RESUMO
This study was aimed to survey toxicity of waterpipe wastes leachates on Peronia peronii in aquatic and sediment environments as two exposure media. For this, leachates of four tobacco types including burnt traditional tobacco (BTT), fresh traditional tobacco (FTT), burnt fruit-flavored tobacco (BFT) and fresh fruit-flavored tobacco (FFT)) were prepared and used to assess their toxic effects on P. peronei in two aquatic and sediment media. The in-vivo toxic effects of five different concentrations of waterpipe tobacco waste leachates on P. peronii were evaluated. The LC50 values of BTTs leachates to P. peronii were 17.50, 16.05, 11.31 and 9.38 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively in aquatic media. These values for BFTs leachates were 14.86, 12.38, 9.53 and 7.46 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. In the case of sediment media, the LC50 values of BTTs leachates were 15.33, 13.70, 9.09 and 6.70 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively while these values for BFTs leachates were 12.00, 10.32, 8.20 and 5.65 g/L. Fruit-flavored tobacco leachates had significantly higher toxicity than traditional tobacco leachates for P. peronii. The findings also showed significant differences between the LC50 values of different leachates in different media of water and sediment. The results demonstrated that even small amount of tobacco waste (~ 5 to 6 g/L) can lead to P. peronii mortality and may also pose a hazard to other aquatic and benthic organisms. The results obtained from the present study can be used as a baseline data to assess local effects causing from unsafe disposal of post-consumption tobacco waste in beach areas. In addition, these findings can lead to encouraging decision-makers to focus more on the types of tobacco waste in the municipal solid waste management system and to implement a source separation process for these wastes.
Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos , Tabaco para Cachimbos de Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Tabaco para Cachimbos de Água/toxicidade , Animais , Dose Letal Mediana , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Alismatales/químicaRESUMO
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded in indoor dust have significant effects in residents' health. Although various researches has evaluated exposure to PAHs in some indoor areas around the world, no work has been conducted on bioaccessibility of indoor PAHs in the buildings of Bushehr city. Therefore, dust samples were collected from various indoor microenvironments including residential buildings (RB), office buildings (OB), commercial buildings (CB), industrial buildings (IB), school classroom (SC), laboratory (LR), drugstores (DS), beauty salons (BS), smoking cafés (SC) and restaurants (Res) - 10 from each microenvironment. In order to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bioaccessible PAHs, and sink sorption PAHS were analyzed in them. The results showed that the highest level of these contaminants was detected in SC and the lowest in Lab. The median concentration of dust-bound ΣPAHs, bioaccessible ΣPAHs, and sink sorption ΣPAHs in the SC samples were 10,890.00, 1157.92, and 297.28 ng/g, and they were 1160.00, 19.69, and 0.75 ng/g in Lab samples. The results also indicated that the ΣPAHs concentration had a negative and significant association with the ventilation rate (pvalue <0.05 in most cases), as well as a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (pvalue <0.05). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values calculated for residential buildings (RB) were higher compared to most of the other studied microenvironments. These observations can be due to the fact that people spend much more time in residential buildings (50% of the entire day) compared to occupational settings (22%). Thus, they intake more dust within a longer time, and are hence exposed to larger amounts of pollutants bound with these particles.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Poeira/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Habitação , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Previous researches have reported significant levels of heavy metals in indoor air of smoking cafés. The current research aimed to evaluate the potential exposure of smoking cafés workers to heavy metals through quantifying amounts of these pollutants in urine samples. To this end, 35 waterpipe/cigarette cafés workers were selected as the exposed population, 35 employees from non-smoking cafe' as the control group 1 (CG1) and 25 cases of the normal citizens as the control group 2 (CG2); and their urine samples were taken. Samples were then prepared by acid digestion approach and measured by the ICP in order to determine amount of heavy metals in them. The findings of the current work show the significant difference among urinary levels of metals in the exposed and both CG1 and CG2 (P value < 0.05). Furthermore, urinary metal levels in samples collected from smoking café workers after the exposure were considerably higher than those were collected before the exposure (P-value <0.05). According to the findings, "tobacco type" could be considered as a leading factor for heavy metal exposure in studied smokers. Additionally, a positive and significant association was found between urinary metals and urinary levels of 8-OHdG (a markers of DNA degradation through oxidative stress). Therefore, workers in waterpipe/cigarette café can be classified as high risk people in terms of DNA oxidative damage.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Metais Pesados , Produtos do Tabaco , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Humanos , Metais Pesados/análise , Nicotiana , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análiseRESUMO
The current work is documented as the first record of the characteristics, removal efficiency, partitioning behavior, fate, and eco-toxicological effects of paraben congeners in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, stabilization ponds) and hospital WWTPs (septic tank and activated sludge), as well as seawater-sediments collected from runoff estuarine stations (RES) and coastal stations (CS) of the north of the Persian Gulf. The median values of Σparabens at the raw wastewater and effluent of the studied WWTPs were 1884 ng/L and 468 ng/L, respectively. The activated sludge system had a greater removal efficiency (56.10%) in removing ∑parabens than the septic tank (45.05%) and stabilization pond (35.54%). The discharge rates of methyl paraben (MeP) was computed to be 2.23, 21.18, and 9.12 g/d/1000 people for stabilization ponds, septic tank, and activated sludge, respectively. Median concentrations of Σparabens in seawater (103.42 ng/L) and sediments (322.05 ng/g dw) from RES stations were significantly larger than from CS stations (61.2 and 262.0 ng/g dw in seawater and sediments, respectively) (P < 0.05). The median of field-based koc for Σparabens was 130.81 cm3/g in RES stations and 189.51 cm3/g in CS stations. It was observed that the concentration of parabens could have negative impacts on some living aquatic populations (invertebrates and bacteria), but the risk was not significant for fishes and algae.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Parabenos/toxicidade , Parabenos/análise , Esgotos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Oceano Índico , Água do Mar , Águas Residuárias/toxicidade , Águas Residuárias/análiseRESUMO
Parabens are a group of chemical additive extensively utilized in various health care products and ubiquitously observed in the different environmental matrixes. Nevertheless, the exposure of women working in beauty salons to these pollutants is not well-documented. For this purpose, 50.00 women working in beauty salons were chosen as the exposed group (EG) and 35.00 housewives were chosen as the control group (GC). The concentration of methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), butyl paraben (BuP), propyl paraben (PrP), benzyl paraben (BzP), heptyl paraben (HepP), and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) metabolite were quantified in the collected urine samples. It was seen that paraben sexist with a high detection frequency (DF) in the urine of women working in beauty salons. The results also revealed that the significant difference between the urinary parabens level in the EG and CG (P value < 0.05). The median concentration of Σparaben and HB-4 metabolite in the before exposure (BE) samples was 124.00 and 219.00 µg/L, while in the after exposure (AE) samples, it was 156.00 and 249.00 µg/L, respectively. Moreover, the parabens levels in the AE samples were considerably higher than in BE samples in women working in beauty salons (P value < 0.05). This research also documented that "personal care products (PCPs) usage" can be known as a leading factor for the urinary paraben level in the studied individuals. The median total estimated daily intakes (TEsDI) for MeP, EtP, and PrP for the studied women were obtained as 8.02, 4.57, and 7.88 µg/L respectively. Also, a significant and positive association was observed between EtP, PrP as well as BuP and 8-OhdG (as a DNA oxidative stress biomarker) (P value < 0.01). Further, a significant and positive association was found between EtP as well as BuP and some biomarkers of kidney damage (like uTIMP-1 and uKim-1). Accordingly, it can be stated that women working in beauty salons are at a high risk in terms of DNA oxidative stress and kidney damage.
Assuntos
Cosméticos , Poluentes Ambientais , Beleza , Cosméticos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Parabenos/análiseRESUMO
The present study evaluated the concentrations, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran city. Totally, 180 air samples were taken from 9 sampling stations from March 2018 to March 2019 and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic pollutants (BTEX compounds and PM2.5-bound PAHs) plus inorganic pollutants (PM2.5-bound metals and asbestos fibers). The results revealed that the mean concentrations of ∑ PAHs, BTEX, ∑ heavy metals, and asbestos fibers were 5.34 ng/m3, 60.55 µg/m3, 8585.12 ng/m3, and 4.13 fiber/ml in the cold season, respectively, and 3.88 ng/m3, 33.86 µg/m3, 5682.61 ng/m3, and 3.21 fiber/ml in the warm season, respectively. Source apportionment of emission of the air pollutants showed that PAHs are emitted from diesel vehicles and industrial activities. BTEX and asbestos are also released mainly by vehicles. The results of the inhalation-based risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos exceeded the recommended limit by The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) and WHO (1 × 10-4). The risk of carcinogenesis of heavy metal of lead and chromium also exceeded the recommended limit. Thus, proper management strategies are required to control the concentration of these pollutants in Tehran's ambient air in order to maintain the health of Tehran's citizens.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Administração por Inalação , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Amianto/análise , Carcinógenos/análise , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Cidades , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Compostos Orgânicos/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Medição de Risco , Estações do Ano , Análise Espaço-TemporalRESUMO
Tobacco smoke is known for releasing metals in indoor air of waterpipe/cigarette cafés. However, the worker exposure to metals, and its association with oxidative stress in these cafés are still unclear. To this end, 54 workers and 38 customers from waterpipe/cigarette cafés (the exposed group), 30 workers from non-smoking cafés (the control group 1 (CG_1)) and 32 individuals from the general population (the control group 2 (CG_2)) were selected and toenails samples were then taken from them. Our findings revealed a significant difference in terms of toenail-bounded metal levels between the exposure and control groups (CG_1 and CG_2) (Mann-Whitney U test, Pvalue < 0.05). This study has also indicated that "type of tobacco" could be considered as a predictor for toenail-bounded heavy metals. Furthermore, our research's results suggest that toenail-bounded heavy metals are positively and significantly correlated with urinary levels of 8- hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, as a biomarker for the degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidative stress). Therefore, it can be concluded that workers of waterpipe/cigarette cafés are at high risks of adverse health of DNA oxidative degradation.
Assuntos
Metais Pesados/análise , Nicotiana , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Fumar Cachimbo de Água/efeitos adversos , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina/urina , Adulto , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Biomarcadores/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Unhas/química , Estresse Oxidativo , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , Produtos do TabacoRESUMO
Indoor dust samples were collected from 42 microenvironments of residential buildings (RB, 15 samples), official buildings (OB, 10 samples), laboratory rooms (LR, 7 samples), and school classroom (SCR, 10 samples) in Bushehr, whereby the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was studied. The results of this study indicated that the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in the indoor dust samples were 567.18, 186.09, 209.01, 5.31, 143.20, and 57.09 mg/kg in RB, 1077.34, 539.67, 274.89, 8.12, 155.30, and 92.55 mg/kg in OB, 246.40, 149.56, 127.2, 1.96, 43.45, and 91.09 mg/kg in LR and 271.43, 189.84, 164.44, 3.06, 124.20, and 70.09 mg/kg in SCR. The results of principal cluster analysis showed that the heavy metals in indoor environments were mostly originated from smoking tobacco and cigarette, traffic sources, old building materials, and building paint colors. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust had a negative and significant relationship (P value < 0.05 in most cases) with rate of ventilation, and a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (P value < 0.05 in most cases). The bioaccessibility for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was 69.12, 40.08, 43.33, 79.81, 31.10, and 6.31%, respectively, in indoor dust. Further, risk assessment showed that the risk values of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity resulting from heavy metals inside the studied microenvironments had exceeded the recommended safe limit by EPA. In terms of potential ecological risks, it was found that heavy metals in these microenvironments have exceeded the hazardous ecological levels presented by different indices and can have considerable negative ecological effects. Thus, it is essential that further and better studies and monitoring be performed on these environments, and suitable control recommendations and solutions should be regulated for this public health threat.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Poeira/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/farmacocinética , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Disponibilidade Biológica , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Habitação , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Laboratórios , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Medição de Risco/métodos , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in various plastic products and have aroused considerable concern over their ubiquitous presence and potentially hazardous effects on the environment. This research provides the first data on PAEs distribution in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf. To determine the concentration of 16 PAEs, 26 samples of sediments were collected from industrial stations (IS), urban stations (US), agricultural stations (AGS), and natural field stations (NS) from Asalouyeh Harbor coasts from Nov 2016 to Jan 2017. The mean values of Æ©16PAEs in the samples taken from IS, AGS, US, and NS were 78.08, 11.69, 46.56, and 5.180⯵g/g, respectively. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of Æ©16PAEs in the samples taken from IS and AGS areas were significantly higher (pâ¯<â¯0.05) than the ones taken from US and NS areas. The order of PAEs concentrations in sediment samples were as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), respectively. DEHP was detected in all collected samples and the mean⯱â¯SD of its concentration in the IS, US, AGS, and NS regions were as 28.15⯱â¯4.9, 4.040⯱â¯0.53, 11.58⯱â¯1.2, and 1.780⯱â¯0.78⯵g/g, respectively. The major sources of PAEs in the sediments collected from the study region were associated with the industrial and agricultural activities. The findings of this study indicated that the sediments of the Asalouyeh coasts are heavily contaminated with PAEs. They have shown potential ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic organisms and benthic. Therefore, more attention should be paid to prediction of the marine ecosystem in this region by the authorities.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Plastificantes/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Agricultura , Dibutilftalato/análise , Oceano Índico , Indústrias , Irã (Geográfico)RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this research, a new extraction method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and the solidification of deep eutectic solvent has been developed for the determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables prior to their analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). In this method, a green solvent consisting of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors are in the range of 114-172. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.02-200 µg kg-1 and limits of detection are in the range of 0.01-0.03 µg kg-1 . Repeatability and reproducibility of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 0.80 µg kg-1 of Hg and 0.20 µg kg-1 of Pb and Cd in analyzed samples were in the range of 2.3-4.1% and 3.7-6.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A new deep eutectic solvent consists of two parts: 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol in a molar ratio of 1:2. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also assessed by determining the concentration of the studied metal ions in a polluted farmland soil standard reference material. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Metais Pesados/química , Metais Pesados/isolamento & purificação , Verduras/química , Águas Residuárias/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Irrigação Agrícola , Limite de Detecção , Solo/química , Verduras/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were investigated in indoor air quality of 50 beauty salons in Ardabil, Iran (2017). Ten liters of air samples were collected from each salons regarding the recommended method and analyzed by GC-FID for BTEX concentration. Also, structural and operational conditions of the salons were studied with a self-designed questioner. The results of this study show that the mean concentration of benzene (32.40⯱â¯26.38) higher than the recommended levels by Health Canada, ANSES and HKSAR. Among the BTEX, ethylbenzene (62.38⯱â¯32.37) has the most concentrations in the salons. Subsequently, the cancer risk values in different age groups of birth to <6, 6 to <21, and 21 to <81 for benzene (1.83â¯×â¯10-3, 2.76â¯×â¯10-4 and 1.50â¯×â¯10-4, respectively) and ethylbenzene (4.9â¯×â¯10-4, 7.30â¯×â¯10-5 and 3.52â¯×â¯10-5, respectively) for long time exposure were drastically higher than the recommended levels. The results showed that the benzene concentration is significantly influenced by the structural and operational conditions of type of ventilation system, area of the salons, the number of people in the salon, number of services in the salons, and while doing of bridal makeup.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Indústria da Beleza , Derivados de Benzeno/análise , Benzeno/análise , Tolueno/análise , Xilenos/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Exposição por Inalação/análise , Irã (Geográfico) , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Medição de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Persistent sample circulation microextraction (PSCME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was developed as a high pre-concentration technique for the determination of heavy metals in fish species. In this method, a few microliters of organic solvent (40.0 µL carbon tetrachloride) was transferred to the bottom of a conical sample cup. Then 10.0 mL of aqueous solution was transformed to fine droplets while passing through the organic solvent. At this stage, metal-ligand hydrophobic complex was extracted into the organic solvent. After extraction, 20 µL of extraction solvent was injected into the graphite tube using an auto-sampler. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors and enhancement factor were in the range of 180-240 and 155-214, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.03-200 µg kg-1 and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.01-0.05 µg kg-1 . Repeatability (intra-day) and reproducibility (inter-day) for 0.50 µg L-1 Hg and 0.10 µg L-1 Cd and Pb were in the range of 3.1-4.2% (n = 7) and 4.3-6.1% (n = 7), respectively. CONCLUSION: Potential human health risk assessment was conducted by calculating estimated weekly intake (EWI) of the metals from eating fish and comparison of these values with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values. EWI data for the studied metals through fish consumption were lower than the PTWI values. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Carne/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/isolamento & purificação , Espectrofotometria Atômica/métodos , Animais , Peixes/classificação , Peixes/metabolismo , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Grafite/química , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
In this research, the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in the marine sediments of Asaluyeh harbor, in the Persian Gulf. The samples were taken from industrial, semi-industrial and urban regions. The mean concentration levels of total (Σ) 18 detected PCBs were 514.32, 144.67 and 31.6 pg/g dw for the industrial, semi-industrial and urban sampling stations, respectively. Based on a multivariate statistical analysis, it was found that high contamination levels of PCBs in sediments collected along the Persian Gulf were associated with releases from local industries. Total organic carbon (TOC) content was significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations of PCB congeners. World Health Organization toxic equivalents (TEQs) for PCBs ranged from 0.04 to 2.66 pg TEQ/g dry weight (dw) in the coastal sediments. The TEQ values in this study were higher than many reported worldwide in the literature for sediments. This suggests that there are high levels of contamination in the area due to industrial and other human activities.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Humanos , Oceano Índico , Irã (Geográfico)RESUMO
The distribution and toxicity levels of 16 EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Asaluyeh shore, Iran were investigated. The total concentrations of the PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 1,054 to 17,448 ng/g dry weights with a mean concentration of 8,067 ng/g. The spatial distribution of PAHs showed that PAH levels are much higher in the industrial areas in comparison with urban areas. Based on diagnostic ratios, pyrogenic activities were dominant sources of PAHs pollution in sediments comparing petroleum sources. The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ Carc) of PAHs ranged from 172 to 2,235 ng TEQ/g with mean value of 997.9. Toxicity levels were evaluated using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and toxic equivalent factors. Samples were collected from industrial and urban stations in Asaluyeh shores. According to SQGs, ΣPAHs concentrations in sediments of urban areas were below the ERL (effects range low), but the industrial samples had ΣPAHs concentrations between ERL and ERM (effects range median). Furthermore, ΣHPAHs (heavy PAHs) and some individual PAHs in some industrial stations exceeded ERM, indicating adverse ecological risk effects frequently occur. Findings demonstrate that the surface sediment from Asaluyeh shore is highly to very highly contaminated with PAHs.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Indústrias Extrativas e de Processamento , Irã (Geográfico) , Petróleo , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Plastic contamination is widely recognized as a major environmental concern due to the entry of small plastic particles into the food chain, thereby posing potential hazards to human health. However, the current understanding of microplastic (MP; < 5 mm) particles in livestock, which serve as an important food source, is limited. This study aims to investigate the concentration and characteristics of MPs in edible tissues of cow and sheep, namely liver, meat, and tripe, obtained from butcher shops in five areas of Bushehr port, Iran. The mean concentration of MPs in different tissues of cow and sheep were 0.14 and 0.13 items/g, respectively. Among the examined tissues, cow meat exhibited the highest concentration of MPs, with a concentration of 0.19 items/g. Nylon and fiber were identified as the predominant polymer types and shapes of MPs found in cow and sheep tissues, respectively. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed in MP concentration across different tissues of cow and sheep. Significantly, this study highlights the elevated hazards associated with exposure to MPs through the consumption of edible cow and sheep tissues, particularly for children who consume meat. The results underscore the potential transfer of MPs from the environment to livestock bodies through their food, contamination during meat processing, and subsequent health hazards for consumers.
Assuntos
Microplásticos , Plásticos , Criança , Animais , Bovinos , Ovinos , Humanos , Gado , Carne , FígadoRESUMO
Increasing of tobacco consumption around the world has led to the production of a large volume of waterpipe wastewater that enter the environment (e.g., coastal areas)and threaten aquatic creatures. However, until now, no research has been carried out on the amounts of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in hookah wastewater. In the current study, the levels of PAHs and BTEX compounds in waterpipe wastewater resulting from the use of different tobacco brands were determined and their eco-toxicological effects were also evaluated. The mean levels of Æ©PAHs in waterpipe wastewater of Al Tawareg, Al-Fakher, Nakhla, Tangiers and traditional tobacco brands samples were 3.48 ± 1.65, 3.33 ± 1.52, 3.08 ± 1.25, 2.41 ± 0.87 and 0.70 ± 0.13 µg/L, respectively. The mean levels of Æ©BTEX in waterpipe wastewater of Al Tawareg, Al-Fakher, Nakhla, Tangiers and traditional tobacco brands samples were also 2.53 ± 0.61, 2.65 ± 0.78, 2.51 ± 0.72, 2.35 ± 0.56, and 0.78 ± 0.12 µg/L, respectively. The maximum level of PAHs and BTEX compounds in all brands/flavors samples were for naphthalene (Naph) and toluene, respectively. The concentrations of some PAHs (fluoranthene (Flrt), anthracene (Ant), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo (g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) and dibenzo (a, h) anthracene (DahA)) and BTEX compounds (benzene) in the waterpipe wastewater samples were more than recommended guidelines and standards by the international reputable organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) for water quality. Waterpipe wastewater can be introduced as an important origin for the release of these dangerous contaminants into the environmental matrixes. Therefore, more stringent regulations should be considered for the safe disposal of such hazardous wastes including waterpipe wastewater.
RESUMO
Secondhand smoke (SHS: a mixture of sidestream and mainstream smoke) and thirdhand smoke (THS: made up of the pollutants that settle indoors after smoking in closed environments) are a significant public health concern. SHS and THS contain various chemicals which can be released into the air or settle on surfaces. At present, the hazards of SHS and THS are not as well documented. In this review, we describe the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, and protective strategies. The literature search was conducted for published papers on September 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, protective strategies, and future researches on environmental tobacco smoke.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on oxidants have attracted attention for the degradation of organic pollutants. The combination of chalcopyrite with oxidants such as persulfate, peroxide, percarbonate, and others shows promise as a system due to its ability to activate through various pathways, leading to the formation of numerous radical and non-radical species. In this review, the generation of sulfate radical (SR) and hydroxyl radical (HR) in AOPs were summarized. The significance of chalcopyrite in various approaches including Fenton, photo-Fenton, and photo/Fenton-like methods, as well as its involvement in electrochemical Fenton-based processes was discussed. The stability and reusability, toxicity, catalyst mechanism, and effects of operational parameters (pH, catalyst dosage, and oxidant concentration) are evaluated in detail. The review also discusses the role of Fe2+/3+, Cu1+/2+, S2- and Sn2- present in CuFeS2 in the generation of free radicals. Finally, guidelines for future research are presented in terms of future perspectives.
RESUMO
The main goal of the current investigation was to decontaminate ibuprofen (IBP) from hospital wastewater using sea mud as an H2O2 activator. Sea sludge was converted into catalysts at different temperatures and residence times in furnaces, and then tested in the removal of IBP, and the most efficient ones were reported for the production of catalysts. The catalyst was optimized at 400 °C and 3 h. SEM-mapping, FTIR, EDX, BET, and BJH experiments were used to characterize the catalyst. Experiments were done at two pulsed and continuous ultrasonication modes in a photoreactor, and their efficiencies were statistically compared. The designed variables included IBP concentration (10-100 mg/L), the catalyst concentration (0-3 g/L), pH (4-9), and time (10-90 min). The oxidation process had the maximum efficiency at pH 4, treatment time of 60 min, catalyst quantity of 5 g/L, and IBP content of 50 mg/L. The catalyst was recycled, and in the fifth stage, the removal efficiency of IBP was reduced to 50%. The amount of energy consumed for treating IBP laden-wastewater using the evaluated catalyst in two modes of continuous and pulsed ultrasonic was calculated as 102 kW h/m3 and 10 kW h/m3, respectively. IBP oxidation process was fitted with the first-order kinetic model. The system can be proposed for purifying hospital and pharmaceutical wastewaters.