RESUMO
The term inflammaging is now widely used to designate the inflammatory process of natural aging. During this process, cytokine balance is altered, presumably due to the loss of homeostasis, thus contributing to a greater predisposition to disease and exacerbation of chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between pro-inflammatory markers and age in the natural aging process of healthy individuals. One hundred and ten subjects were divided into 5 groups according to age (22 subjects/group). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were quantified using the ELISA method. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was analyzed by turbidimetry according to laboratory procedures. The main findings of this study were: a positive correlation between hsCRP and IL-6 as a function of age (110 subjects); women showed stronger correlations; the 51-60 age group had the highest values for hsCRP and IL-6; women presented higher values for hsCRP in the 51-60 age group and higher values for IL-6 in the 61-70 age group; and men showed higher values in the 51-60 age group for hsCRP and IL-6. In conclusion, the natural aging process increased IL-6 and hsCRP levels, which is consistent with the inflammaging theory; however, women presented stronger correlations compared to men (IL-6 and hsCRP) and the 51-60 age range seems to be a key point for these increases. These findings are important because they indicate that early preventive measures may minimize the increase in these inflammatory markers in natural human aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Imunossenescência/fisiologia , Inflamação/sangue , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Biomarcadores/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The term inflammaging is now widely used to designate the inflammatory process of natural aging. During this process, cytokine balance is altered, presumably due to the loss of homeostasis, thus contributing to a greater predisposition to disease and exacerbation of chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between pro-inflammatory markers and age in the natural aging process of healthy individuals. One hundred and ten subjects were divided into 5 groups according to age (22 subjects/group). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were quantified using the ELISA method. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was analyzed by turbidimetry according to laboratory procedures. The main findings of this study were: a positive correlation between hsCRP and IL-6 as a function of age (110 subjects); women showed stronger correlations; the 51-60 age group had the highest values for hsCRP and IL-6; women presented higher values for hsCRP in the 51-60 age group and higher values for IL-6 in the 61-70 age group; and men showed higher values in the 51-60 age group for hsCRP and IL-6. In conclusion, the natural aging process increased IL-6 and hsCRP levels, which is consistent with the inflammaging theory; however, women presented stronger correlations compared to men (IL-6 and hsCRP) and the 51-60 age range seems to be a key point for these increases. These findings are important because they indicate that early preventive measures may minimize the increase in these inflammatory markers in natural human aging.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Imunossenescência/fisiologia , Inflamação/sangue , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Biomarcadores/análise , Fatores Sexuais , Colesterol/sangue , Fatores Etários , Interleucina-6/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
The resistance to infestations by ectoparasites and infections by gastrointestinal nematodes was studied in 45 animals (males and females) of two genetic groups: purebred Nelore (NI, n=28) and Three-Cross (1/2 Angus+1/4 Canchim+1/4 Nelore - TC, n=17). The animals were monitored for 24 months, during which they were left to graze in tropical pastures without receiving treatment for parasites. Each month the animals were examined for infestations by external parasites, to count the numbers of cattle ticks Rhipicephalus microplus with diameter greater than 4.5mm present on the left side, horn flies (Haematobia irritans) present in the lumbar region and botfly larvae (Dermatobia hominis) present on the entire body. The H. irritans counts were performed with the aid of digital photographs. At the time of examination, fecal samples were collected to count the eggs per gram (EPG) and to perform coprocultures, and peripheral blood samples were drawn to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and to count the eosinophils. For statistical analysis, the count data were transformed into log10 (n+1), where n is the number of parasites. For PCV, significant effects (P<0.05) were found for collection month (CO), genetic group (GG) and gender (SX), with means and respective standard errors of 41.5 ± 0.65% for the NI animals, 39.3 ± 0.83% for the TC, 41.5 ± 0.72% for the females and 39.3 ± 0.77% for the males. Regarding the eosinophil counts, only the effect of sex was significant (P<0.01), with means and respective standard errors of 926.0 ± 46.2/µL, for males and 1088.0 ± 43.8/µL of blood, for females. The NI animals presented lower mean counts for all the external parasites compared to the TC animals (P<0.01). For ticks, the transformed means followed by standard errors for the NI and TC animals were 0.06 ± 0.01 and 0.34 ± 0.02, while for horn flies these were 0.92 ± 0.05 and 1.36 ± 0.06 and for botfly larvae they were 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.45 ± 0.05, respectively. The average EPG values were only influenced by CO (P<0.01). The coprocultures revealed the presence of the following endoparasites: Haemonchus spp., Cooperia spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp., the last in smaller proportion. There were no significant differences between the genetic groups for the endoparasite loads, except for Cooperia spp., which were present in greater number (P<0.05) in the NI group. The results obtained in this experiment confirm previous findings of greater susceptibility of the Nelore breed to Cooperia spp. and high resistance to ectoparasites.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/genética , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/genética , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Masculino , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/genética , Estações do Ano , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
In human hosts and in murine models, the immune response to Strongyloides spp. is Th2 type. In addition, the profile of the host immune response follows various symptoms induced by Strongyloides spp. In the present study, we demonstrated that the L2 and L49 strains of Strongyloides venezuelensis obtained from Bolomys lasiurus and Nectomys squamipes induced significant and similar increases in eosinophil/mononuclear cell counts in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when compared with uninfected mice. However, in the first 3 days of infection, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma levels were higher in the lungs of mice infected with the L2 strain, which also presented greater production of IgG and IgG1 than did mice infected with the L49 strain. The higher antibody and cytokine levels induced by the L2 strain correlated with a decrease in the number of female parasites recovered in the faeces of mice on post-infection day 7. The results demonstrate that the L2 strain was a more potent stimulant of the humoral immune response, which can result in more efficient antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, a mechanism involved in eosinophil activation and parasite elimination. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the molecular differences among parasites.
Assuntos
Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Larva/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Roedores , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/sangue , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
Experimental toxocariasis was used as a model of eosinophil migration. Mice inoculated with 200 Toxocara canis eggs were treated with the leukotriene inhibitor MK886 (1 mg/kg/day). Eosinophils were counted in peripheral blood (PB), peritoneal cavity (PC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples on post-infection days 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36. Eosinophil expression of Mac-1 and VLA-4 was analysed in PB and PC samples. We found that T. canis infection induced systemic eosinophilia from post-infection day 3, peaking on days 6, 12 and 24 in PB, PC and BALF samples respectively. Eosinophilia was more pronounced in PB and PC samples than in BALF samples, and MK886 downregulated eosinophilia to varying degrees in the different sample types. In PB and PC samples, T. canis infection caused early upregulation of Mac-1 with late changes in the VLA-4 profile, whereas MK886 had opposite effects. The distinct time-dependent eosinophilia peaks and differential involvement of leukotrienes in integrin expression demonstrate that, despite the systemic eosinophilia triggered by T. canis infection, inflammatory responses vary by compartment.
Assuntos
Eosinofilia/tratamento farmacológico , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Lipoxigenase/uso terapêutico , Toxocaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Eosinofilia/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Integrina alfa4beta1/biossíntese , Integrina alfa4beta1/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígeno de Macrófago 1/biossíntese , Antígeno de Macrófago 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fenótipo , Toxocaríase/imunologiaRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory response to irrigating solutions injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. METHODOLOGY: Sixty mice received intra-peritoneal injections of 0.3 mL of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 2.0% chlorhexidine digluconate or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, control). Five animals of each group were sacrificed at 4, 24, 48 h and 7 days after the injection. Liquid from the peritoneal cavity of each animal was collected for the total and differential counting of inflammatory cells and protein leakage. RESULTS: The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution group had greater migration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells to the peritoneal cavity from 48 to 168 h (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in protein leakage to the peritoneal cavity after 4 up to 48 h in the 0.5% sodium hypochlorite group compared to the control group. Protein leakage was similar in all groups at 168 h. The 2.0% chlorhexidine group had similar results to the control group at all time periods. CONCLUSIONS: The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution induced an inflammatory response, however, the 2.0% chlorhexidine digluconate solution did not induce a significant inflammatory response.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis/efeitos adversos , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cavidade Peritoneal/patologia , Irrigantes do Canal Radicular/efeitos adversos , Animais , Líquido Ascítico/induzido quimicamente , Líquido Ascítico/patologia , Movimento Celular , Clorexidina/efeitos adversos , Desinfetantes/efeitos adversos , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Contagem de Leucócitos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Infiltração de Neutrófilos , Neutrófilos/patologia , Proteínas/análise , Distribuição Aleatória , Cloreto de Sódio , Hipoclorito de Sódio/efeitos adversos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Toxocariasis is an infection induced by Toxocara canis, an intestinal parasite of dogs. In this study, an experimental murine model of toxocariasis was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari stem bark. Mice infected with T. canis were treated with L. pacari extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.). Subsequently, we observed a reduction in the number of eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity, bronchoalveolar fluid, blood and bone marrow. Production of interleukin (IL)-5, a major cytokine involved in eosinophilic differentiation, proliferation and activation, is also an important marker for infection. The reduced levels of IL-5 observed in serum, lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar fluid demonstrated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of L. pacari. Larvae recovery from infected mice treated with L. pacari was comparable with that from untreated mice, suggesting that L. pacari is not toxic to the parasite. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate a potential therapeutic effect of L. pacari extract in IL-5-mediated inflammatory diseases and provide new prospects for the development of drugs to treat IL-5-dependent allergic diseases such as parasite infection and asthma.