Epidemiological study of overall survivability of individuals diagnosed with lung and bronchus cancer in Michigan between the years 1996 and 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Lung and bronchus cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States. Compared with the national average, Michigan has an increased mortality rate and low early screening and treatment rates. This study aimed to explore the epidemiological trends and assess overall survival (OS) of patients diagnosed with lung cancer in Michigan from 1996 to 2017. METHODS: Data was acquired from the Michigan Cancer Surveillance Program (MCSP). Log-rank test was used to test OS among the time periods, univariate and multivariate cox regression models were employed to determine factors that significantly affected OS. We hypothesized that the introduction of more inclusive lung cancer screening guidelines in 2013 would improve OS for patients diagnosed after its implementation and that individual characteristics and tumor characteristics would both affect OS. RESULTS: Notably, 153 742 individuals met inclusion criteria: 54.22% male and 45.78% female. Mean age at diagnosis was 69 years. No significant difference in OS was found among the three time periods (p = 0.99). Univariate analyses identified four individual characteristics associated with reduced OS: age at diagnosis, male sex, American Indian race, and living in rural or urban area. Reduced OS was associated with primary sites tumors at main bronchus, lung base, or within overlapping lobes, and SEER stage 7. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights several factors that influence OS. Consideration of these factors may be helpful as a community outreach tool to help increase early detection and reduce overall mortality.

Transdermal bisoprolol for prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The transdermal patch of bisoprolol available in Japan has been reported to demonstrate superior efficacy in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation, possibly surpassing its oral counterpart. However, there has been no systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of transdermal bisoprolol. Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane to identify all relevant studies assessing the efficacy of transdermal bisoprolol in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation. The search covered studies from inception up to December 4, 2023. For data analysis, Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 software was employed, using a random-effects model to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Three studies, comprising a total of 551 patients (transdermal bisoprolol 228 and control 323), were included. There was a decreased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients treated with transdermal bisoprolol (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27-0.67, p = .0002, I 2 = 0%). Conclusion: Transdermal administration of bisoprolol has consistently shown efficacy, and this pooled analysis supports its effectiveness. The heterogeneity of the included studies limits certain interpretations. Future randomized clinical trials may elucidate the superiority of transdermal administration over oral administration.

National Trends in Aspirin Use and Expenditures in the United States: Analysis of The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2000-2021.

INTRODUCTION: Since its invention in 1897, aspirin (ASA) has been the most widely used and cost-effective antiplatelet agent to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We aimed to study the trends and expenditures associated with ASA use in the USA. METHODS: We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from January 2000 to December 2021, focusing on adults aged ≥ 40 years. Total and out-of-pocket expenditures associated with ASA were estimated to 2021 US dollars (USD). Trends, demographics, and predictors of ASA use among patients with and without ASCVD were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 53 million adults were identified during the study period. The number of ASA users increased from 2.9 million to 6.6 million with increased female (36.7%-49.7%; p trend = 0.02) and African American (13%-18.9%; p trend = 0.03) representation amongst all ASA users during the survey period. The use of low-dose ASA increased, while high-dose ASA declined significantly. Only 50% of all ASA users had known ASCVD. The most prevalent ASA users among patients with ASCVD were those aged ≥ 70 years, while patients without ASCVD, it was the 50-69 age group. The total annual expenditure on ASA averaged approximately 60 million USD, with 27.3 million USD out-of-pocket. CONCLUSION: Total and low-dose (81 mg) ASA use has increased, while high-dose (325 mg) ASA has declined. ASA use for primary prevention has risen among adults aged 50-69 years, and patients ≥ 70 years continue to use ASA without known ASCVD. Further studies are needed to understand the implications of increased ASA use, especially among those without ASCVD.

Trends and outcomes of different mechanical circulatory support modalities for acute myocardial infarction associated cardiogenic shock in patients undergoing early revascularization.

Background: The use of Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) devices in cardiogenic shock (CS) is growing. However, the recent trends in using different MCS modalities and their outcomes in acute myocardial infarction associated CS (AMI-CS) are unknown. Methods: The national readmission database (2016-2020) was used to identify AMI-CS requiring MCS. Cohorts were stratified as ECMO compared to Impella. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to remove confounding factors. Pearson's x2 test was applied to matched cohorts to compare outcomes. We used multivariate regression and reported predictive margins for adjusted trend analysis. Results: Among 20,950 AMI-CS hospitalizations requiring MCS, 19,628 (93.7 %) received Impella vs 1322 (6.3 %) were placed only on ECMO. ECMO group was younger (median age: 61 vs. 68 years, p < 0.001) and had a lower comorbidity burden. On propensity-matched cohorts (N 742), the ECMO cohort had higher adverse events, including mortality (51.6 % vs. 41.5 %), sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) (40.9 % vs. 31.8 %), acute stroke (9.2 % vs. 4.6 %) and major bleeding (16 % vs 12.2 %) [p < 0.05]. However, comparing ECPELLA (ECMO + Impella) to Impella alone, mortality (46.2 % vs. 39.4 %) and SCA (44 % vs. 36.4 %) rates were similar, though major bleeding was higher (18.2 % vs. 9.8 %). From 2016 to 2020, mortality trends for AMI-CS in the U.S. showed no significant change (p-trend: 0.071). Conclusion: Despite advances in MCS modalities, the overall mortality rate for AMI-CS remains unchanged. ECMO use without LV unloading showed higher mortality and adverse events compared to Impella. Prospective studies are needed to verify these findings.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation with and without mitral stenosis - A National Readmission Database study.

INTRODUCTION: Mitral valve stenosis (MS) can be concomitantly present in patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI). Some studies have reported up to one-fifth of patients who underwent TAVI also have MS. The relationship between mitral stenosis and TAVI has led to concerns regarding increased adverse cardiac outcomes during and after the procedure. METHODS: The Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD 2016-2019) was utilized to identify TAVI patients with MS with ICD-10-CM codes. The primary outcome was a 30-day readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included predictors of all-cause readmissions, length of stay, and total hospitalization cost. We assessed readmission frequency with a national sample weighed at 30 days following the index TAVI procedure. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were analyzed for in-hospital outcomes using univariate and multivariate logistic regression for study cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 217,147 patients underwent TAVI procedures during the queried time period of the study. Of these patients, 2140 (0.98 %) had MS. The overall 30-day all-cause readmission rate for the study cohort was 12.4 %. TAVI patients with MS had higher rates of 30-day readmissions (15.8 % vs 12.3 %, aOR 1.22, CI: 1.03-1.45, P < 0.01). Additionally, TAVI patients with MS had longer lengths of hospital stay during index admissions (5.7 vs. 4.3 days), along with higher total hospitalization costs ($55,157 vs. $50,239). In contrast, in-hospital mortality during index TAVI admission did not differ significantly between the two groups, although there was a trend toward higher mortality in the MS group (2.1 % vs. 1.5 %). Among the TAVI MS cohort, patients admitted on weekends (aOR: 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.22, P = 0.01), admitted to non-metropolitan hospitals (aOR: 1.29, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.66, P = 0.04) and presence of co-morbidities such as atrial fibrillation (AF)/flutter (aOR: 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.16-1.32, P < 0.01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (aOR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.22, P < 0.01), prior stroke (aOR: 1.09, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.14, P < 0.01), chronic kidney disease (CKD) ≥3 (aOR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.22, P < 0.01), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (aOR: 1.75, 95 % CI: 1.61-1.90, P < 0.01), and anemia (aOR: 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.18-1.28, P < 0.01) were associated with increased odds of readmission. CONCLUSION: Concomitant MS in patients undergoing TAVI is associated with higher readmission rates and total hospital costs. This can contribute significantly to healthcare-related burdens. Further studies are required to evaluate in-hospital outcomes and predictors of readmission in patients undergoing TAVI with the presence of concomitant MS.

Impact of heart failure on COVID-19 patients: An insight from nationwide inpatient sample.

BACKGROUND: Patients with COVID-19 have been reported to experience adverse cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Among these complications, heart failure (HF) has emerged as the most common critical complication during exacerbations of COVID-19, potentially leading to increased mortality rates and poorer clinical outcomes. We aimed to investigate the in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 patients with HF. METHODS: We analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) dataset to select COVID-19 patients aged over 18 years who were hospitalized between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020, using ICD-10. Based on the presence of acute HF, the patients were divided into two cohorts. The clinical outcomes and complications were assessed at index admissions using STATA v.17." RESULTS: 1,666,960 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized in 2020, of which 156,755 (9.4%) had associated HF. COVID-19 patients with HF had a mean age of (72.38 ± 13.50) years compared to (62.3 ± 17.67) years for patients without HF. The HF patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, smoking, and preexisting cardiovascular disease. Additionally, after adjusting for baseline demographics and comorbidities, COVID-19 patients with HF had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (23.86% vs. 17.63%, p<0.001), acute MI (18.83% vs. 10.91%, p<0.001), acute stroke (0.78% vs. 0.58%, p=0.004), cardiogenic shock (2.56% vs. 0.69%, p<0.001), and sudden cardiac arrest (5.54% vs. 3.41%, p<0.001) compared to those without HF. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 patients admitted with acute HF had worse clinical outcomes, such as higher mortality, myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and a higher length of stay and healthcare than patients without HF.

Cardiovascular Outcomes and Readmissions of Atrial Fibrillation Among Patent Foramen Ovale Occluder Device Recipients: A Propensity Matched National Readmission Study.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) occluder devices are increasingly utilized in minimally invasive procedures used to treat cryptogenic stroke. Data on the impact of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) among PFO occluder device recipients are limited. The Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried between 2016 and 2019 to identify PFO patients with and without AF. The 2 groups were compared using propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate regression models. The outcomes included in-hospital mortality, acute kidney injury (AKI), Mechanical circulatory support use (MCS), Cardiogenic shock (CS), acute ischemic stroke, bleeding, and other cardiovascular outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA v. 17. Out of 6508 Weighted hospitalizations for PFO occluder device procedure over the study period, 877 (13.4%) had AF compared to 5631 (86.6%) who did not. On adjusted analysis, PFO with AF group had higher rates of MCS (PSM, 4.5% vs 2.2 %, P value = 0.011) and SCA (PSM, 7.6% vs 4.6 %, P value = 0.015) compared to PFO with no AF. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of in-hospital mortality (PSM, 5.4% vs 6.4 %, P value = 0.39), CS (PSM, 8.3% vs 5.9 %, P value = 0.075), AKI (PSM, 32.4% vs 32.3 %, P value = 0.96), bleeding (PSM, 2.08% vs 1.3%, P value = 0.235) or the readmission rates among both cohorts. Additionally, AF was associated with higher hospital length of stay (9.5 ± 13.2 vs 8.2 ± 24.3 days, P-value = 0.012) and total cost ($66,513 ± $80,922 vs $52,013±$125,136, 0.025, P-value = 0.025) compared to PFO without AF. AF among PFO occluder device recipients is associated with increased adverse outcomes, including MCS use and SCA, with no difference in mortality and readmission rates among both cohorts. Long-term follow-up needs further studies.

Contemporary outcomes of long-term anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients: a regression matched sensitivity analysis of the national inpatient sample.

BACKGROUND: The role of oral anticoagulation during the COVID-19 pandemic has been debated widely. We studied the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalizations in patients who were on long-term anticoagulation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2020 was queried to identify COVID-19 patients with and without long-term anticoagulation. Multivariate regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of in-hospital outcomes. RESULTS: Of 1,060,925 primary COVID-19 hospitalizations, 102,560 (9.6%) were on long-term anticoagulation. On adjusted analysis, COVID-19 patients on anticoagulation had significantly lower odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.58-0.64, P < 0.001), acute myocardial infarction (aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63-0.83, P < 0.001), stroke (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.95, P < 0.013), ICU admissions, (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.49-0.57, P < 0.001) and higher odds of acute pulmonary embolism (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.34-1.61, P < 0.001), acute deep vein thrombosis (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.31, P = 0.005) compared to COVID-19 patients who were not on anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to COVID-19 patients not on long-term anticoagulation, we observed lower in-hospital mortality, stroke and acute myocardial infarction in COVID-19 patients on long-term anticoagulation. Prospective studies are needed for optimal anticoagulation strategies in hospitalized patients.

In-Hospital Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Myocarditis (from a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study).

The prevalence of COVID-19 infection-related myocarditis, its in-hospital cardiovascular outcomes, and its impact on hospital cost and stay at national level are not well studied in the literature. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database from 2020 was queried to identify patients with COVID-19 and myocarditis versus those without myocarditis. Cardiovascular outcomes and resource utilization were studied among cohorts with COVID-19, with and without myocarditis, using descriptive statistics, multivariate regression matching, and propensity score matching using STATA version 17. Of 1,678,995 patients, 3,565 (0.21%) had COVID-19 with myocarditis, and 1,675,355 (99.78%) had COVID-19 without myocarditis. On multivariate regression analysis, we found higher odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.9) in patients with myocarditis than in those without myocarditis, in addition to higher odds of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 2.8 to 4.4), acute kidney injury (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.9), heart failure (aOR 2.77, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.4), cardiogenic shock (aOR 10.2, 95% CI 7.9 to 13), myocardial infarction (aOR 5.74, 95% CI 4.5 to 7.3), and use of mechanical circulatory support (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.9). The propensity-matched cohort also favored similar outcomes. In conclusion, patients with COVID-19 and myocarditis had worse clinical outcomes, having a higher rate of in-hospital mortality, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with longer length of hospital stay, and higher hospitalization costs. Large prospective trials are necessary to validate these findings with diagnostic measures, including biopsy and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the extent of myocardial involvement.

Cardiovascular outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction among COVID-19 patients: a propensity matched national study.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction Type II (T2MI) is a prevalent cause of troponin elevation secondary to a variety of conditions causing stress/demand mismatch. The impact of T2MI on outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 is not well studied. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from the year 2020 was queried to identify COVID-19 patients with T2MI during the index hospitalization. Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes 'U07.1' and 'I21.A1' were used as disease identifiers for COVID-19 and T2MI respectively. Multivariate adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) and propensity score matching (PSM) was done to compare outcomes among COVID patients with and without T2MI. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1,678,995 COVID-19-weighted hospitalizations were identified in the year 2020, of which 41,755 (2.48%) patients had T2MI compared to 1,637,165 (97.5%) without T2MI. Patients with T2MI had higher adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.44, PSM 32.27%, 95% CI 1.34-1.54) sudden cardiac arrest (aOR 1.29, PSM 6.6%, 95% CI 1.17-1.43) and CS (aOR 2.16, PSM 2.73%, 95% CI 1.85-2.53) compared to patients without T2MI. The rate of coronary angiography (CA) in T2MI with COVID was 1.19%, with significant use of CA among patients with T2MI complicated by CS compared to those without CS (4% vs 1.1%, p < 0.001). Additionally, COVID-19 patients with T2MI had an increased prevalence of sepsis compared to COVID-19 without T2MI (48% vs 24.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 patients with T2MI had worse cardiovascular outcomes with significantly higher in-hospital mortality, SCA, and CS compared to those without T2MI. Long-term mortality and morbidity among COVID-19 patients who had T2MI will need to be clarified in future studies. [Figure: see text].

Predictors and Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in COVID-19 Patients With ARDS: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a significant treatment modality for COVID-19 patients on ventilators. The current data is limited for understanding the indicators and outcomes of ECMO in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2020 was queried in this study. Among 1,666,960 patients admitted with COVID-19, 99,785 (5.98%) patients developed ARDS, and 60,114 (60.2%) were placed on mechanical ventilation. Of these mechanically ventilated COVID-ARDS patients, 2580 (4.3%) were placed on ECMO. Patients with ECMO intervention had higher adjusted odds (aOR) of blood loss anemia (aOR 9.1, 95% CI: 6.16-13.5, propensity score-matched (PSM) 42% vs 5.4%, P < 0.001), major bleeding (aOR 3.79, 95% CI: 2.5-5.6, PSM 19.9% vs 5.9%, P < 0.001) and acute liver injury (aOR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.14-2.6 PSM 14% vs 6%, P = 0.009) compared to patients without ECMO intervention. However, in-hospital mortality, acute kidney injury, transfusions, acute MI, and cardiac arrest were insignificant. On subgroup analysis, patients placed on veno-arterial ECMO had higher odds of cardiogenic shock (aOR 13.4, CI 3.95-46, P < 0.0001), cardiac arrest (aOR 3.5, CI 1.45-8.47, P = 0.0057), acute congestive heart failure (aOR 4.18, CI 1.05-16.5, P = 0.042) and lower odds of major bleeding (aOR 0.26, CI 0.07-0.92). However, there was no significant difference in mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, and acute MI. Further studies are needed before considering COVID-19 ARDS patients for placement on ECMO.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Readmissions in the Current Era (from the National Readmission Database).

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the mainstream treatment for severe aortic stenosis. Despite improvement in device iteration and operator experience rigorous outcome data outside the scope of clinical trials is lacking. Nationwide readmission database 2016 and 2017 was utilized to identify the study population. International Classification of Disease,10th edition codes were used to identify TAVI admissions. Outcomes of interest were the 90-day readmission pattern and in hospital complications of the TAVI procedure. A total of 73,784 TAVI related index admissions were identified in the Nationwide Readmission Database in 2016 to 2017. Forty four percent of patients undergoing TAVI in that timeframe were discharged within 48 hours of their procedure. 16,343 patients (22.2%) were readmitted within 90 days after discharge. Major cardiac co-morbidities like heart failure were prevalent more often in the group of patients that were readmitted within 90 days. Noncardiac causes however accounted for two thirds of these readmissions. The median time to 90-day readmission was 31 days. Multivariate analysis showed that nonagenarians, patients undergoing transapical TAVI, and patients with a higher comorbidity burden were more likely to be readmitted within 90 days. In conclusion, almost half of TAVI patients in the US are discharged within 48 hours after their procedure and 20% of all TAVI patients are readmitted within 90 days. Most readmissions are due to noncardiac causes.