Microencapsulated parathyroid allotransplantation in the omental tissue.

Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a severe clinical condition accompanied by low parathyroid hormone level. Conventional treatment requires lifelong medication, and daily drug usage has some side effects. To avoid this circumstance, transplantation is an alternative and curative option. Microencapsulation may be used as a transplantation approach particularly to evade immune response. In order to define treatment of permanent hypoparathyroidism, a 37-year-old female recipient who has permanent hypoparathyroidism was evaluated for 3 years. Routine tests, viral markers, and T and B lymphocyte cross-match tests were analyzed. In addition intradermal skin test was performed for ultrapure alginate. Microencapsulation of cultured parathyroid cells was performed with ultrapure alginate. Cell suspension was prepared and spheroids were generated with calcium chloride. Afterward, transplantation was performed with a laparoscopic approach in the omental tissue. The recipient was discharged from the hospital without complications. Serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and phosphorus levels were observed throughout 1 year. During the follow-up period, no complications were observed. Serum calcium levels were increased significantly on day 10 and PTH levels were increased on day 25 as well. According to our knowledge, this is the first study where ultrapure alginate-based microencapsulated parathyroid cells were transplanted in the omental tissue. A significant increment of PTH levels was detected. Microencapsulated parathyroid cells showed the functionality of this technique for more than 1 year. This study showed that using ultrapure alginate-based microencapsulation without immunosuppression appears to be a promising technique.

Effects of boric acid-linked ampicillin on the rat intra-abdominal sepsis model.

The aim of this study was to determine efficiency of a new molecule that was obtained by linking boric acid with ampicillin in treating intra-abdominal infection.Following intraperitoneal E. coli injection totwenty-one female Wistar albino rats, group 1 was administered boron-linked ampicillin, group 2 was administered only ampicillin and group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with physiological serum. IL-6, and a white blood cell analysis was performed from the blood before and on the seventh day of treatment.No statistically significant difference in blood WBC levels after treatment was found among the groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the IL-6 values of group 2 and group 3 before and after the treatment (p=0.195 and 0.193, respectively); however, the reduction in the serum IL-6 values of group 1 was statistically significant (p=0.003).Boric acid-linked ampicillin is a more effective intra-abdominal infection treatment compared with ampicillin alone.

Fresh tissue parathyroid allotransplantation with short-term immunosuppression: 1-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a serious problem and requires medications indefinitely. Parathyroid allotransplantation (PA) with short-term immunosuppression is definitive choice but long-term results are not clear. METHOD: We performed PA from two donors to two recipients. Both recipients were 39-year-old females. Donors were a 32-year-old female and a 36-year-old male, who both have chronic kidney disease. Routine tests, viral markers, and cross-matches were analyzed individually. The parathyroid glands were resected from the living donors, fragmented quickly in the operation room and injected into the left deltoid muscles of the two recipients. RESULTS: Methylprednisolone was administered on post-PA day one and two. Recipients were discharged from the hospital without complications. Calcium and PTH levels were observed throughout 1 year. We did not observe any complications during the follow-up period. Medications ceased in post-transplantation week 1 for Case 1 and after 1 month for Case 2. CONCLUSION: Fresh tissue PA with short-term immunosuppression appears to be a promising technique that is easy to perform, is cost-effective, has low risk of side effects and minimal complications with compatibility for HLA conditions. A longer follow-up period and more case studies are needed to determine the risks and benefits of this procedure for future cases.

Single-session radiofrequency ablation on benign thyroid nodules: a prospective single center study : Radiofrequency ablation on thyroid.

PURPOSE: The activity of the application of single-session ultrasonography (US)-guided percutaneous radio frequency ablation (RFA) in benign thyroid nodules was investigated in this prospective clinical study. METHODS: RFA treatment was applied to 100 nodules in 100 patients (78 women, 22 men; average age 44.5 years old; age range 18-71) who had euthyroid condition, nodule size larger than 1 cm in the ultrasonography, proven to be benign by fine needle aspiration cytology. The nodules were separated into three groups according to the content: solid, cystic and mixed. In first 73 cases, the process performed under local anesthesia and the other 27 cases were performed under general anesthesia. RFA process was standardized to 70 W in all of the patients, and a moving shot technique was used. The results acquired in the third and sixth months of the controls were evaluated, and the volume of the nodules was screened. RESULTS: No differences between the thyroid function tests performed before and after RFA were detected (p > 0.05). The mean volume of the nodules before the process, in the third month after the process, and in the sixth month were 16.8, 4.8, and 2.6 ml, respectively (p < 0.001). The decrease in cystic nodules was greater than solid and mixed structures. Temporary hoarseness occurred in one case and skin edema was detected in a patient at the isthmus. CONCLUSIONS: RFA is an option for treatment, with minimal invasiveness and a low complication rate, and it is effective primarily in cases with benign nodules and nodular goiter. In cases with good compliance, the likelihood of success is greater. General anesthesia can be a good option for anxious cases to gather better results.

A novel non-surgical, minimally invasive technique for parathyroid autotransplantation: a case report.

We present a case report of intramuscular autotransplantation of the parathyroid cell suspension acquired after total parathyroidectomy. A 15-yr-old female patient who had been undergoing hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure for eight yr was diagnosed with secondary hyperthyroidism and subsequently underwent total parathyroidectomy. The parathyroid cells were acquired from the resected tissues, processed through isolation and cultivation phases, and counted using a cell counter. A total of two million cells were injected into the left deltoid muscle using a 22-gauge needle. After surgery, five and 10 million cells were injected in the fifth and 12 week, respectively. The desired serum levels of parathyroid hormones and calcium were not achieved after the first two transplantations. In addition, there was no regression in the patient's symptoms. However, at four wk after the third transplantation, serum parathyroid hormone level did not decrease to <3 pg/mL, the patient was asymptomatic, and the oral treatment was stopped. Our findings indicate that this new technique is applicable because it is minimally invasive, and it can be easily repeated.

New thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy needle. Prospective, randomized, clinical study.

Nodular disease of thyroid in the adult population is common [1]. Estimated prevalence of thyroid nodules on the basis of palpation ranges from 3% to 7% [2]. During the past two decades, according to widespread use of ultrasonography (US) for evaluation of thyroid and nonthyroid neck diseases prevalence of clinically inapparent thyroid nodules is increased, estimated at 20% to 76% in the general population [3,4]. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Efficacy of glycerol and flax seed oil as anti-adhesive barriers after thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effects of local flax seed oil and glycerol application for reducing adhesion formation after thyroidectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We randomly assigned 18 female Wistar albino rats (median weight: 275 g, median age: 4.5 mth) to 3 groups: 0.1 ml 0.9% NaCl, glycerol, and flax seed oil were sprayed in a perithyroidal area after thyroidectomy operation on all animals as anti-adhesive barriers. Rats were sacrificed on the postoperative 14th day and adhesions were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. RESULTS: The median macroscopic adhesion score was 3.0±0.0 in the 0.9% NaCl group, 1.33±0.52 in the glycerol group, and 1.67±0.53 in the flax seed oil group. The median histopathological fibrosis scores were 2.33±0.82, 0.67±0.52, and 0.83±0.75, respectively. Both glycerol and flaxseed oil group macroscopic and microscopic scores were significantly lower than the 0.9% NaCl group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Glycerol and flax seed oil both decrease the incidence of post-thyroidectomy adhesion in rats, but glycerol is more effective.

Computational drug repurposing for primary hyperparathyroidism.

In hyperparathyroidism (hyperPTH), excessive amounts of PTH are secreted, interfering with calcium regulation in the body. Several drugs can control the disease's side effects, but none of them is an alternative treatment to surgery. Therefore, new drug candidates are necessary. In this study, three computationally repositioned drugs, DG 041, IMD 0354, and cucurbitacin I, are evaluated in an in vitro model of hyperPTH. First, we integrated publicly available transcriptomics datasets to propose drug candidates. Using 3D spheroids derived from a single primary hyperPTH patient, we assessed their in vitro efficacy. None of the proposed drugs affected the viability of healthy cell control (HEK293) or overactive parathyroid cells at the level of toxicity. This behavior was attributed to the non-cancerous nature of the parathyroid cells, establishing the hyperPTH disease model. Cucurbitacin I and IMD 0354 exhibited a slight inverse relationship between increased drug concentrations and cell viability, whereas DG 041 increased viability. Based on these results, further studies are needed on the mechanism of action of the repurposed drugs, including determining the effects of these drugs on cellular PTH synthesis and secretion and on the metabolic pathways that regulate PTH secretion.

Optimizing decellularization protocols for human thyroid tissues: a step towards tissue engineering and transplantation.

Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient stimulation or disruption of the thyroid. However, the drawbacks of thyroid transplantation have led to the search for new treatments. Decellularization allows tissue transplants to maintain their biomimetic structures while preserving cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. This study aimed to decellularize human thyroid tissues using a structure-preserving optimization strategy and present preliminary data on recellularization. Nine methods were used for physical and chemical decellularization. Quantitative and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to investigate the DNA and extracellular matrix components of the tissues. Biomechanical properties were determined by compression test, and cell viability was examined after seeding MDA-T32 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cells onto the decellularized tissues. Decellularized tissues exhibited a notable decrease (<50 ng mg-1DNA, except for Groups 2 and 7) compared to the native thyroid tissue. Nonetheless, collagen and glycosaminoglycans were shown to be conserved in all decellularized tissues. Laminin and fibronectin were preserved at comparatively higher levels, and Young's modulus was elevated when decellularization included SDS. It was observed that the strain value in Group 1 (1.63 ± 0.14 MPa) was significantly greater than that in the decellularized tissues between Groups 2-9, ranging from 0.13 ± 0.03-0.72 ± 0.29 MPa. Finally, viability assessment demonstrated that PTC cells within the recellularized tissue groups successfully attached to the 3D scaffolds and sustained metabolic activity throughout the incubation period. We successfully established a decellularization optimization for human thyroid tissues, which has potential applications in tissue engineering and transplantation research. Our next goal is to conduct recellularization using the methods utilized in Group 1 and transplant the primary thyroid follicular cell-seeded tissues into anin vivoanimal model, particularly due to their remarkable 3D structural preservation and cell adhesion-promoting properties.

The efficacy of topical sodium pentaborate formulation on hemorrhoid disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: The topical application of boron has been significantly associated with intensifying wound healing. Using 3% boric acid in deep wounds significantly contributes to wound healing and reduces the duration of hospitalization in the intensive care. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic impact of a topical gel containing sodium pentaborate pentahydrate on the management of wounds resulting from grade 1 to 3 hemorrhoids. Methods: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we applied a topical gel consisting of sodium pentaborate pentahydrate 3% on 206 eligible patients with the diagnosis of grade 1, 2, and 3 hemorrhoid diseases. Then patients were randomly allocated to two groups of sodium pentaborate pentahydrate or placebo gel with a ratio of 1:1 and received the allocated gel for four weeks. Patient hemorrhoid symptoms severity, hemorrhoid degree, and anoscopy findings were compared before and after the trial. Results: Before the intervention, symptom severity (p > 0.05) and anoscopy findings (p = 0.815) were similar between the two groups. Subsequent to the intervention, a majority of patients in the intervention group experienced a reduction in anal itching compared to the placebo group [adjusted mean difference (aMD) 95% CI: -1.98 (-2.2 to -1.8), p = 0.007]. Moreover, resting pain [aMD (95% CI): -1.37 (-1.6 to -1.1), p = 0.015], pain during defecation [aMD (95% CI): -2.19 (-2.4 to -2.0), p = 0.005], feeling a lump in the anus (aMD (95% CI): -0.71 (-1.2 to -0.2), p = 0.011), bleeding during defecation (41.7% vs. 66.9%, p = 0.027), and hemorrhoid degree (p < 0.001) in the intervention group was less than the placebo group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the effectiveness of the study gel on hemorrhoid symptoms and anoscopy findings in patients.

Prevalence of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus as a silent disease.

PURPOSE: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease (SPSD) based on clinical examination and histopathological evaluation. METHODS: Between January 1, 2010 and December 30, 2010, 432 corpses were evaluated in the Istanbul Central Office of Forensic Medicine Institute of the Turkish Ministry of Health. RESULTS: 41 of the 432 cases (9.4 %) had SPSD-related findings. 20 (4.6 %) had at least one sinus tract (clinical SPSD) and all of them had at least three positive histopathologic parameters. 16 of 41 cases (3.7 %) were clinically normal but had at least three positive histopathologic parameters (silent SPSD). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of SPSD with clinical examination is 4.6 %. These data are according to the literature. But with inclusion of the silent cases, the prevalence rate increases to 8.3 %. We conclude that inflammatory process does not result in SPSD in nearly half of the cases.

A New Technique for Localization of Parathyroid Adenoma: Infrared Thermal Scanning of the Neck.

Many radiological techniques are used to locate the adenoma preoperatively in cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, but the location of many adenomas still cannot be detected. Since adenomas are hypervascular lesions, their temperature is high. Infrared thermal scanning can reveal local temperature differences in hypervascular lesions. The location of the adenoma could not be determined by preoperative radiological examinations in a 58-year-old male patient who was scheduled for surgery with the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. By infrared thermal scanning, a nearly 2°F higher temperature was measured in the inferior of the right thyroid lobe compared to the other perithyroidal regions. During the exploration, the adenoma was found at this point and removed. Infrared thermal scanning of the neck is promising as a new technique that can be used both preoperatively and intraoperatively to locate the adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism cases.

The effect of the boron-based gel on the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic ulcers represent impaired healing capacity with high mortality in the elderly or patients with systemic disorders such as diabetes. Boron is an effective agent in wound healing by promoting cell migration and proliferation and reducing inflammation in the wound area. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a sodium pentaborate-based topical formulation compared to control on the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted to apply randomly the topical sodium pentaborate 3% gel or topical conventional remedy (control) by patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers. The 171 eligible participants aged 18-75 years received the allocated medicines twice a day for a month with an allocation ratio of 3:1. Twenty-five days and two months after the end of the trial, participants were reinvestigated for their ulcer condition and any recurrence. Wagner's classification of diabetic foot ulcers was applied to this purpose (0-5). RESULTS: 161 participants (57 females, 104 males; mean age: 59.37) completed this study. After the intervention, most participants in the intervention group had a lower ulcer grade than the control group (adjusted mean difference (95% CI): - 0.91 (-1.1 to -0.73); p < 0.001). Moreover, most participants in the intervention group (n = 109 (90.8%)) were treated at a higher rate than the control group (n = 5 (12.2%)) after intervention (adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 0.008 (0.002-0.029); p < 0.001). There was no case of recurrence in the intervention group while its rate was (n = 2 (40%)) in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that topical sodium pentaborate gel may help treat and decrease the grade of diabetic foot ulcers and prevent the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers.

Core Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules.

BACKGROUND: Core needle biopsy (CNB) is a relatively new technique for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, and there are currently no large clinical series available. CNB results from 3000 cases are presented in this article. METHODS: A spring-loaded 20-gauge needle was used for CNB under local anesthesia and ultrasonography guidance for 3000 patients with nodular goiter (584 males, 2416 females, mean age: 48.5). One physician performed all biopsy procedures without conducting on-site pathological examinations. RESULTS: There were non-diagnostic 22 (.7%), benign 2620 (87.4%), atypia of undetermined significance and/or, follicular lesion of undetermined significance 90 (3%), follicular neoplasms and/or suspicious for follicular neoplasm 53 (1.7%), suspicious for malignancy 160 (5.4%), and malignant 55 (1.8%) cases. The CNB procedure was repeated in 19 non-diagnostic cases, and 17 of these patients were benign and two had malignancy. Thyroidectomy was performed on patients who had malign CNB results. All final pathology reports, except for one, were malignant for the patients who had malignant CNB results. The specificity and the sensitivity of CNB were found to be 99.9% and 100%, respectively. There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: In thyroid nodules, core needle biopsy is a highly sensitive, specific, and reliable method that could be performed by a single physician. It does not require on-site pathological analysis and has a low incidence of complications and non-diagnostic rates.

HLA Class I Expression Changes in Different Types of Cultured Parathyroid Cells.

OBJECTIVES: Tissue-specific immunogenicity can be characterized by the determination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Parathyroid hyperplasia tissue cells are presumed to have the ability to lose HLA class I expression profile during cultivation, whereas healthy parathyroid cells are presumed to already express HLA class I molecules at low levels. However, there are conflicting results about the expression of HLA class I antigens. In this study, our aim was to evaluate different patterns of HLA class I expression in different parathyroid tissue cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parathyroid tissue cells were isolated enzymatically and cultured in vitro. Expression of HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) mRNA and protein levels were studied in 7 parathyroid adenomas and 9 parathyroid hyperplasia tissue samples by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: HLA-A protein expression remained stable in parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia tissue, but HLA-A mRNA expression decreased in adenoma tissue. In parathyroid hyperplasia tissue, HLA-B protein expression remained stable, although mRNA expres-sion levels decreased during cultivation. HLA-C mRNA expression was steady in parathyroid adenoma yet significantly decreased in hyperplasia tissue samples. HLA-C protein expression levels were below 30 pg for both types of parathyroid tissue during cultivation. CONCLUSIONS: HLA class I expression levels of para-thyroid hyperplasia and adenoma tissue were not found to be similar. Parathyroid hyperplasia tissue is the donor tissue for the treatment of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Therefore, expression patterns of HLA class I are directly relevant to the transplant process. In particular, the HLA region is highly polymorphic, and, as a consequence of this, heterogeneous correlations among HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C expression patterns of parathyroid tissue should be evaluated in detail before transplant for future studies.

Effects of soy-containing infant formulas on thyroid gland in rats.

BACKGROUND: Effects of soy-containing infant formulas on the thyroid gland is not clear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of infant formulas with different quantities of soy content on the functional and histopathological characteristics of the thyroid gland. METHODS: Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 was fed with standard pellet rat food (8 g/day); group 2 soy-free infant formula (8 g/day); group 3 low-dose (1.12 g/100 mL) soy-containing formula (8 g/day), and group 4 high-dose (2.64 g/100 mL) soy-containing formula (8 g/day). Blood samples were collected from the subjects on day 0, 30, 60, and 90 to evaluate thyroid functions. All subjects were sacrificed on day 90. Thyroid glands were excised and examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Serum levels of free T3, free T4, TSH, anti-TPO, and anti-TG were significantly higher in Group 4 compared to other groups (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.001, P=0.002). No differences were found in the histopathological findings between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Infant formulas with high soy content induce hyperthyroidism with high TSH levels. High levels of anti-TPO and anti-TG suggest that observed changes might have occurred via inflammatory mechanism.

A novel method for providing scaffold: Decellularization of parathyroid capsule.

This study aimed to generate a novel biomatrix from the decellularized human parathyroid capsule using different methods and to compare the efficiency of decellularization in the means of cell removal, structural integrity and extracellular matrix preservation. The parathyroid capsules, which were carefully dissected from the parathyroid tissue, were randomly divided into four groups and then decellularized using three different protocols: freeze-thaw only, sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 treatments after freeze-thawing. Quantitative DNA analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis, sulphated glycosaminoglycan assay, histological analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the efficiency of parathyroid capsule decellularization and preservation of extracellular matrix components. Considering all the results, it can be said that only freeze-thawing is not an effective method in parathyroid capsule decellularization. When the tissue was treated with a detergent agent in addition to freeze-thawing, the amount of DNA decreased by 90% while sulphated glycosaminoglycan amount maintained 50% compared to untreated tissue. Comparing the effects of the two detergents on the preservation of extracellular matrix such as collagen and sulphated glycosaminoglycan, it was seen that the integrity of tissues treated with Triton X-100 was preserved more than tissues treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate. It is concluded that Triton X-100 treatment with freeze-thawing is the most suitable and effective method for decellularizing the human parathyroid capsule. The biomatrix obtained with this method can be applied in the transplantation of parathyroid tissue and other endocrine tissue types in the body.

Production of parathyroid-like cells from thyroid stem cells in co-culture environment.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid-like cells were aimed to be developed using cells isolated from thyroid since their embryological origins are the same. METHOD: Activin A and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are the proteins used in differentiation (dif) medium. Parathyroid and thyroid cells were cultured in a 3-dimensional environment and divided into five groups: thyroid standard (st) medium, thyroid dif medium, parathyroid st medium, thyroid-parathyroid co-culture st medium, and thyroid-parathyroid co-culture dif medium. Throughout 28 days of incubation, groups were investigated by carrying out the live dead assay, confocal microscopy, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. RESULTS: Thyroid-parathyroid co-culture cells grown in dif medium exhibited upregulated expressions of parathormone (PTH) (5.1-fold), PTH1R (3.6-fold), calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) (8.8-fold), and loss of thyroid-specific thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) expression when compared to the thyroid st medium group. PTH secretion decreased by 35% in the parathyroid st medium group and 99.9% in the thyroid-parathyroid co-culture st medium group but decreased only 3.5% in the thyroid-parathyroid co-culture dif medium group on day 28. CONCLUSION: Using Activin A and Shh proteins, thyroid stem/progenitor cells were differentiated to parathyroid-like cells successfully in a co-culture environment. A potentially effective novel method for cell differenatiation is co-culture of cells having the same embryological origin.

The Preventive Effects of Boron-Based Gel on Radiation Dermatitis in Patients Being Treated for Breast Cancer: A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Radiation dermatitis (RD) is a side effect of radiation therapy (RT) which is experienced by over 90% of patients being treated for breast cancer. The current clinical trial was conducted to measure the preventative effects of a boron-based gel on several different clinical outcomes (dermatitis, erythema, dry desquamation, and moist desquamation) after 25 radiotherapy sessions. METHODS: This research used a double-blind parallel-group design with a placebo control (n = 76) and randomized group (n = 181), with all participants being between 18 and 75 years old. Fifteen minutes before each radiotherapy, participants in the intervention group were given a gel containing 3% sodium pentaborate pentahydrate, while those in the placebo group received a gel with no chemical substance. Dermatitis, erythema, dry desquamation, and moist desquamation were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05), except for body mass index. After 14 days of treatment, dermatitis (98.7% vs. 9.9%; p < 0.001), erythema (96.1% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001), dry desquamation (50% vs. 3.9%; p < 0.001), and moist desquamation (18.4% vs. 0.6%; p < 0.001) were much more common in the placebo group than the intervention group. To prevent dermatitis, erythema, dry desquamation, and moist desquamation in 1 patient, on average, 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.2), 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.3), 2.2 (95% CI: 1.7-2.9), and 5.6 (95% CI: 3.8-11.0) patients need to be treated, respectively. CONCLUSION: The boron-based gel has a significant preventive effect on several categories of RD which might be used by clinicians in breast cancer.

Body weight reducing effect of oral boric acid intake.

BACKGROUND: Boric acid is widely used in biology, but its body weight reducing effect is not researched. METHODS: Twenty mice were divided into two equal groups. Control group mice drank standard tap water, but study group mice drank 0.28mg/250ml boric acid added tap water over five days. Total body weight changes, major organ histopathology, blood biochemistry, urine and feces analyses were compared. RESULTS: Study group mice lost body weight mean 28.1% but in control group no weight loss and also weight gained mean 0.09% (p<0.001). Total drinking water and urine outputs were not statistically different. Cholesterol, LDL, AST, ALT, LDH, amylase and urobilinogen levels were statistically significantly high in the study group. Other variables were not statistically different. No histopathologic differences were detected in evaluations of all resected major organs. CONCLUSION: Low dose oral boric acid intake cause serious body weight reduction. Blood and urine analyses support high glucose, lipid and middle protein catabolisms, but the mechanism is unclear.