Accelerated start-up, long-term performance and microbial community shifts within a novel upflow porous-plated anaerobic reactor treating nitrogen-rich wastewater via ANAMMOX process.

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has gained much popularity in recent years following its success in nitrogen removal. However, not much has been reported on techniques to promote anammox bacteria immobilization and associated microbial community evolution. In this study, a novel upflow porous-plate anaerobic reactor (UPPAR) was developed and explored to promote biomass (anammox) retention and growth. To comprehend the performance of the UPPAR, its nitrogen removal efficiencies, as well as the microbial community dynamics involved in the nitrogen removal process, was evaluated and reported. When NLR ranging 0.98-1.08 kg m-3 d-1 was introduced at various stages of the UPPAR operation, a rapid start-up was achieved in 63 d, and the overall nitrogen removal rate could reach 90-95%. By the end of the start-up period, it was revealed that Proteobacteria abundance had reduced by 43.92% as opposed Planctomycetes which increased from 2.95% to 43.52%. Conversely, after the UPPAR had been operated for 124 d, thus at steady-state, the most pronounced phylum observed was Planctomycetes (43.52%) followed by Proteobacteria (26.63%), Chloroflexi (5.87%), Ignavibacteriae (5.55%), and Bacteroidetes (4.9%). Predominant genera observed included Candidatus Kuenenia - (25.46%) and Candidatus Brocadia - (3.15%), an indication that nitrogen removal mechanism within the UPPAR was mainly conducted via autotrophic anammox process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that sludge samples obtained at steady-state were predominantly in granular form with sizes ranging between 2 mm to 5 mm. Granules surfaces were dominated with normal to coccoid-shaped cells as revealed by the SEM.

Performance, microbial community evolution and neural network modeling of single-stage nitrogen removal by partial-nitritation/anammox process.

Single-stage nitrogen removal by anammox/partial-nitritation (SNAP) process was proposed and explored in a packed-bed-EGSB reactor to treat nitrogen-rich wastewater. With dissolved oxygen (DO) maintained within 0.2-0.5 mg/L, reactor performance and microbial community dynamics were evaluated and reported. To ascertain whether control/prediction of the SNAP process was feasible with mathematical modeling, a novel 3-layered backpropagation-artificial-neural-network-(BANN) was also developed to model nitrogen removal efficiencies. When NLR of 300 gN/m3·d and DO of <0.3 mg/L was employed, the SNAP-process demonstrated autotrophic nitrogen removal pathways with NH4+-N and TN removal of 91.1% and 81.9%, respectively. Microbial community succession revealed by 16S rRNA high-throughput gene-sequencing indicated that Candidatus-Kuenenia-(33.83%), Nitrosomonas-(3.4%) Armatimonadetes_gp5-(1.39%), Ignavibacterium-(1.80%), Thiobacillus-(1.33%), and Nitrospira-(1.17%) were the most pronounced genera at steady-state. The proposed BANN-model demonstrated high-performance as computational results revealed smaller deviations (±3%) and satisfactory coefficient of determination-(R2 = 0.989), fractional variance-(FV = 0.0107), and index of agreement-(IA = 0.997). Thus, forecasting the efficiency of a SNAP-process with neural-network modeling was highly feasible.

Functional bacterial and archaeal diversity revealed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing during potato starch processing wastewater treatment in an UASB.

Microbial community structure of sludge sampled from an UASB treating potato starch processing wastewater (PSPW) was investigated. Operational taxonomic units revealed at 97% sequence identity tolerance was 2922, 2869 and 3919 for bottom, middle and top sections of the reactor, respectively. Overall abundant phylum observed within the UASB was low-G+C-Gram-positive bacteria affiliated to Firmicutes (26.01%) followed by Chloroflexi (16.70%), Proteobacteria (12.71%), Cloacimonetes (10.72%), Bacteroidetes (7.87%), Synergistetes (9.02%) and Euryarchaeota (8.82%). Whiles Firmicutes had dominated the bottom and top section by 34.01% and 28.64%, respectively, middle section was predominantly Euryarchaeota (24.32%) with major dominance in methanogens affiliated to genus Methanosaeta. The results demonstrated substantial stratification of the microbial community structure along the reactor height with various functional bacterial groups which subsequently allowed degradation of organics in PSPW in sequential mode. The findings herein would provide guidance for optimizing the anaerobic process and operation of the UASB.