Volatile Components, Antioxidant and Phytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil of Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav. from Peru.

Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav is known as "matico" and belongs to the Piperaceae family, and in Peru it is traditionally used as an infusion or decoction to ameliorate wound healings or ulcers. In this study, the aim was to investigate the volatile components, the antioxidant profile, and the phytotoxic activity of the essential oil (EO) of P. acutifolium from Peru. To identify the phytoconstituents, the EO was injected into a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain the chemical profile of the volatile components, followed by the antioxidant activity carried out by the reaction with three organic radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS); ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP)). Finally, the phytotoxic capabilities of the EO were tested on two model plants, Lactuca sativa seeds and Allium cepa bulbs. As a result, the analysis identified α-phellandrene as its main volatile chemical at 38.18%, followed by ß-myrcene (29.48%) and ß-phellandrene (21.88%). Regarding the antioxidant profile, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) in DPPH was 160.12 ± 0.30 µg/mL, for ABTS it was 138.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL and finally in FRAP it was 450.10 ± 0.05 µg/mL. The phytotoxic activity demonstrated that the EO had high activity at 5% and 10% against L. sativa seed germination, the inhibition of root length, and hypocotyl length. Additionally, in A. cepa bulbs, the inhibition root length was obtained at 10%, both comparable to glyphosate, which was used as a positive control. The molecular docking on 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) revealed that α-phellandrene had -5.8 kcal/mol, being near to glyphosate at -6.3 kcal/mol. The conclusion shows that the EO of P. acutifolium presented antioxidant and phytotoxic activity and might be useful as a bioherbicide in the future.

Perceptions of self-medication of the population, during the covid-19 pandemic in Peru / Percepciones de automedicación de la población durante la pandemia covid-19 en Perú

Background: Describe characteristics of self-medication of the population, in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic. Material and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey with students in a major public Peruvian university. We measured perception of self-medication of the population, as well as characteristics, consequences, and associated factors. Results: A total of 274 students of Pharmacy and biochemistry filled in the questionnaire, 80.3% of which reported to know someone that self-medicated during the COVID-19 pandemic. 98.9 % of surveyed participants considered that the current pandemic increased self-medication practices in the population and that it occurred more frequently when people have symptoms associated with COVID-19 (65.4%). The medicines most frequently used were ivermectin (79.2%), azithromycin (71.2%) and hydroxychloroquine (38.7%). Conclusion: According to the surveyed participants, self-medication has increased in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies to prevent these practices are needed, as they could delay adequate medical care.

Introducción: Describir las características de la automedicación de la población, en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID 19. Material y Metodos: Realizamos una encuesta transversal con estudiantes de una importante universidad pública peruana. Se midió la percepción de la automedicación de la población, así como características, consecuencias y factores asociados. Resultados: Completaron el cuestionario un total de 274 estudiantes de Farmacia y Bioquímica, de los cuales el 80,3% refirió conocer a alguien que se automedicó durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El 98,9% de los encuestados consideró que la pandemia actual aumentó las prácticas de automedicación en la población y que se presentó con mayor frecuencia cuando las personas presentan síntomas asociados al COVID-19 (65,4%). Los medicamentos más utilizados fueron ivermectina (79,2%), azitromicina (71,2%) e hidroxicloroquina (38,7%). Conclusión: Según los participantes encuestados, la automedicación ha aumentado en la población general durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se necesitan estrategias para prevenir estas prácticas, ya que podrían retrasar la atención médica adecuada.