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PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the association of birth weight with the risk of diabetes mellitus in adolescence and early adulthood in the Indonesian population. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal study of the Indonesian population with repeated measurements at 3 time points (1997, 2007, and 2014). The subjects observed were children aged 0-59 months in 1997, who were 10-15 years old in 2007, and 17-22 years in 2014. We performed a generalized linear model to investigate the association between birth weight at baseline and the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at the 2 follow-up periods. We adjusted the association for the characteristics of the children, parents, and household. RESULTS: The mean±standard deviation level of HbA1c was 7.35%±0.95% in 2007 and decreased to 5.30%±0.85% in 2014. The crude ß (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between birth weight and HbA1c was 0.150 (-0.076, 0.377) in 2007 and 0.146 (-0.060, 0.351) in 2014. After adjustment for the sociodemographic characteristics of the children, parents, and confounding factors, the adjusted ß (95% CI) was 1.12 (0.40-1.85) in 2007 and 0.92 (0.35-1.48) in 2014. The HbA1c of the parents, father's employment status, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight were the covariates that had significant associations with HbA1c. CONCLUSION: HbA1c level was higher in adolescence than in early adulthood. Birth weight was associated with HbA1c level in both periods. The HbA1c of the parents, father's employment, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight partly explained the association between birth weight and the HbA1c level.
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Introduction: Physical activity (PA) may improve cardiometabolic fitness and increase high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMW-Adip). The pedometer is an effective, user-friendly device to monitor PA with the aim of improving health. This study examined how counting footsteps, using a pedometer, might affect HMW-Adip and MetS components among young females. Methods: Fifty-two females (21.43 ± 4.8 years) were divided into "normal" (BMI = 18-24.9 kg/m2) and "high" (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) BMI groups. Participants wore pedometers throughout the day for nine weeks. Pre-post intervention tests performed on anthropometric, biochemical, and nutrient intake variables were tested at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Participants walked 7056 ± 1570 footsteps/day without a significant difference between normal (7488.49 ± 1098) and high (6739.18 ± 1793) BMI groups. After week 9, the normal BMI group improved significantly in BMI, body fat mass (BFM), and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Additionally, percent body fat, waist circumference (WC), and visceral fat area also reduced significantly in the high BMI group. A significant decrease in triglycerides (TG) (71.62 ± 29.22 vs. 62.50 ± 29.16 mg/dl, p=0.003) and insulin (21.7 ± 8.33 µU/l vs. 18.64 ± 8.25 µU/l, p=0.046) and increase in HMW-Adip (3.77 ± 0.46 vs. 3.80 ± 0.44 µg/ml, p=0.034) were recorded in the high BMI group. All participants exhibited significant inverse correlations between daily footsteps and BMI (r=-0.33, p=0.017), BFM (r=-0.29, p=0.037), WHR (r=-0.401, p=0.003), and MetS score (r=-0.49, p < 0.001) and positive correlation with HMW-Adip (r=0.331, p=0.017). A positive correlation with systolic (r=0.46, p=0.011) and diastolic (r=0.39, p=0.031) blood pressures and inverse correlation with the MetS score (r=-0.5, p=0.005) were evident in the high BMI group. Conclusion: Counting footsteps using a pedometer is effective in improving MetS components (obesity, TG) and increasing HMW-Adip levels.