes were investigated by competing-risk. RESULTS: Totally 103 patients had bleeding-alone, 186 bleeding-plus-ascites and 187 ascites-alone. Mean follow-up was 32-months (IQR, 12-60). Patients with bleeding-plus-ascites had higher HVPG and were more hyperdynamic than patients with ascites-alone and these than those with bleeding-alone. At each stage, the mortality risk was more than twice in patients developing further-decompensation vs. those without (p < .001). In each stage, HVPG-decrease under NSBBs showed better discrimination to predict further-decompensation than the baseline MELD, Child-Pugh or HVPG, by time-dependent ROC-curves (c-statistic >70%). At each stage, patients without HVPG-decreases, either ≥10% or ≥20% from the baseline, had higher risk of further-decompensation (sHR from 2.43 to 6.73, p < .01) and worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: In each stage of decompensated cirrhosis, mortality risk significantly and very markedly increase with further-decompensation. HVPG-non-response to NSBBs may adequately stratify the risk of further decompensation and death, in each stage. This suggests potential benefit with pre-emptive therapies in HVPG-non-responders at each-stage.
Assuntos
Ascite , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal , Hipertensão Portal , Cirrose Hepática , Pressão na Veia Porta , Humanos , Hipertensão Portal/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão Portal/mortalidade , Hipertensão Portal/etiologia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/mortalidade , Cirrose Hepática/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Masculino , Ascite/fisiopatologia , Ascite/mortalidade , Ascite/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/mortalidade , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/fisiopatologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/mortalidade , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/fisiopatologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Idoso , Prognóstico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Curva ROCRESUMO
Advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is associated with a wide spectrum of immune dysfunction. The clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of decompensation and immune response in unvaccinated outpatients has not as yet been clearly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on outpatients with ACLD. This is an observational case-control study, in which ACLD outpatients were included prospectively and consecutively and classified into two groups: SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected. Patients' baseline characteristics and infection data were collected and analyzed. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against Spike 1 were evaluated. The primary endpoint was risk of liver decompensation during follow-up, assessed after propensity score matching and adjusted by Cox regression. Between October 2020 and July 2021, ACLD outpatients (n = 580) were identified, and 174 patients with clinical follow-up were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence was 7.6% (n = 44). Risk of liver decompensation was significantly higher after infection (HR = 2.43 [1.01-5.86], p = 0.048) vs. non-infection. The time of IgG evaluation was similar in all patients (n = 74); IgG concentrations were significantly higher in compensated vs. decompensated patients (1.02 ± 0.35 pg/mL vs. 0.34 ± 0.16 pg/mL, p < 0.0001) and correlated with hemoglobin levels. The dysregulation of the innate immune response in patients with decompensated liver disease increased the risk of further decompensation following SARS-CoV-2, mainly due to a worsening of ascites.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Imunoglobulina G , Hepatopatias , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Idoso , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Hepatopatias/imunologia , Hepatopatias/virologia , Hepatopatias/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis, especially those caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence and type of infection in these patients may have been influenced by the restrictive measures implemented. We aimed to compare the infections in patients with cirrhosis hospitalized before the COVID-19 pandemic versus those hospitalized during the pandemic. We retrospectively compared infections in patients with cirrhosis hospitalized in the hepatology unit during the pre-pandemic period (3/2019-2/2020) with infections in patients hospitalized during the pandemic (3/2020-2/2021). Baseline characteristics, type of infections, type of bacteria, antimicrobial resistance and mortality were evaluated. There were 251 hospitalizations in 170 patients during the pre-pandemic period and 169 hospitalizations in 114 patients during the pandemic period. One or more infections were identified in 40.6% of hospitalizations during the pre-pandemic period and 43.8% of hospitalizations during the pandemic, P = 0.52. We found 131 infections in the pre-pandemic period and 75 infections during the pandemic. The percentage of nosocomial infections decreased in the pandemic period (25.3% vs. 37.4% in the pre-pandemic period, P = 0.06). We found a non-significant trend to a higher incidence of infections by multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) in the pandemic period than in the pre-pandemic period (6.5% vs. 4%). The incidence of infections was similar in both periods. However, during the pandemic, we observed a trend to a lower incidence of nosocomial infections with a higher incidence of MDRO infections.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecção Hospitalar , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pandemias , Incidência , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alcohol use disorder has been reported in patients undergoing bariatric procedures, but the pattern of alcohol consumption has not been evaluated. We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of binge drinking (BD) at the time of surgery and during follow-up. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal study of subjects undergoing bariatric surgery was included in the LABS-2 registry between 2006 and 2009. Participants with AUDIT questionnaire at the time of surgery and a minimum of 12 months follow-up were included. BD was defined as consuming ≥5 drinks on at least 1 occasion in the previous month. Liver biopsies were obtained during bariatric procedures in not all cases. Survival analysis was performed with the adjusted Cox regression model and competing risk. RESULTS: A total of 2257 subjects were included, with a median follow-up of 79 months. The prevalence of BD at time of surgery was 12%, and it raised up to 23% during follow-up. Patients with BD predominantly had a binge eating disorder (OR=1.35 [95% CI: 1.04-1.76]), regularly consumed fast food [OR=1.4 (95% CI: 1.07-1.85)] and used other drugs (OR=2.65 [95% CI: 1.74-4.04]). Within liver biopsies evaluation, BD showed higher hepatic iron deposits (OR=3.00 [95% CI: 1.25-7.21]). BD at the time of surgery was associated with a higher risk of BD during follow-up (OR=10.49 [95% CI: 7.86-14.00]) and long-term mortality (HR: 3.21 [95% CI: 1.67-6.18]). Specific causes of death in these patients with BD were liver disease (p=0.020), suicide (p=0.015), neoplasms (p=0.034), and respiratory (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of BD in patients undergoing bariatric surgery is high and increases the risk of postoperative liver disease, suicides, and long-term mortality.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Cirurgia Bariátrica/mortalidade , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/complicações , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/mortalidade , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Longitudinais , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Hepatopatias/mortalidade , Hepatopatias/epidemiologia , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/mortalidadeRESUMO
Chagas disease is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), whose reemergence as oral outbreaks is currently a public health problem in Venezuela. T. cruzi infection induces myocardial damage; which according to the microvascular theory, is derived from parasite-mediated disruption of the endothelium, inducing platelet aggregation and ischemia. In order to determine whether ventricular repolarization disorders observed in human patients are characteristic signs of the disease that can be reproduced in NMRI mice; we studied 12 patients with a well documented diagnosis of acute Chagas disease, based on epidemiological, clinical, parasitological and molecular data. Also, T. cruzi isolates from the blood of human patients from other Venezuelan geographical regions were characterized and inoculated in albino NMRI mice. A standard 12-lead and bipolar electrocardiogram configuration were done in human patients during the acute phase of the disease and in mice, after three weeks of infection. Results in human showed repolarization disorders, characterized by: negative, bimodal or biphasic T waves, ST segment depression or elevation and early repolarization. In mice a significant increase in T wave amplitude, increased QT interval duration and elevation or depression of ST segment were observed. These findings were evidenced in all infected mice, suggesting that electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities in a well documented clinical and epidemiological context are signs that increase the sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute Chagas´ disease.
La enfermedad de Chagas es una hemoparasitosis causada por Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), cuya re-emergencia como epidemias por contaminación oral es actualmente un problema de salud pública en Venezuela. La infección por T. cruzi causa miocarditis; que de acuerdo con la teoría microvascular deriva del daño del endotelio vascular, al inducir agregación plaquetaria e isquemia. Con el objetivo de demostrar que los trastornos de repolarización son signos propios de la miocarditis chagásica aguda (MChA) reproducibles en modelos animales, estudiamos 12 pacientes humanos con diagnostico bien documentado de MChA, basado en datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, parasitológicos y moleculares. A partir de la sangre de los pacientes obtuvimos los aislados de T cruzi, los caracterizamos molecularmente y los inoculamos en ratones albinos NMRI; paralelamente, aislados de T cruzi provenientes de otras regiones de Venezuela fueron también ensayados. Tanto en los pacientes humanos como en los ratones con Chagas agudo, se realizaron estudios electrocardiográficos en 12 derivaciones estándares y en configuración bipolar, respectivamente. En humanos observamos trastornos de la repolarización ventricular caracterizados por: onda T negativa, bimodal o bifásica; elevación o depresión del segmento ST y despolarizaciones tempranas. En ratones observamos incrementos en la amplitud de la onda T, aumento en la duración del intervalo QT y elevación o depresión del segmento ST. Estos hallazgos fueron evidenciados en todos los ratones infectados con los diferentes aislados, sugiriendo que los trastornos de repolarización, en un adecuado y bien documentado contexto epidemiológico y clínico, son signos que aumentan la sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de MChA.