Association of Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of prior use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) with mortality and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Multicenter, international COVID-19 registry. SUBJECTS: Adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients on antihypertensive agents (AHAs) prior to admission, admitted from March 31, 2020, to March 10, 2021. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were compared between three groups: patients on RAASIs only, other AHAs only, and those on both medications. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were performed after controlling for prehospitalization characteristics to estimate the effect of RAASIs on mortality and other outcomes during hospitalization. Of 26,652 patients, 7,975 patients were on AHAs prior to hospitalization. Of these, 1,542 patients (19.3%) were on RAASIs only, 3,765 patients (47.2%) were on other AHAs only, and 2,668 (33.5%) patients were on both medications. Compared with those taking other AHAs only, patients on RAASIs only were younger (mean age 63.3 vs 66.9 yr; p < 0.0001), more often male (58.2% vs 52.4%; p = 0.0001) and more often White (55.1% vs 47.2%; p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, gender, race, location, and comorbidities, patients on combination of RAASIs and other AHAs had higher in-hospital mortality than those on RAASIs only (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% CI [1.19-1.38]; p < 0.0001) and higher mortality than those on other AHAs only (OR = 1.09; 95% CI [1.03-1.15]; p = 0.0017). Patients on RAASIs only had lower mortality than those on other AHAs only (OR = 0.87; 95% CI [0.81-0.94]; p = 0.0003). Patients on ACEIs only had higher mortality compared with those on ARBs only (OR = 1.37; 95% CI [1.20-1.56]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who were taking AHAs, prior use of a combination of RAASIs and other AHAs was associated with higher in-hospital mortality than the use of RAASIs alone. When compared with ARBs, ACEIs were associated with significantly higher mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Bone Mass Accrual in First Six Months of Life: Impact of Maternal Diabetes, Infant Adiposity, and Cord Blood Adipokines.

The perinatal period is a time of substantial bone mass accrual with many factors affecting long-term bone mineralization. Currently it is unclear what effect maternal gestational/type 2 diabetes has on infant bone mass accrual. This is a prospective study of offspring of Native American and Hispanic mothers with normoglycemia (n = 94) and gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes (n = 64). Infant anthropometrics were measured at birth, 1, and 6 months of age. Cord blood leptin, high-molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), vascular epithelium growth factor (VEGF), endoglin, and C-peptide were measured by ELISA. Infants had bone mineral density measurement at 1 month or/and 6 months of age using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. Mothers with diabetes were older (31 ± 6 years vs 25 ± 4 years) and had higher pre-pregnancy BMI (32.6 ± 5.8 vs 27.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2) than control mothers. Mean HbA1C of mothers with diabetes was 5.9 ± 1.0% compared to 5.1 ± 0.3% in controls early in pregnancy. Infants born to mothers with diabetes (DM-O) were born at a slightly lower gestational age compared to infants born to control mothers (Con-O). There was no difference in total body less head bone mineral content (BMC) or bone mineral density (BMD) between DM-O and Con-O. For both groups together, bone area, BMD, and BMC tracked over the first 6 months of life (r: 0.56, 0.38, and 0.48, respectively). Percent fat was strongly and positively correlated with BMC at 1 month of age (r = 0.44; p < 0.001) and BMC at both 1 and 6 months of age correlated strongly with birth weight. There were no associations between infant bone mass and cord blood leptin, PEDF, or VEGF, while C-peptide had a significant correlation with BMC at 1 and 6 months only in DM-O (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Infants born to mothers with well-controlled gestational/type 2 diabetes have normal bone mass accrual. Bone mineral content during this time is highly correlated with indices of infant growth and the association of bone mineral indices with percent body fat suggests that bone-fat crosstalk is operative early in life.

APOC3 genetic variation, serum triglycerides, and risk of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians, Europeans, and other ethnic groups.

BACKGROUND: Hypertriglyceridemia has emerged as a critical coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor. Rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in apolipoprotein C-III have been reported to reduce triglycerides (TG) and are cardioprotective in American Indians and Europeans. However, there is a lack of data in other Europeans and non-Europeans. Also, whether genetically increased plasma TG due to ApoC-III is causally associated with increased CAD risk is still unclear and inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to verify the cardioprotective role of earlier reported six LoF variants of APOC3 in South Asians and other multi-ethnic cohorts and to evaluate the causal association of TG raising common variants for increasing CAD risk. METHODS: We performed gene-centric and Mendelian randomization analyses and evaluated the role of genetic variation encompassing APOC3 for affecting circulating TG and the risk for developing CAD. RESULTS: One rare LoF variant (rs138326449) with a 37% reduction in TG was associated with lowered risk for CAD in Europeans (p = 0.007), but we could not confirm this association in Asian Indians (p = 0.641). Our data could not validate the cardioprotective role of other five LoF variants analysed. A common variant rs5128 in the APOC3 was strongly associated with elevated TG levels showing a p-value 2.8 × 10- 424. Measures of plasma ApoC-III in a small subset of Sikhs revealed a 37% increase in ApoC-III concentrations among homozygous mutant carriers than the wild-type carriers of rs5128. A genetically instrumented per 1SD increment of plasma TG level of 15 mg/dL would cause a mild increase (3%) in the risk for CAD (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the challenges of inclusion of rare variant information in clinical risk assessment and the generalizability of implementation of ApoC-III inhibition for treating atherosclerotic disease. More studies would be needed to confirm whether genetically raised TG and ApoC-III concentrations would increase CAD risk.

Illness Uncertainty Longitudinally Predicts Distress Among Caregivers of Children Born With DSD.

OBJECTIVE: A subset of parents of children with disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) including ambiguous genitalia experience clinically elevated levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Research indicates that uncertainty about their child's DSD is associated with parent psychosocial distress; however, previous studies have been cross-sectional or correlational in nature. The current study is the first to examine the longitudinal trajectory of the relationship between caregiver-perceived uncertainty about their child's DSD and caregiver anxious and depressive symptoms across the first 12 months following genital surgery in young children, or if surgery was not performed, the first 12 months following study entry. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen caregivers (Mage = 32.12; 57.5% mothers; 72.6% Caucasian) of children (N = 70; Mage = 9.81 months; 65.7% female) with DSD were recruited from 12 DSD specialty clinics in the United States. Caregivers completed psychosocial measures at baseline, 6 and 12 months following genitoplasty, or study entry if parents elected not to have surgery for their child. RESULTS: Caregiver illness uncertainty and both anxious and depressive symptoms were highest at baseline and decreased over time (ps < .05). Caregiver illness uncertainty predicted symptoms of anxious and depressive symptoms across all time points (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers' perceptions of uncertainty about their child's DSD are highest soon after diagnosis, and uncertainty continues to predict both anxious and depressive symptoms across time. Thus, the initial diagnostic period is a critical time for psychological assessment and intervention, with parent illness uncertainty being an important clinical target.

Incidence of Epinephrine Reactions With Local Anesthesia in Mohs Micrographic Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of reactions to epinephrine-containing local anesthetics in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of epinephrine-induced reactions from local anesthetics in patients who undergo MMS for the removal of cutaneous malignancies. METHODS: From 2016 to 2018, 200 MMS patients were recruited from the authors' surgical center. Assessments were obtained throughout the entirety of the Mohs cases during a single visit. RESULTS: This study estimated the incidence of epinephrine reactions in patients who undergo MMS to be 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.1%-3.9%). No relationship between epinephrine dose and incidence of adverse effects was found. Patient age was a significant risk factor for the development of an epinephrine reaction. CONCLUSION: Systemic reactions to epinephrine from local anesthetics are an infrequent adverse event in MMS cases. The data suggest that the absolute dose of local anesthetic with epinephrine does not correlate with the risk of developing an epinephrine reaction. Older age seems to have a protective effect.

Predictors of Psychosocial Distress in Parents of Young Children with Disorders of Sex Development.

PURPOSE: We evaluated demographic, financial and support predictors of distress for parents of young children with disorders of sex development including atypical genital development, and characterized early parental experiences. This work extends our previous findings to identify those parents at risk for distress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants included mothers (76) and fathers (63) of a child (78) diagnosed with disorders of sex development characterized by moderate to severe genital atypia. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire, measures of anxious and depressive symptoms, quality of life, illness uncertainty and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and rated their satisfaction with the appearance of their child's genitalia. RESULTS: Depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms of caregivers were comparable to standardized norms while levels of anxious symptoms were below norms. A subset of parents reported clinically elevated symptoms. Overall 26% of parents reported anxious symptoms, 24% reported depressive symptoms and 17% reported posttraumatic stress symptoms. Levels of illness uncertainty were lower than those of parents of children with other chronic illnesses. Differences by parent sex emerged, with mothers reporting greater distress. Lower income, increased medical care and travel expenses, and having no other children were related to increased psychosocial distress. CONCLUSIONS: Early psychosocial screening is recommended for parents of children with disorders of sex development. Clinicians should be aware that financial burden and lack of previous parenting experience are risk factors for distress.

Analysis of Factors Associated with Patient or Caregiver Regret following Surgery for Fecal Incontinence.

PURPOSE: Malone antegrade continence enema has been a successful and widely used procedure for achieving fecal continence in children. We present data on the previously uninvestigated issue of patient and caregiver regret following surgery for intractable constipation and fecal incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed all patients undergoing antegrade continence enema or cecostomy creation at a single institution between 2006 and 2016. Patients and caregivers were assessed for decisional regret using the Decisional Regret Scale. Results were correlated with demographics, surgical outcomes and complications. RESULTS: A total of 81 responses (49 caregivers and 32 patients) were obtained. Mean followup was 49 months. Decisional regret was noted in 43 subjects (53%), including mild regret in 38 (47%) and moderate to severe regret in 5 (6%). No statistical difference in regret was noted based on gender, complications or performance of concomitant procedures. On regression analysis incontinence was strongly associated with decisional regret (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.1-18.1, p <0.001) and regret increased as age at surgery increased, particularly when patients were operated on at age 13 to 15 years (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.4 for age 13 years; OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1-7.8 for age 14 years; OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-8.8 for age 15 years). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first known study describing decisional regret following surgery for fecal incontinence. Surgical factors aimed at achieving continence may be effective in decreasing postoperative regret. The finding of increased regret in teenage patients compared to younger children should be shared with families since it may impact the age at which surgery is pursued.

A cross sectional single institution study of quality of life in adult patients with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare differences in perception of independence, urinary continence, and quality of life in an adult spina bifida (SB) population. METHODS: We collected data on adult neurogenic bladder patients which included demographics, relevant procedures, and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. QoL and functional outcomes were assessed using spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) and SF-8 health questionnaire. International consultation of incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ) was used to assess incontinence. Comparisons were drawn between patients who underwent surgical reconstruction and those who did not. Student t-tests were used for comparisons and a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients with SB were included. A total of 43% underwent bladder augmentation (BA) and 30% underwent antegrade continence enema (ACE). Patients with BA scored 49 ± 25 on the SCIM survey while those without had higher scores of 68 ± 19 with a P-value of 0.016. This difference remained evident when patients with ACE were excluded. When comparing ICIQ and SF-8, no statistically significant differences were found between those who underwent surgical procedures and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing QoL in congenital NGB patients is a complex task. In our cohort, patients who underwent BA and ACE were shown to have decreased SCIM scores. SCIM scores for BA patients were significantly higher in patients who did not receive a BA independent of ACE status. SF-8 and ICIQ scores did not show any statistically significant difference in quality of life survey scores in those who underwent procedures versus those who did not.

Circulating adipokines are associated with pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of pre-eclampsia, a multisystem disorder of pregnancy, is fourfold higher in type 1 diabetic than non-diabetic women; it is also increased in women with features of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. In a prospective study of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, we measured plasma levels of adipokines known to be associated with insulin resistance: leptin, fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), adiponectin (total and high molecular weight [HMW]; also known as high molecular mass), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and resistin and evaluated associations with the subsequent development of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: From an established prospective cohort of pregnant type 1 diabetic women, we studied 23 who developed pre-eclampsia and 24 who remained normotensive; for reference values we included 19 healthy non-diabetic normotensive pregnant women. Plasma adipokines were measured (by ELISA) in stored samples from three study visits (Visit 1- Visit 3) at different gestational ages (mean ± SD): Visit 1, 12.4 ± 1.8 weeks; Visit 2, 21.7 ± 1.4 weeks; and Visit 3, 31.4 ± 1.5 weeks. All the women were free of microalbuminuria and hypertension at enrolment. All study visits preceded the clinical onset of pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: In all groups, leptin, the ratio of leptin to total or HMW adiponectin, FABP4 concentration, ratio of FABP4 to total or HMW adiponectin and resistin level increased, while total and HMW adiponectin decreased, with gestational age. At Visit 1: (1) in diabetic women with vs without subsequent pre-eclampsia, leptin, ratio of leptin to total or HMW adiponectin, and ratio of FABP4 to total or HMW adiponectin, were increased (p < 0.05), while total adiponectin was decreased (p < 0.05); and (2) in normotensive diabetic vs non-diabetic women, total adiponectin was elevated (p < 0.05). At Visits 2 and 3: (1) the primary findings in the two diabetic groups persisted, and FABP4 also increased in women with subsequent pre-eclampsia (p < 0.05); and (2) there were no differences between the two normotensive groups. By logistic regression analyses after covariate adjustment (HbA1c, insulin kg-1 day-1 and gestational age), the best predictive models for pre-eclampsia were as follows: Visit 1, doubling of leptin, OR 9.0 (p < 0.01); Visit 2, doubling of the leptin:total adiponectin ratio, OR 3.7 (p < 0.05); and Visit 3, doubling of FABP4 concentration, OR 25.1 (p < 0.01). The associations were independent of BMI. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: As early as the first trimester in type 1 diabetic women, adipokine profiles that suggest insulin resistance are associated with subsequent pre-eclampsia, possibly reflecting maternal characteristics that precede pregnancy. These associations persist in the second and third trimesters, and are independent of BMI. Insulin resistance may predispose women with type 1 diabetes to pre-eclampsia.

Adams-Oliver syndrome review of the literature: Refining the diagnostic phenotype.

The Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS) is defined as aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) with transverse terminal limb defects (TTLD). Frequencies of associated anomalies are not well characterized. Six causative genes have been identified: ARHGAP31, DOCK6, EOGT, RBPJ, NOTCH1, and DLL4. We review 385 previously described individuals (139 non-familial and 246 familial probands and family members) and add clinical data on 13 previously unreported individuals with AOS. In addition to ACC and TTLD, the most commonly associated anomalies included a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies and congenital heart defects each seen in 23%. CNS anomalies included structural anomalies, microcephaly, vascular defects, and vascular sequelae. CNS migration defects were common. Cutis marmorata telangiectasia congenita (CMTC) was found in 19% of the study population and other vascular anomalies were seen in 14%. Hemorrhage was listed as the cause of death for five of 25 deaths reported. A relatively large number of non-familial probands were reported to have hepatoportal sclerosis with portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Non-familial probands were more likely to have additional anomalies than were familial probands. The data reported herein provide a basis for refining the diagnostic features of AOS and suggest management recommendations for probands newly diagnosed with AOS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Vitamin D Status, Gender Differences, and Cardiometabolic Health Disparities.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is an unrecognized epidemic found in India and also worldwide. Despite the high prevalence of diabetes among Indians, there is a paucity of data showing the relationship between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic disparities. In this study, we have examined the relationship between vitamin D and cardiometabolic traits in a population from India. METHODS: Circulating 25(OH)D levels were measured in 3,879 participants from the Asian Indian Diabetic Heart Study using ELISA kits. RESULTS: Vitamin D levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in both men and women with obesity. However, compared to women, serum vitamin D was consistently lower in men (p < 0.02), irrespective of the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Multivariate regression revealed strong interaction of vitamin D with body mass index that resulted in increased fasting glucose (p = 0.001) and reduced homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function (HOMA-B; p = 0.01) in normoglycemic individuals. However, in gender-stratified analysis, this association was restricted to men for both fasting glucose (p = 2.4 × 10-4) and HOMA-B (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency may significantly enhance the risk of cardiometabolic disease among Asian Indians. Future randomized trials and genetic studies are expected to clarify the underlying mechanisms for gender differences in vitamin D deficiency, and whether vitamin D-driven improvement in testosterone may contribute to beneficial cardiometabolic outcomes in men.

Influence of Genetic Counseling Graduate Program Websites on Student Application Decisions.

This study investigated how genetic counseling educational program websites affect application decisions via an online survey sent to current students and recent graduates. Program leadership: directors, assistant directors, associate directors, were also surveyed to determine where their opinions coincided or differed from those reported by students and recent graduates. Chi square analysis and t-tests were used to determine significance of results. A two-sample t-test was used to compare factors students identified as important on a 5-point Likert scale with those identified by directors. Thematic analysis revealed three major themes students consider important for program websites: easy navigation, website content, and website impression. Directors were interested in how prospective students use their program website and what information they found most useful. Students indicated there were specific programs they chose not to apply to due to the difficulty of using the website for that program. Directors significantly underestimated how important information about application requirements was to students in making application decisions. The information reported herein will help individual genetic counseling graduate programs improve website functionality and retain interested applicants.

Extravascular modified lipoproteins: a role in the propagation of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to determine whether plasma lipoproteins, after leakage into the retina and modification by glycation and oxidation, contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS: To simulate permeation of plasma lipoproteins into retinal tissues, streptozotocin-induced mouse models of diabetes and non-diabetic mice were challenged with intravitreal injection of human 'highly-oxidised glycated' low-density lipoprotein (HOG-LDL), native- (N-) LDL, or the vehicle PBS. Retinal histology, electroretinography (ERG) and biochemical markers were assessed over the subsequent 14 days. RESULTS: Intravitreal administration of N-LDL and PBS had no effect on retinal structure or function in either diabetic or non-diabetic animals. In non-diabetic mice, HOG-LDL elicited a transient inflammatory response without altering retinal function, but in diabetic mice it caused severe, progressive retinal injury, with abnormal morphology, ERG changes, vascular leakage, vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression, gliosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and propensity to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Diabetes confers susceptibility to retinal injury imposed by intravitreal injection of modified LDL. The data add to the existing evidence that extravasated, modified plasma lipoproteins contribute to the propagation of diabetic retinopathy. Intravitreal delivery of HOG-LDL simulates a stress known to be present, in addition to hyperglycaemia, in human diabetic retinopathy once blood-retinal barriers are compromised.

A Feasibility Study to Determine Whether Clinical Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging can Detect Increased Bladder Permeability in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis.

PURPOSE: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is a bladder pain disorder associated with voiding symptomatology and other systemic chronic pain disorders. Currently diagnosing interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is complicated as patients present with a wide range of symptoms, physical examination findings and clinical test responses. One hypothesis is that interstitial cystitis symptoms arise from increased bladder permeability to urine solutes. This study establishes the feasibility of using contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to quantify bladder permeability in patients with interstitial cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Permeability alterations in bladder urothelium were assessed by intravesical administration of the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Gd-DTPA (Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) in a small cohort of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity in patient and control bladders was compared regionally and for entire bladders. RESULTS: Quantitative assessment of magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity indicated a significant increase in signal intensity in anterior bladder regions compared to posterior regions in patients with interstitial cystitis (p <0.01) and significant increases in signal intensity in anterior bladder regions (p <0.001). Kurtosis (shape of probability distribution) and skewness (measure of probability distribution asymmetry) were associated with contrast enhancement in total bladders in patients with interstitial cystitis vs controls (p <0.05). Regarding symptomatology interstitial cystitis cases differed significantly from controls on the SF-36®, PUF (Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency) and ICPI (Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index) questionnaires with no overlap in the score range in each group. ICSI (Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index) differed significantly but with a slight overlap in the range of scores. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging provides an objective, quantifiable measurement of bladder permeability that could be used to stratify bladder pain patients and monitor therapy.

Effect of Chronic Medical Conditions in Veterans with Multiple Sclerosis on Long-Term Disability.

BACKGROUND The goal of this observational study was to examine the effect of common chronic medical conditions (CMCs) on long-term disability (activity limitation) in veterans already diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the electronic charts of 124 veterans with MS who have been regularly followed in our MS clinic for 10 or more years. General linear model analysis examined whether MS-related severity as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the presence of CMCs affected long-term disability as measured by the total score on the Functional Independence Measure (TFIM). RESULTS Commonly encountered CMCs were increased BMI (61%), hyperlipidemia (78%), hypertension (65%), current smokers (47%), and arthritis/arthralgia (24%). Results suggest that the number of CMCs was not predictive of final TFIM scores; of the variables examined, only initial EDSS score was predictive of final TFIM scores. CONCLUSIONS The presence of CMCs did not affect the long-term disability in veterans diagnosed with MS, this was due mainly to CMCs being closely monitored and co-treated with other medical specialties.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: a Survey of Perspectives on Carrier Testing and Communication Within the Family.

Carrier testing is widely available for multiple genetic conditions, and several professional organizations have created practice guidelines regarding appropriate clinical application and the testing of minors. Previous research has focused on carrier screening, predictive testing, and testing for X-linked conditions. However, family perspectives on carrier testing for X-linked lethal diseases have yet to be described. In this study, we explored communication within the family about carrier testing and the perspectives of mothers of sons with an X-linked lethal disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Twenty-five mothers of sons with DMD participated in an anonymous online survey. Survey questions included multiple choice, Likert scale, and open ended, short answer questions. Analysis of the multiple choice and Likert scale questions revealed that most mothers preferred a gradual style of communication with their daughters regarding risk status. In addition, most participants reported having consulted with a genetic counselor and found it helpful. Comparisons between groups, analyzed using Fisher's exact tests, found no differences in preferred style due to mother's carrier status or having a daughter. Thematic analysis was conducted on responses to open ended questions. Themes identified included the impact of family implications, age and maturity, and a desire for autonomy regarding the decision to discuss and undergo carrier testing with at-risk daughters, particularly timing of these discussions. Implications for genetic counseling practice are discussed.

Cord blood adipokines, neonatal anthropometrics and postnatal growth in offspring of Hispanic and Native American women with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Offspring of women with diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy have a risk of developing metabolic disease in adulthood greater than that conferred by genetics alone. The mechanisms responsible are unknown, but likely involve fetal exposure to the in utero milieu, including glucose and circulating adipokines. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of maternal DM on fetal adipokines and anthropometry in infants of Hispanic and Native American women. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of offspring of mothers with normoglycemia (Con-O; n = 79) or type 2 or gestational DM (DM-O; n = 45) pregnancies. Infant anthropometrics were measured at birth and 1-month of age. Cord leptin, high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMWA), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and C-peptide were measured by ELISA. Differences between groups were assessed using the Generalized Linear Model framework. Correlations were calculated as standardized regression coefficients and adjusted for significant covariates. RESULTS: DM-O were heavier at birth than Con-O (3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.4 kg, p = 0.024), but sum of skinfolds (SSF) were not different. At 1-month, there was no difference in weight, SSF or % body fat or postnatal growth between groups. Leptin was higher in DM-O (20.1 ± 14.9 vs. 9.5 ± 9.9 ng/ml in Con-O, p < 0.0001). Leptin was positively associated with birth weight (p = 0.0007) and SSF (p = 0.002) in Con-O and with maternal hemoglobin A1c in both groups (Con-O, p = 0.023; DM-O, p = 0.006). PEDF was positively associated with birth weight in all infants (p = 0.004). Leptin was positively associated with PEDF in both groups, with a stronger correlation in DM-O (p = 0.009). At 1-month, HMWA was positively associated with body weight (p = 0.004), SSF (p = 0.025) and % body fat (p = 0.004) across the cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal DM results in fetal hyperleptinemia independent of adiposity. HMWA appears to influence postnatal growth. Thus, in utero exposure to DM imparts hormonal differences on infants even without aberrant growth.

Acute Cocoa Supplementation Increases Postprandial HDL Cholesterol and Insulin in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes after Consumption of a High-Fat Breakfast.

BACKGROUND: Dietary cocoa is an important source of flavonoids and is associated with favorable cardiovascular disease effects, such as improvements in vascular function and lipid profiles, in nondiabetic adults. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with adverse effects on postprandial serum glucose, lipids, inflammation, and vascular function. OBJECTIVE: We examined the hypothesis that cocoa reduces metabolic stress in obese T2D adults after a high-fat fast-food-style meal. METHODS: Adults with T2D [n = 18; age (mean ± SE): 56 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 35.3 ± 2.0; 14 women; 4 men] were randomly assigned to receive cocoa beverage (960 mg total polyphenols; 480 mg flavanols) or flavanol-free placebo (110 mg total polyphenols; <0.1 mg flavanols) with a high-fat fast-food-style breakfast [766 kcal, 50 g fat (59% energy)] in a crossover trial. After an overnight fast (10-12 h), participants consumed the breakfast with cocoa or placebo, and blood sample collection [glucose, insulin, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)] and vascular measurements were conducted at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially on each study day. Insulin resistance was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS: Over the 6-h study, and specifically at 1 and 4 h, cocoa increased HDL cholesterol vs. placebo (overall Δ: 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL; P ≤ 0.01) but had no effect on total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and hsCRP. Cocoa increased serum insulin concentrations overall (Δ: 5.2 ± 3.2 mU/L; P < 0.05) and specifically at 4 h but had no overall effects on insulin resistance (except at 4 h, P < 0.05), systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or small artery elasticity. However, large artery elasticity was overall lower after cocoa vs. placebo (Δ: -1.6 ± 0.7 mL/mm Hg; P < 0.05), with the difference significant only at 2 h. CONCLUSION: Acute cocoa supplementation showed no clear overall benefit in T2D patients after a high-fat fast-food-style meal challenge. Although HDL cholesterol and insulin remained higher throughout the 6-h postprandial period, an overall decrease in large artery elasticity was found after cocoa consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01886989.

Inducible cardiac arrhythmias caused by enhanced ß1-adrenergic autoantibody expression in the rabbit.

Previous studies demonstrated burst pacing and intravenous infusion of ACh induced sustained atrial tachycardia when rabbits were immunized to produce ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR)-activating autoantibodies. The objective of this study was to examine the arrhythmogenic effect of ß1-adrenergic receptor (ß1AR)-activating autoantibodies in the rabbit. Eight New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with a ß1AR second extracellular loop peptide to raise ß1AR antibody titers. A catheter-based electrophysiological study was performed on anesthetized rabbits before and after immunization. Arrhythmia occurrence was determined in response to burst pacing before and after ACh infusion in incremental concentrations of 10 µM, 100 µM, and 1 mM. The baseline sinus heart rate before and after immunization averaged 149 ± 17 per min and 169 ± 16 per min, respectively (P < 0.05). In the preimmune studies, there were five sustained (≥10 s) arrhythmias in 32 induction attempts, which occurred in only four of eight rabbits. In the postimmune studies, there were 22 sustained arrhythmias in 32 induction attempts, which occurred in all eight rabbits (P < 0.0001 for the independent effect of immunization). Of the 22 sustained arrhythmias postimmunization, 15 were sinus tachycardia compared with only two before immunization (P < 0.01 for the independent effect of immunization). Postimmune (but not preimmune) rabbit sera demonstrated specific binding to ß1AR and induced significant ß1AR activation in transfected cells in vitro. No cross-reactivity with ß2AR was observed. In conclusion, in contrast with rabbits with ß2AR-activating autoantibodies that demonstrate predominantly atrial tachycardias, enhanced autoantibody activation of ß1AR in the rabbit leads to tachyarrhythmias mainly in the form of sustained sinus tachycardia.

Otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials and self-reported gender in people affected by disorders of sex development (DSD).

Both otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) are sexually dimorphic, and both are believed to be influenced by prenatal androgen exposure. OAEs and AEPs were collected from people affected by 1 of 3 categories of disorders of sex development (DSD) - (1) women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS); (2) women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); and (3) individuals with 46,XY DSD including prenatal androgen exposure who developed a male gender despite initial rearing as females (men with DSD). Gender identity (GI) and role (GR) were measured both retrospectively and at the time of study participation, using standardized questionnaires. The main objective of this study was to determine if patterns of OAEs and AEPs correlate with gender in people affected by DSD and in controls. A second objective was to assess if OAE and AEP patterns differed according to degrees of prenatal androgen exposure across groups. Control males, men with DSD, and women with CAH produced fewer spontaneous OAEs (SOAEs) - the male-typical pattern - than control females and women with CAIS. Additionally, the number of SOAEs produced correlated with gender development across all groups tested. Although some sex differences in AEPs were observed between control males and females, AEP measures did not correlate with gender development, nor did they vary according to degrees of prenatal androgen exposure, among people with DSD. Thus, OAEs, but not AEPs, may prove useful as bioassays for assessing early brain exposure to androgens and predicting gender development in people with DSD.