Use of Physician-Estimated and Patient Self-Reported Weights to Guide Initial Fluid Resuscitation in Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of patient weight is required to guide initial intravenous fluid therapy for patients with sepsis-associated hypotension or elevated lactate. Previous studies have shown patients are better estimators of their weight than medical providers are; critically ill patients, however, may be unable to provide this information. OBJECTIVES: This study compares the accuracy of physician-estimated and patient self-reported weights to subsequent inpatient bed/stretcher scale weights for guiding initial protocol-based intravenous fluid therapy in the treatment of emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. METHODS: Adult patients presenting with a suspected diagnosis of severe sepsis to a large, urban, academic emergency department had either physician-estimated or patient self-reported weights recorded on presentation. All patients had subsequent inpatient bed/stretcher scale weights recorded on the first day of hospitalization. RESULTS: Physician-estimated and patient self-reported weights linearly correlated (P < .001) with inpatient bed/stretcher scale weights. Median accuracy error for physicians (5.4% [2.0-10.1]) and patients (3.9% [1.6-6.4]) was not significantly different (P = .28). Physician-estimated and patient self-reported weights accuracy was determined at multiple levels: within 5% (46%, 57%, respectively), 10% (75%, 90%), 15% (90%, 95%), and 20% (100%, 95%) error tolerances, as well accurate estimates within 5 kg (69.2%, 70.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Both physician-estimated and patient self-reported weights are reliable when calculating initial protocol-based intravenous fluid resuscitation for emergency department patients with sepsis.

Heart rate variability measures for prediction of severity of illness and poor outcome in ED patients with sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the utility of heart rate variability (HRV) for assessment of severity of illness and poor outcome in Emergency Department (ED) patients with sepsis. HRV measures evaluated included low frequency (LF) signal, high frequency (HF) signal, and deviations in LF and HF signal from age-adjusted reference values. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study. Seventy-two adult ED patients were assessed within 6 h of arrival. RESULTS: Severity of illness as defined by sepsis subtype correlated with decreased LF signal (sepsis: 70.68 ± 22.95, severe sepsis: 54.00 ± 28.41, septic shock: 45.54 ± 23.31, p = 0.02), increased HF signal (sepsis: 27.87 ± 19.42, severe sepsis: 44.63 ± 27.29, septic shock: 47.66 ± 20.98, p = 0.01), increasingly negative deviations in LF signal (sepsis: 0.41 ± 24.53, severe sepsis: -21.43 ± 30.09, septic shock -30.39 ± 26.09, p = 0.005) and increasingly positive deviations in HF signal (sepsis: -1.86 ± 21.09, severe sepsis: 20.07 ± 29.03, septic shock: 23.6 ± 24.17, p = 0.004). Composite poor outcome correlated with decreased LF signal (p = 0.008), increased HF signal (p = 0.03), large negative deviations in LF signal (p = 0.004) and large positive deviations in HF signal (p = 0.02). Deviations in LF and HF signal from age-adjusted reference values correlated with individual measures of poor outcome with greater consistency than LF or HF signal. DISCUSSION: Accounting for the influence of age on baseline HRV signal improves the predictive value of HRV measures in ED patients with sepsis.

Comparison of qSOFA and SIRS for predicting adverse outcomes of patients with suspicion of sepsis outside the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) Task Force recently introduced a new clinical score termed quick Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) for identification of patients at risk of sepsis outside the intensive care unit (ICU). We attempted to compare the discriminatory capacity of the qSOFA versus the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) score for predicting mortality, ICU-free days, and organ dysfunction-free days in patients with suspicion of infection outside the ICU. METHODS: The Weill Cornell Medicine Registry and Biobank of Critically Ill Patients is an ongoing cohort of critically ill patients, for whom biological samples and clinical information (including vital signs before and during ICU hospitalization) are prospectively collected. Using such information, qSOFA and SIRS scores outside the ICU (specifically, within 8 hours before ICU admission) were calculated. This study population was therefore comprised of patients in the emergency department or the hospital wards who had suspected infection, were subsequently admitted to the medical ICU and were included in the Registry and Biobank. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two patients (67% from the emergency department) were included in this study. Sixty-seven percent had positive cultures and 19% died in the hospital. Discrimination of in-hospital mortality using qSOFA [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 0.74; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.66-0.81] was significantly greater compared with SIRS criteria (AUC, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.51-0.67; p = 0.03). The qSOFA performed better than SIRS regarding discrimination for ICU-free days (p = 0.04), but not for ventilator-free days (p = 0.19), any organ dysfunction-free days (p = 0.13), or renal dysfunction-free days (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with suspected infection who eventually required admission to the ICU, qSOFA calculated before their ICU admission had greater accuracy than SIRS for predicting mortality and ICU-free days. However, it may be less clear whether qSOFA is also better than SIRS criteria for predicting ventilator free-days and organ dysfunction-free days. These findings may help clinicians gain further insight into the usefulness of qSOFA.

Vasopressors and Inotropes in Sepsis.

Vasopressor and inotropes are beneficial in shock states. Norepinephrine is considered the first-line vasopressor for patients with sepsis-associated hypotension. Dobutamine is considered the first-line inotrope in sepsis, and should be considered for patients with evidence of myocardial dysfunction or ongoing signs of hypoperfusion. Vasopressor and inotrope therapy has complex effects that are often difficult to predict; emergency providers should consider the physiology and clinical trial data. It is essential to continually reevaluate the patient to determine if the selected treatment is having the intended result.

Bedside assessment of right atrial pressure in critically ill septic patients using tissue Doppler ultrasonography.

PURPOSE: Right atrial pressure (RAP) is considered a surrogate for right ventricular filling pressure or cardiac preload. It is an important parameter for fluid management in patients with septic shock. It is commonly approximated by the central venous pressure (CVP) either invasively using a catheter placed in the superior vena cava or by bedside ultrasound, in which the size and respiratory variations of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are measured from the subcostal view. Doppler imaging of the tricuspid valve from the apical 4-chamber view has been proposed as an alternative approach for the estimation of RAP. The tricuspid E/Ea ratio is measured, where E is the peak velocity of the early diastolic tricuspid inflow and Ea is the peak velocity of the early diastolic relaxation of the lateral tricuspid annulus. We hypothesized that the tricuspid E/Ea ratio may represent an alternative to IVC metrics, using invasive CVP as the criterion standard, for the assessment of RAP in critically ill septic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 30 septic patients, both mechanically ventilated and non-mechanically ventilated, was enrolled. Using a portable ultrasound system, maximum velocity of tricuspid E and Ea was measured from the apical 4-chamber view; and IVC diameter and degree of collapse were measured from the subcostal view. Decision tree induction was used to determine the performance of each model compared with invasive CVP. RESULTS: Our results suggest that a tricuspid E/Ea ratio of greater than 4.7 can predict a CVP greater than 10 mm Hg in septic patients with sensitivity greater than 85% and specificity greater than 90%. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, Doppler imaging of the tricuspid valve provided a valuable alternative for noninvasive bedside estimation of RAP in septic patients.

Paravertebral block anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair.

Choice of anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair remains a controversial topic. Local anesthesia has been described in the literature as the optimal technique, however general and spinal anesthesia are commonly used in practice despite well-known complications and side effects. The regional technique of paravertebral block has been successfully used at our institution for the operative treatment of breast cancer. Its attributes are prolonged sensory block with minimization of postoperative pain, reduction of nausea and vomiting, shortened hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and rapid return to normal activities. These features are desirable in the practice of ambulatory hernia surgery; hence we initiated the use of thoracic/lumbar paravertebral block for that surgical procedure. Paravertebral block anesthesia was performed on 30 consecutive patients. Block placement took an average of 12.3 minutes, in six cases repeat injection at one or two spinal levels was required due to incomplete blockade. Paravertebral block achieved effective anesthesia in 28 of 30 cases; conversion to general anesthesia was performed for two failed blocks. We are reporting postoperative data on the 28 completed blocks. Supplementation of intravenous sedation or injection of local anesthesia successfully treated transient intraoperative pain in 10 cases. Epidural extension of anesthesia resulting in lower limb numbness and motor weakness delayed the discharge of two patients. There were no other complications of anesthesia and no cases of urinary retention. TIme to onset of pain averaged 15 hours, while duration of sensory block was 13 hours. Patients were prescribed a standing order of naproxen 500 mg B.I.D. for 4 days regardless of pain; supplemental oral narcotic use during the 48 hours following surgery averaged 3.5 tablets, with 6 patients not requiring any narcotic. ninety-six percent of patients scheduled for ambulatory surgery were discharged from the postanesthesia care unit, with an average stay of 2.5 hours. Employed patients returned to work on day 5.5 (range 3-10 days); patients who were not employed returned to regular activities in 5.8 days (range 1-14 days). Eighty-two percent of patients reported being "very satisfied" with the anesthetic technique.