The role of spray-drying atmosphere on fridericia chica (bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann standardized extract production for wound healing activity.

Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann (synonym Arrabidaea chica Verlot) is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine. Considering overcoming pitfalls of scaling up production of plant extracts, herein the effects of N2 atmosphere for extract spray-drying process is reported. Samples were monitored by in vitro antioxidant activity and microbiological evaluation. The drying atmosphere influenced 3-deoxyanthocyanines content when using air as atomizing gas, decreasing carajurin (37.5%) content with concomitant increase in luteolin yield (24.1%). Both drying processes preserved the pharmacological activity. In the cell migration test with HaCaT cells, the extract dried under air flow (5 µg/mL) promoted wound closure by 78% (12 hours) whereas the extract dried using N2 flow promoted 49% (12 hours), with 98% closure (12 hours) for the positive control. The antimicrobial evaluation for Staphylococcus aureus did not differ within drying atmospheres, with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) at 0.39 mg/mL. Therefore, the drying process reported herein did not interfere with the biological activity's outcome.

Comparison of different chemometric and analytical methods for the prediction of particle size distribution in pharmaceutical powders.

This work compares the estimation of the particle size distribution of a pharmaceutical powder using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), powder flowability properties, and components concentration. The estimations were made by considering the former data blocks separately and together using a multi-block approach. The powders were based on a formulation of paracetamol as the pharmaceutical active ingredient. The reference method used to determine particle size distribution was sieving. Partial least squares methods were used to estimate the multivariate regression models, and the results were compared in terms of figures of merit. It was shown that the partial least squares methods gave similar prediction errors. Regarding the data blocks used, the NIRS block was proven the most advantageous to estimate the particle size distribution. The prediction error of the NIRS block was similar to the other data blocks with additional advantages such as less generalization problems and the possibility of its use to predict additional physical and chemical properties with an improvement to analysis time. The multi-block approach produced the worst results but nevertheless allowed a deeper understanding of the individual contributions of the data blocks in the prediction of the particle size distribution.

Neurological outcomes in children with and without amalgam-related mercury exposure: seven years of longitudinal observations in a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Although large-scale, randomized trials involving children have been completed and their results demonstrate an absence of neurobehavioral effects from clinical exposure to mercury amalgam, neurological findings from such studies have not been reported. METHODS: The authors conducted a randomized, prospective trial examining the safety of dental amalgam in which 507 children aged 8 through 12 years were assigned to treatment with either amalgam or resin-based composite. During seven years of follow-up, the authors performed annual clinical neurological examinations, including an evaluation of neurological hard signs (NHSs), presence of tremor and neurological soft signs (NSSs). RESULTS: The authors found no significant differences between treatment groups in any of the neurological measures. Groups did not differ with respect to the presence or absence of NHSs or tremor, nor the presence or absence or severity of NSSs at any point. As expected, NSS severity scores diminished with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: Even at the levels of amalgam exposure in this study (a mean of 7.7-10.7 amalgam surfaces per subject across the seven years of follow-up), the authors conclude that exposure to mercury from dental amalgam does not adversely affect neurological status. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The current evidence is that potential neurobehavioral or neurological effects from dental amalgam mercury exposure in children are inconsequential.

Neurological subtle signs and cognitive development: a study in late childhood and adolescence.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Neurological subtle signs (NSS) are often observed during the neurological examination of children and tend to disappear with age. Their persistence into late adolescence or young adulthood has been related to psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. To provide a better understanding of their functional basis, a longitudinal correlational study with neurocognitive measurements was performed. METHOD: We conducted multiple regression and correlation analyses of NSS with demographic and cognitive measures on a subset of 341 healthy children (56% males), taking part in a longitudinal dental study. Participants, whose ages ranged between 11-15 years, at first evaluation, undertook yearly, during 5 years, a 6-item NSS exam (producing a total score ranging between 0-18) and a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Effects of age, gender, IQ, and 7 neurocognitive factors on NSS were analyzed. RESULTS: Over the years, NSS scores correlated consistently with selective attention (Stroop test), motor speed (finger tapping), and visuomotor speed (pegboard speed). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the disappearance of NSS in late childhood and adolescence occurs primarily in parallel with the development of motor and visuomotor functions and secondarily in relation to higher order functions such as selective attention (Stroop) and executive control (B-A Trails difference).

Assessing the transformation of chlorinated ethenes in aquifers with limited potential for natural attenuation: added values of compound-specific carbon isotope analysis and groundwater dating.

The evaluation of biotransformation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in contaminated aquifers is challenging when variable redox conditions and groundwater flow regime are limiting factors. By using compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (C-CSIA) and ³H-³He based groundwater dating, we assessed three CE-contaminated field sites that differed in groundwater flow velocities, redox conditions, and level of contamination. CE isotopic signatures and carbon isotopic mass balances were applied to quantify CE transformation, whereas groundwater dating allowed determining degradation timescales and assessing hydrodynamic regimes. The combination of these techniques enabled at all field sites to indicate zones within the aquifers where CE dechlorination preferably occurred, sometimes even to metabolites of no toxic concern. However, the natural transformation processes were insufficient to mitigate the entire CE contamination at the studied sites. Such situations of limited transformation are worldwide far more common than sites where optimal natural (mainly redox) conditions are enabling complete CEs degradation. Despite such constraints for natural transformation, this study showed that even under non-favorable biogeochemical CEs degradation, the combination of CSIA and groundwater dating provide valuable information to the understanding of the fate of the CEs, thus, being an important contribution in the definition of efficient remediation measures at any given biogeochemical conditions.

Telessaúde, contextos e implicações no cenário baiano / Telehealth, contexts and implications in Bahia scenario

O presente texto é um relato de experiência sobre a Telessaúde como estratégia de apoio assistencial, fortalecendo a integração entre os serviços de saúde, ampliando a resolutividade e estabelecendo uma relação custo-efetividade dos processos de saúde pública, além de qualificar Equipes de Saúde da Família através da educação permanente. A Bahia destaca-se por possuir um projeto único no cenário nacional com o objetivo de nortear os projetos intermunicipais, além de mobilizar gestores municipais e profissionais da Atenção Básica, através de treinamento realizado em todas as regiões de saúde. O resultado é ampliação das ações profissionais e acesso a especialidades nos locais mais remotos.

The present text is a report on the experience of Telehealth as a strategy of assistance support, strengthening the integration between health services, increasing the resolution and establishing a cost-effectiveness relation of procedures regarding public health, besides qualifying Family Health Teams through continuing education. Bahia is distinguished for having a single project in the national scene aiming to guide the intermunicipal projects, in addition to mobilizing Primary Care professionals and city managers through training conducted in all of the health regions. The result is the extension of professional actions and access to medical specialties in the most remote locations.

Quantifying in situ transformation rates of chlorinated ethenes by combining compound-specific stable isotope analysis, groundwater dating, and carbon isotope mass balances.

We determined in situ reductive transformation rates of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in a contaminated aquifer by combining compound-specific carbon stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of the contaminants with tracer-based ((3)H-(3)He) groundwater dating. With increasing distance from the source, PCE was gradually transformed to trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (cDCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). Using the in situ determined carbon isotopic enrichment factor of -3.3 +/- 1.2 per thousand allowed for quantification of the PCE-to-TCE transformation based on isotopic (delta(13)C) shifts. By combining these estimates of the extent of PCE transformation with measured groundwater residence times (between 16 and 36 years) we calculated half-lives of 2.8 +/- 0.8 years (k = 0.27 +/- 0.09 yr(-1)) for the PCE-to-TCE transformation. Carbon isotope mass balances including the chloroethenes PCE, TCE, cDCE, and VC (delta(13)C(Sigma(CEs))) enabled an assessment of complete PCE dechlorination to nonchlorinated products. Shifts of delta(13)C(Sigma(CEs)) at the fringe of the plume of more than 25 per thousand pointed to dechlorination beyond VC of up to 55 +/- 17% of the chloroethene mass. Calculated rates for this multistep dechlorination were highly variable throughout the aquifer (k = 0.4 +/- 0.4 yr(-1)), suggesting that PCE reduction to nonchlorinated products occurred only in locally restricted zones of the investigated site.

(13)C/(12)C analysis of ultra-trace amounts of volatile organic contaminants in groundwater by vacuum extraction.

We developed a method for the vacuum extraction (VacEx) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water samples for ultratrace determinations of carbon isotopic signatures. Our method permits compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (CSIA) at VOC concentrations as low as 0.03-1.34 microg/L. VacEx was developed to extract and preconcentrate VOCs for subsequent carbon-CSIA by the standard technique purge-and-trap (P&T) coupled to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Even without complete extraction, the delta(13)C signatures of VOCs determined by VacEx-P&T-IRMS were in good agreement (deviation <1 per thousand) with signatures determined by P&T-IRMS. This indicates that VacEx does not cause isotopic discrimination. Limits of quantification (LOQs) for delta(13)C analysis were: 0.03-0.06 microg/L for benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-p-xylene and ethylbenzene, 0.09 microg/L for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and 0.18-0.27 microg/L for trans-DCE, cis-DCE, TCE and PCE. These are the lowest LOQs reported to date for continuous-flow isotope-ratio determinations using a commercially available and automated system. To our knowledge, analytical protocols adopted from noble gas analysis in water were applied for the first time to determine the isotope composition of organic contaminants. We applied VacEx in a field study to illustrate how the determination of VOC isotopic signatures at very low concentrations opens new avenues in the in situ assessment of these priority groundwater pollutants.

Determination of flow properties of pharmaceutical powders by near infrared spectroscopy.

The physical properties of pharmaceutical powders are of upmost importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The knowledge of their flow properties is of critical significance in operations such as blending, tablet compression, capsule filling, transportation, and in scale-up operations. Powders flow properties are measured using a number of parameters such as, angle of repose, compressibility index (Carr's index) and Hausner ratio. To estimate these properties, specific and expensive equipment with time-consuming analysis is required. Near infrared spectroscopy is a fast and low-cost analytical technique thoroughly used in the pharmaceutical industry in the quantification and qualification of products. To establish the potential of this technique to determine the parameters associated with the flow properties of pharmaceutical powders, blended powders based on paracetamol as the active pharmaceutical ingredient were constructed in pilot scale. Spectra were recorded on a Fourier-transform near infrared spectrometer in reflectance mode. The parameters studied were the angle of repose, aerated and tapped bulk density. The correlation between the reference method values and the near infrared spectrum was performed by partial least squares and optimized in terms of latent variables using cross-validation. The near infrared based properties predictions were compared with the reference methods results. Prediction errors, which varied between 2.35% for the angle of repose, 2.51% for the tapped density and 3.18% for the aerated density, show the potential of NIR spectroscopy in the determination of physical properties affecting the flowability of pharmaceutical powders.

Assessing TNT and DNT groundwater contamination by compound-specific isotope analysis and 3H-3He groundwater dating: a case study in Portugal.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) originating from 50 years of explosives production have heavily contaminated two stacked aquifers in the vicinity of Lisboa, Portugal. To assess if these poly-nitroaromatic compounds (P-NACs) are being degraded in the subsurface, tracer-based groundwater dating techniques combined with compound-specific isotope analyses (CSIA) were applied. The groundwater residence times were distinctly different in the two aerobic aquifers, as determined by the tritium ((3)H)-(3)He method. In the contaminated zones, the upper aquifer exhibited groundwater ages of 25 years, whereas the lower (presumably confined) aquifer contained hardly any tritium which indicates water ages >55 years. P-NACs-containing waste waters are known to have leaked into the upper, unconfined aquifer. However, P-NACs were present in both aquifers in high concentrations (up to 33000 microg L(-1) TNT), which implies a hydraulic connection, although tritium concentrations and chemical data suggest two separated aquifers. Based on the (3)H-(3)He groundwater dating and the presence of very high P-NAC concentrations, the contamination of the lower aquifer must have happened during the early stage of the explosive production, i.e. >50 years ago. Despite this 'old' contamination, TNT and DNT have not been transformed until to date as is demonstrated by the negligible changes in their carbon isotopic signatures (delta(13)C). Thus, P-NACs are very recalcitrant to degradation at the investigated site. If the aquifers remain aerobic, TNT and DNT are expected to persist in the subsurface for many decades to centuries. The presented approach of assessing time scales of natural attenuation at the field scale by the combination of CSIA and (3)H-(3)He water dating has the potential to be applied to any other groundwater contaminants, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, gasoline components, heterocyclic carbenes, or polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Meningoencefalite necrotizante de cão Maltês / Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Maltese dog

A Meningoencefalite Necrotizante (MEN) é uma encefalopatia causada por uma disfunção inflamatória de característica necrotizante. O objetivo deste relato é descrever os aspectos clínicos e anatomopatológicos da Meningoencefalite Necrotizante (MEN) em um cão Maltês. A doença tem um caráter necrótico único e está relacionada intimamente à Encefalite do Cão Pug (ECP) devido a suas semelhanças, bem como à Leucoencefalite Necrotizante (LEN). Embora o primeiro relato de caso de ECP tenha mais de 15 anos e o primeiro relato de caso de MEN em Maltês tenha 11 anos, há muito a ser revelado sobre a etiologia e os mecanismos imunopatológicos da doença. Neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão Maltês com sinais que foram compatíveis com a MEN. Foram detectadas nas imagens macroscópicas, cavitação cerebral, e na microscopia, perda de células do parênquima em certas regiões do córtex cerebral. A partir dessas descobertas descreve-se o primeiro caso de MEN em cão Maltês no Brasil.

The Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis (NME) is an encephalopathy caused by an inflammatory dysfunction with necrotic characterization. The aim of this report is to describe the anatomopathological features of the NME in a Maltese dog. The disease has a unique necrotic pattern and is closely related to Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE) because of their similarity as well as to Necrotizing Leukoencephalitis (NLE). Although the first PDE report has more than 15 years and the first Maltese NME report has 11 years there is a lot to be unveiled about the etiologic and the immunopathologic mechanisms of the disease. Here we report one case of a Maltese dog with signs that were compatible with NME. The gross morphology pictures with the cerebral cavitation and the histological loss of parenchymal cells in some regions of the cerebral cortex were detected. Based on these findings, we describe the first case of NME in Maltese dog in Brazil.

Estudo da variação da concentração sérica de fenobarbital em cães cronicamente medicados / Study of the variation in the serum concentrations of phenobarbital in dogs exposured to a long term treatment

Com a finalidade de avaliar a variação na concentração sérica do fenobarbital durante um intervalo de 12 horas da sua administração, as concentrações séricas foram mensuradas a cada duas horas em 30 cães cronicamente medicados, durante no mínimo um mês. A determinação dos valores séricos de fenobarbital, por meio de Imunofluorescência polarizada. Os valores de meia-vida obtidos variaram de 13-131 horas, sendo que a maioria dos cães atingiram o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico por volta de 15 dias, e todos após quatro semanas, recomendando-se assim monitoração após quatro semanas do início da terapia ou após cada ajuste de dose. Houve diferença significante entre as médias das amostras coletadas duas e quatro horas (pico) com as das amostras coletadas imediatamente antes e oito, 10 e 12 horas após sua administração. Assim, para a monitoração, pode-se realizar a coleta sangüínea, imediatamente antes da administração do fenobarbital, ou em qualquer horário, entre oito a 12 horas após sua administração e nos casos suspeitos de intoxicação uma segunda amostra pode ser coletada dentro de duas a quatro horas após a sua administração.

In order to evaluate daily changes of concentration of phenobarbital during the interval of 12 hours of its administration, serum phenobarbital concentration were measured each two hours in 30 dogs submitted to the referred drug therapy for at least one month. All serum phenobarbital drug concentration were determined by use of a fluorecence polarization immunoassay. The values of half-lives obtained varied from 13 to 131 hours, most dogs reached steaty state serum concentrations by 15 days, and all dogs after four weeks. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum phenobarbital concentrations four weeks after initiating treatment or after a change in dosage. There was significant difference among the averages of the samples two and four hours (peak) with the ones samples colected immediately before, and eight, 10 and 12 hours after its administration. In order to monitore serum phenobarbital concentrarions, its is suggest that blood collection is measured just before the dose or at any time between eight and 12 hours after its administration. If a concern arises regarding toxicity, a second sample should be colleted between two and four hours after phenobarbital administration.