Early life patterns of criminal legal system involvement: Inequalities by race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education.

BACKGROUND: Contacts with the criminal legal system have consequences for a host of outcomes. Still, early life age patterns of system involvement remain to be better understood. OBJECTIVE: We estimate cumulative risks of arrest, probation, and incarceration from childhood through early adulthood and assess disparities by race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education. METHODS: Data come from the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (n = 2,736). We use Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models to estimate cumulative risks of arrest, probation, and incarceration across the early life course and document disparities by race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education, as well as at their intersections. RESULTS: Criminal legal system involvement is common among recent cohorts, but Black and Latinx boys and young men face especially high risks. Among Black men whose highest-educated parent completed high school or less, an estimated six in ten had been arrested, four in ten had experienced probation, and four in ten had been incarcerated by age 26. Among Latinx men whose highest-educated parent completed high school or less, an estimated four in ten had been arrested and one in four had been incarcerated by age 26. Black women also experienced high risks, with an estimated one in four arrested by age 26. CONTRIBUTION: We document early life patterns of criminal legal system involvement among young people who came of age during the expansion of proactive policing and mass incarceration in the United States, providing important context for understanding the role of the system in generating and exacerbating life course inequalities.

Care Needs and Arrangements of Aging Immigrants in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the need for and arrangements pertaining to personal care assistance among individuals 65 and older, and how life stage at migration impacts nativity differences in aging-related care. METHODS: Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (2001, 2004, and 2008), I examine the odds of needing care assistance, who provides care assistance, and the duration of time care assistance is needed, comparing U.S.-born individuals to migrants who arrived before age 50 ("earlier-life migrants") and those who arrived after age 50 ("later-life migrants"). RESULTS: While earlier-life migrants showed similar patterns to U.S.-born, later-life migrants showed higher care needs, were more likely to receive care from an adult child, and were particularly likely to need care for longer durations compared to U.S.-born. DISCUSSION: Aging later-life migrants have strikingly distinct care needs and arrangements, with implications for individual and family well-being, especially considering their barriers to public support.

Sexual activity, contraceptive use and sexual violence among Asian high school students in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of sexual behaviors and experiences between Asian high school students in the U.S. and students of other race/ethnicities. STUDY DESIGN: We pooled the 2013, 2015 and 2017 rounds of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 42,854). Logistic regression was used to identify differences between racial/ethnic groups and by sex. RESULTS: Compared to their peers, a smaller proportion of Asian students reported engaging in sexual behaviors or using contraception, including prescription methods, at last sex. Asian students also reported fewer experiences of forced sexual intercourse compared to their peers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate distinct patterns in Asian students' sexual health behaviors compared to their peers. Future research should examine determinants of these differences. IMPLICATIONS: Filling a gap in the literature, these data can inform education and health practices that support the sexual and reproductive health needs of Asian and all adolescents in the country.