Adenovirus type D and type E infection in broiler chickens: the effect on CD4 and CD8 T cell response, cytokines expression and their immunopathology.

1. A total of 150-day-old chicks were divided into three groups of 50 birds (G1-G3); G1 and G2 were orally inoculated at 1-day old with 0.5 ml of 107 TCID50/ml FAdV-D serotype 2 (MT386509.1) and FAdV-E serotype 8a (MW847902), respectively, and G3 was blank control group.2. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by detection of CD4, CD8 T lymphocytes and the mRNA expression of IL6 and IL8 in the chicken spleen using q-PCR. Additionally, immunopathology was performed at 3, 5 and 7 day post infection (dpi) and weekly until the end of the experiment.3. Results revealed that transcription of inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8) was up regulated in the spleen of FAdV type D and type E infected chickens at various time points relative to the control group. A marked decrease in the number of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes at 5 and 7 dpi in G1 of chickens infected with FAdV type D. Whereas, in chickens infected with FAdV type E, the CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were markedly decreased at 7 dpi.4. In contrast, there were no significant differences in humoral immune responses against NDV vaccine in (G1 and G2) at different intervals post-vaccination compared to the control group. The histopathology of the bursa, thymus, and spleen in the infected groups showed lymphocytolysis with severe reticular cells hyperplasia and lymphoid depletion.5. In conclusion, fowl adenovirus types D and E have an immunosuppressive effect in broilers which may be considered one of the main causes of the continuous co-infections with other viruses reported in the field during the last 10 years.

Mitigation of endogenous oxidative stress and improving growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, and reproductive performance of Zaraibi goat bucks by dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris or/and vitamin C.

This study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) or/and vitamin C (VC) on growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, oxidative and antioxidant status, reproductive hormones, and semen quality variables, and scrotal-testicular dimensions of Zaraibi goat bucks. Twenty sexually mature bucks (41.49 ± 0.91 kg BW) were randomly divided into 4 groups (5 bucks/group). The control group was fed the control diet, while the other three groups received a diet supplemented with VC (2 g/animal /day), CV (5 g/animal/day), and CV plus VC (the same levels), respectively, for 8 weeks (treatment period), and then semen was collected for 8 weeks. Results showed that dietary supplementation with CV-VC combination significantly increased the final body weight, weight gain, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymphocytes; elevated serum total protein, globulin, testosterone, estradiol, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase with a significant reduction in Malondialdehyde in serum and seminal plasma. Also, the CV-VC combination significantly improved the ejaculate volume, total sperm output, sperm concentration, and live sperm, and reduced reaction time and sperm abnormality of bucks. Either CV or VC given separately or in combination, at the chosen levels, had no detrimental effects on animal physiological responses with normal hepatic and renal functions. Therefore, the CV-VC combination could be safely utilized as a dietary supplement in buck's diets to improve antioxidant defenses, scavenge free radicals, and potentiate buck's reproductive activities under normal conditions.

High success rates for the use of sofosbuvir/ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + ribavirin and sofosbuvir/simeprevir/daclatasvir + ribavirin in retreatment of chronic hepatitis C infection after unsuccessful sofosbuvir/daclatasvir therapy: a real-life experience.

The aim of this work was assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of two different regimens for retreatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients who failed to respond to SOF/DCV-based therapy. This prospective study included 104 HCV patients who failed to respond to SOF/DCV-based therapy. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups. Efficacy and tolerability were assessed. The 12-week sustained virological response (SVR12) rates were 96% and 94.4% in groups B and A, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 1.000). Most adverse events reported were mild to moderate, with no deaths during the study. Multi-target direct-acting antiviral (DAA) combinations are efficient for retreatment of HCV patients after failure of SOF/DCV-based therapy in real-world management.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02992457.

Effect of Disaccharide Inclusion in Vitrification and Warming Solutions on Developmental Competence of Vitrified/Warmed Germinal Vesicle Stage Buffalo Oocytes.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of immature oocyte is a potential strategy for preserving the female germline, providing a non-seasonal, easily accessible source for reproduction and science. Exposure of oocytes to high concentrations of cryoprotectants during vitrification is toxic and can negatively impact the fertilization ability and development of vitrified/warmed oocytes. OBJECTIVE: 1) to evaluate the effects of exposure of buffalo germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes to different vitrification solutions (VS), either supplemented with or without sucrose, on cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation following IVM; and 2) to compare the effects of sucrose and trehalose in the warming solution on developmental competence of buffalo oocytes vitrified at the GV-stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained at slaughter from mature buffalo ovaries were randomly assigned into five groups: control - directly subjected to IVM); VS1 group - exposed to 20% ethylene glycol (EG) + 20% glycerol (GLY) + 0.5 M sucrose; VS2 group - exposed to 20% EG + 20% GLY; VS3 group - subjected to 20% EG+20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.5 M sucrose; and VS4 group - subjected to 20% EG+20% DMSO. Following cryoprotectant dilution, viable oocytes were matured in vitro for 22 h; cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation were then evaluated (Experiment 1). COCs were vitrified by solid surface vitrification (SSV) in a solution composed of 20% EG + 20% DMSO (VS4). Following vitrification, COCs were warmed in a solution composed of either sucrose or trehalose in decreasing concentrations (1 M, 0.5 M and 0.25 M). Morphologically viable oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were evaluated at 30 h and day 7 post-insemination (p.i.), respectively (Experiment 2). RESULTS: Exposure of GV-buffalo oocytes to different cryoprotectant combinations did not significantly affect cumulus expansion following IVM. However, nuclear maturation rate (oocytes at MII) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups exposed to sucrose-free vitrification solutions (VS2 and VS4) and not significantly different from the control. Compared with the control group, the cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly (P<0.05) lower in oocytes vitrified and then warmed in a solution containing trehalose; whilst this was not the case when sucrose was present in the solution. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that exposure of buffalo GV-oocytes to sucrose-free vitrification solutions improved nuclear maturation after IVM. Moreover, warming of vitrified buffalo oocytes in sucrose-based solution improved preimplantation development following IVM and IVF compared to trehalose based media.

The Effectiveness of Tamoxifen in the Prevention of Recurrent Urethral Strictures Following Internal Urethrotomy.

OBJECTIVE: Tamoxifen was not used earlier in clinical practice to decrease the urethral re-stricture rate after visual internal urethrotomy (VIU). In this study, we are the first to report the use of Tamoxifen as an adjuvant therapy to decrease the re-fibrosis and stricture recurrence post-VIU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2015 and 2017, 60 patients underwent VIU for post-traumatic bulbar urethral stricture ≤1 cm. They were randomly divided into 2 groups (30 patients each). The Tamoxifen group cases received Tamoxifen 10 mg twice daily for 6 months post-VIU. The control group did not receive any medications. All patients were evaluated using the IPSS score, uroflowmetry, and perineal ultrasonography preoperatively at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: At presentation, there was no significant difference between patients of both groups in terms of IPSS score, Qmax, stricture width, and length. At 6 months follow-up, the mean IPSS score for the Tamoxifen group was 12.3 (8-19) in comparison with 20 (12-26) in the control group (p < 0.001). The Tamoxifen group had mean Qmax 11.1 mL/s (9-14), while those of the control group had mean Qmax 8.2 mL/s (6-10; p < 0.001). Using perineal ultrasound, only stricture width showed to be significantly smaller in the Tamoxifen group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tamoxifen seemed to be effective in reducing the recurrence of urethral stricture post-VIU. There was a significant improvement of the clinical outcome regarding Qmax and IPSS score after Tamoxifen adjuvant therapy.

Lavender-thymol as a new topical aromatherapy preparation for episiotomy: A randomised clinical trial.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical lavender-thymol in promoting episiotomy healing. This placebo-controlled, single-blinded, randomised clinical trial involved 60 primiparous women. REEDA score was used to evaluate the outcome of the trial. On the 7th post-partum day, women in Placebo-treated group had worse Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge and Approximation (REEDA) score of 3.93 ± 3.65 compared with those in Lavender-thymol-treated group (2.03 ± 1.7) with significant difference (P = 0.013). Visual analogue Scale (VAS) score for pain at episiotomy in Lavender-thymol-treated group was 3.5 ± 1.9, whereas in Placebo-treated group it was 2.1 ± 2.2 (p = 0.011) for dyschezia, 3.8 ± 1.7 and 2.8 ± 1.6 in Placebo- and Lavender-thymol-treated women, respectively (p = 0.023). At 7th post-partum week, dyspareunia was more severe in Placebo-treated group compared with that in Lavender-thymol-treated group (5.3 ± 2.7 vs 2.7 ± 1.5 and p < 0.001). Topical aromatherapy using lavender-thymol was highly effective, suitable and safe for episiotomy wound care with little or no expected side effects compared with that using placebo.

Re-laparotomy after caesarean deliveries: risk factors and how to avoid?

The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors for and how to avoid re-laparotomy after caesarean delivery and to present the experience of a university tertiary care referral hospital. The study comprised of 2,000 caesarean deliveries, among which re-laparotomy was needed in 18 patients (0.9). The study found that 16 of the 18 cases that needed re-laparotomy had previous caesarean sections (CS) and 9/18 had placenta praevia. The main indication for the procedure was internal haemorrhage (haemoperitoneum) (12/18, 66.6%). Significant haemoperitoneum of > 2 litres was reported in six cases (33.3%). Maternal mortality occurred in 3/18 (16.6%) patients. The uterus was preserved in most patients (15 patients, 83.3%). A total of 12 patients needed re-suturing of the uterine incision; 10 patients had bilateral uterine artery ligation; and four patients had bilateral internal iliac artery ligation. Uterine compression B-Lynch suturing was needed in five patients with uterine atony. Six patients (33.3%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and were discharged well. Re-laparotomy after caesarean delivery has many risk factors leading to postoperative haemorrhage. Early signs, such as tachycardia and hypotension must be closely monitored to allow early intervention and to avoid morbidity and mortality related to late re-laparotomy.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene polymorphism in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with hepatitis B and C viruses.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. In Egypt, the incidence of HCC has doubled over the last decade. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis by degrading the extracellular matrix and basement membrane barriers. A cytosine (C)/thymidine (T) single nucleotide polymorphism at position -1562 in the MMP-9 promoter is reported to influence the expression of the MMP-9 gene. The association between MMP-9 gene polymorphisms and HCC patients with hepatitis C and B viruses (HCV and HBV) was examined in 91 patients with HCC and viral hepatitis (55 HCV and 36 HBV). The results were compared with those of 42 HCC patients without viral hepatitis and 60 healthy individuals with no liver infection. Polymorphisms of the MMP-9 gene were investigated by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The serum MMP-9 level was quantitatively determined using a human MMP-9 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which showed that homozygosity of the MMP-9 promoter (TT) was more frequent in patients with HCC and chronic HCV or HBV infection when compared with the control group (49.1, 52.8, and 35.7%, respectively). In addition, we observed significant elevation of serum MMP-9 levels in all HCC groups compared to controls. It was concluded that patients with the MMP-9 TT genotype are at risk of developing HCC and HBV or HCV. People with significantly elevated serum levels of MMP-9 are at risk of developing HCC.

The impact of the broad range of gamma doses on follow-up fission fragment track parameters in CR-39 radiation detector.

In this study, the effect of high γ-doses on the track parameters, structure as well as optical properties of pristine and γ-irradiation CR-39 nuclear track detector (NTD) were investigated. CR-39 detectors were exposed to γ-doses from 50 up to 500 kGy and then irradiated by fission ions (F.F) of fluence from 252CF source. The track diameter (D), bulk etch rate (VB), etch induction time (EIT), cut-off or saturated time (tcut-off) for saturated diameters and projected track length (Lo) of normally and inclined incident fission tracks were estimated for different removal layers (h). A linear relationship between D and γ-doses (Dγ) up to 500 k Gy was obtained. The VB for pristine and for γ-irradiated CR-39 was determined. A linear behaviour of VB was obtained up to 300 kGy. Etch induction time (EIT) and saturated time (tcut-off) of pristine and γ-irradiated detectors for normal and inclined fission ions tracks were evaluated respectively up to 500 kGy. Each EIT and tcut-off decreased exponentially fast with increasing γ-doses but the inclined incidence appeared earlier than normal case. Pristine and γ-irradiated CR-39 detectors were examined using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. From this study, a linear relation of band gap energies (Egap) as a function of γ-doses, Dγ, was obtained. The value of (Egap) decreased when increasing γ-doses for direct and indirect transitions, respectively. In addition, a systematic increase of Urbach energy (EU) was recorded together with the Dγ increase. Moreover, a linear behavior of the refractive index (n) along with γ-irradiated CR-39 plastic detector was observed via direct and indirect methods.

Does immediate postpartum curettage of the endometrium accelerate recovery from preeclampsia-eclampsia? A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of immediate postpartum curettage on rapid resolution of clinical and laboratory indices in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia women. METHODS: A randomized controlled study, comprised of 420 pre-eclamptic or eclamptic women with singleton pregnancy 24 weeks gestation and more. Patients were divided into two groups: 220 patients underwent immediate postpartum curettage and 200 patients as a control group. RESULTS: The clinical and laboratory prenatal parameters showed no statistical significant differences between both groups. The follow-up for the postnatal clinical and laboratory data showed significant improvement for the mean arterial blood pressure in the curettage group over 6, 12, and 24 h after delivery and significant improvement in the platelet count as well. The average time required for MAP to reach 105 mmHg or less was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) in the curettage group (40 ± 3.15 h) than the control group (86 ± 5.34 h). Two patients in the curettage group developed convulsions versus 11 patients in the control group within the first 24 h after delivery. No maternal mortalities were reported in both groups. CONCLUSION: Immediate postpartum curettage is a safe and effective procedure and can accelerate recovery from pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.

Relationship between NRAMP1 gene polymorphism and efficacy of BCG vaccine in a helminth-infected population.

Infection of mothers with schistosomiasis and filariasis has been shown to influence infant responses to neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization. The genetic makeup of infants is also considered an important determinant for the activity of BCG vaccine. The effect of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphism on the efficacy of BCG vaccine was examined in neonates with helminth-infected mothers (63 infants) and the results were compared with neonates of uninfected mothers (187 infants). After BCG vaccination, assessment of scar presence, tuberculin test, stool analysis, and IgE level was performed. Polymorphism of the NRAMP1 gene was investigated by PCR amplification followed by RFLP analysis. We found that patients with heterozygosity of intron 4 (GC) and/or maternal infection with helminth parasites showed reduced efficacy of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis.

Correlation of SPECT imaging, biochemical parameters and mutation with systolic dysfunction.

We investigated systolic dysfunction by the use of biochemical laboratory tests and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in 32 Pakistani subjects exhibiting symptoms of this disorder. To investigate underlying genetic causes, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, DNA samples from these subjects were screened by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing to detect changes in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR). A novel mutation (1171G>A) in exon 8 and two polymorphisms (1167G>A and 1413 A>G) in exons 8 and 10 of the LDLR gene were found. In silico tools such as SIFT, PolyPhen-2, KD4v, and Project HOPE were used to predict the effect of this mutation on protein structure and function.

Protective effect of Stevia on diabetic induced testicular damage: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered a major problem because of its related complications and growing incidence worldwide. Testicular dysfunction has become a predominant diabetic complication characterized by impaired reproductive function and testicular damage. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has been known for its antioxidant effect on diabetes, inflammation, and obesity. The current study investigates the protective effect of Stevia on diabetic-induced testicular injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague Dawley adult male rats were divided into three groups: the control group, the diabetic group, and the diabetic + Stevia group, type 2 diabetes is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and a single dose of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin injection. The effects of Stevia were evaluated regarding biochemical, oxidative stress, histopathological and ultrastructural changes, and immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK 1), and caspase 3. RESULTS: Stevia extract attenuated the diabetic-induced oxidative stress, restored the testicular architecture, and decreased testicular damage, inflammation, necroptosis, and apoptosis by upregulating VEGF and downregulating VCAM 1, RIPK 1, and caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the importance of Stevia as an antioxidant anti-inflammatory that ameliorates diabetic-induced testicular injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, necroptosis, and apoptosis.

Pregnancy outcome in women with familial Mediterranean fever.

This study comprised 74 infertile patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), among which 26 women became pregnant. Pregnancies were followed according to the standard antenatal follow-up protocol of high-risk pregnancies. The principal outcome measures were the termination of pregnancy and its upshot. This study comprised 74 infertile patients with FMF. Of the cases, 12 (16.22%) had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS); 16 patients (21.62%) had a history of previous abdominal/pelvic surgery, which might have been contributing to delay of conception; 66 patients (89.18%) were on drug therapy by corticosteroids, colchicines and other agents. A total of 10/22 patients were delivered by caesarean section for complicated pregnancies. Six of the newborns were positive for the MEFV gene. Favourable pregnancy outcome occurs in patients with FMF treated with colchicine before and after pregnancy. Neonatal outcome was similar to that expected in the general population.

Subfertility treatment in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

This study comprised of 65 infertile patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim was to study causes and different modalities used for the management of subfertile patients with SLE. All patients were diagnosed to have SLE according to the standard criteria of diagnosis. All patients were scheduled to expectant treatment, ovulation induction and timed intercourse, intrauterine insemination (IUI), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Anovulation was in 20 patients (20%), due to PCOS in 10 cases and due to other causes in three patients. A total of 28 patients (43.1%) needed laparoscopy for their work-up of infertility. Male factor for infertility was present in nine couples (16.7%). Ovulation induction and timed intercourse was adopted for a maximum 6 cycles and IUI for 3 cycles. In vitro fertilisation (IVF)/ICSI was needed in five cases using standard long agonist protocol. Four cases were complicated by significant ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after conventional ovarian stimulation and cycles were cancelled. Pregnancy occurred in 20 women. Ovarian stimulation for ovulation induction and IVF seems to be safe and successful in well selected women with non-complicated SLE.

Isolation and Characterization of Antagonistic Activity of Some Streptomycetes and their Specific Actinophages from Soil.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Phages specific to actinomycetes are common, active in the soil and gladly detected. Soil streptomycetes are having antibiosis activities against numerous bacteria, fungi and plant viruses. Thus, this study was designed to isolate, purify and characterize some streptomycetes active against some microorganisms from soil followed by isolation of their specific phages. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Antagonistic activities of these streptomycetes isolates were tested against <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>,<i> Pseudomonas</i> sp., <i>Serratia</i> sp. and <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. To confirm their biological characterization of the streptomycetes isolates under investigation, the 16SrRNA gene was also used. The presence of specific lysate actinophages in the soil samples were tested by spot test technique and then propagated and purified for further characterization. The morphology of the purified actinophages was determined by electron microscopy. <b>Results:</b> The five selected <i>Streptomyces</i> isolates having effective antagonistic activity were biologically and molecularly identified as <i>Streptomyces sclerogranulatus </i>(QQ06), <i>Streptomyces mutabilis </i>(QQ07), <i>Streptomyces heilongjiangensis </i>(QQ08), <i>Streptomyces sparsus </i>(QQ09) and <i>Streptomyces purpurascens </i>(QQ10) strains. Electron micrographs showed the presence of filamentous virus-like particles with lengths of 21.4×928.57, 25×750, 21.4×857.14, 21.4×885.7 and 21.4×857.14 nm specific to <i>Streptomyces</i> strains QQ06, QQ07, QQ08, QQ09 and QQ10, respectively and belong to the family Inoviridae. <b>Conclusion:</b> Phage of Inoviridae was considered as the first time against streptomycetes isolates, therefore, additional and advanced studies should be carried out at the level of molecular characterization.