Recent Developments on Electroactive Organic Electrolytes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects.

The ever-increasing threat of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuel resources necessitate the use of solar- and wind-based renewable energy sources. Large-scale energy storage technologies, such as redox flow batteries (RFBs), offer a continuous supply of energy. Depending on the nature of the electrolytes used, RFBs are broadly categorized into aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) and non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). ARFBs suffer from various problems, including low conductivity of electrolytes, inferior charge/discharge current densities, high-capacity fading, and lower energy densities. NARFBs offer a wider potential window and range of operating temperatures, faster electron transfer kinetics, and higher energy densities. In this review article, a critical analysis is provided on the design of organic electroactive molecules, their physiochemical/electrochemical properties, and various organic solvents used in NARFBs. Furthermore, various redox-active organic materials, such as metal-based coordination complexes, quinones, radicals, polymers, and miscellaneous electroactive species, explored for NARFBs during 2012-2023 are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of NARFBs are summarized.

Structural Diversity, Spectral Data, and Pharmacological Effects of Genus Nigella.

Nigella is one of the most studied plants because of its pharmacological properties like anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancerous. In this study, about 20 species of the genus Nigella were reviewed and among them, N. damascene, N. glandulifera, and N. sativa are widely studied for their phytochemical and pharmacological effects. This review describes the phytochemical composition of the genus Nigella, which constitutes many of the compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. The extracts produced by using different solvents and the isolated compounds displayed a wide range of biological activity. These compounds were identified by different spectral techniques. The spectral detail of some advanced techniques including EIS-MS, UV/VIS, IR, 13 C-NMR, and 1 H-NMR of some important phytoconstituents of Nigella spp. has been compiled for the first time in this review which will be helpful to explore and further investigate the chemical composition of this genus.

Immune System Activation in Rheumatic Heart Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess activation of immune system in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) patients in the form of AECA, ACL and anti GBM antibodies. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, and Outpatient Department, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, from February 2015 to January 2016. METHODOLOGY: Clinically suspected patients of RHD and confirmed by echocardiography were included. AECA, ACL and anti GBM antibodies were investigated in the sera of RHD patients. RESULTS: Eighty-six RHD patients were included in the study; the mean age of the patients was 30 ±9.3 years. Among these patients, 59 (68.6%) were females and 27 (31.4%) were males. AECA was most commonly detected autoantibody i.e. in 17 (19.8%) patients; whereas, ACL was detected in only 2 (2.3%) subjects. Another 2 (2.3%) patients had both AECA and ACL antibodies. AGBM was not detected in any of the patients. ACL was seen in females with isolated MR. AECA were seen in mixed valvular heart disease patients. CONCLUSION: Immune system gets activated in RHD patients leading to formation of different antibodies, and they are also related to the type of lesion. ACL antibodies are present in females with isolated mitral regurgitation, while AECA are present in both the genders with mixed valvular heart disease. Anti GBM antibodies are not seen in RHD patients.