Diversity-oriented synthesis of polymer membranes with ion solvation cages.

Microporous polymers feature shape-persistent free volume elements (FVEs), which are permeated by small molecules and ions when used as membranes for chemical separations, water purification, fuel cells and batteries1-3. Identifying FVEs that have analyte specificity remains a challenge, owing to difficulties in generating polymers with sufficient diversity to enable screening of their properties. Here we describe a diversity-oriented synthetic strategy for microporous polymer membranes to identify candidates featuring FVEs that serve as solvation cages for lithium ions (Li+). This strategy includes diversification of bis(catechol) monomers by Mannich reactions to introduce Li+-coordinating functionality within FVEs, topology-enforcing polymerizations for networking FVEs into different pore architectures, and several on-polymer reactions for diversifying pore geometries and dielectric properties. The most promising candidate membranes featuring ion solvation cages exhibited both higher ionic conductivity and higher cation transference number than control membranes, in which FVEs were aspecific, indicating that conventional bounds for membrane permeability and selectivity for ion transport can be overcome4. These advantages are associated with enhanced Li+ partitioning from the electrolyte when cages are present, higher diffusion barriers for anions within pores, and network-enforced restrictions on Li+ coordination number compared to the bulk electrolyte, which reduces the effective mass of the working ion. Such membranes show promise as anode-stabilizing interlayers in high-voltage lithium metal batteries.

Military and Civilian Trauma System Integration: A Global Case Series.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic injury is a leading cause of morbidity globally, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In high-income countries (HICs), it is well documented that military and civilian integration can positively impact trauma care in both healthcare systems, but it is unknown if this synergy could benefit LMICs. This case series examines the variety of integration between the civilian and military systems of various countries and international partnerships to elucidate if there are commonalities in facilitators and barriers. METHODS: A convenience sampling method was utilized to identify subject matter experts on civilian and military trauma system integration. Data were collected and coded through an iterative process, focusing on the historical impetuses and subsequent outcomes of civilian and military trauma care collaboration. RESULTS: Eight total case studies were completed, five addressing specific countries and three addressing international partnerships. Themes which emerged as drivers for integration included history of conflict, geography, and skill maintenance for military physicians. High-level government support was a central theme for successful integration, and financial issues were often seen as the greatest barrier. CONCLUSIONS: Various approaches in civilian-military integration exist throughout the world, and the studied nations and international partnerships demonstrated similar motivators and barriers to integration. This study highlights the need for further investigation, particularly in LMICs, where less is known about integration strategies.

Acromion morphology is associated with glenoid bone loss in posterior glenohumeral instability.

BACKGROUND: The acromion morphology in a shoulder with posterior instability differs from that of a shoulder without glenohumeral instability. Specifically, the acromion with a flatter sagittal tilt, greater posterior acromial height, and less posterior coverage is associated with posterior instability. However, the association between acromion morphology and glenoid bone loss (GBL) in the setting of posterior glenohumeral instability has not previously been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acromial morphology influences the extent or pattern of posterior GBL in a cohort of patients with posterior glenohumeral instability. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study identified 89 shoulders with unidirectional posterior glenohumeral instability. Total area GBL was measured using the best-fit circle method on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Shoulders were divided into 3 groups: (1) no GBL (n = 30), (2) GBL 0%-13.5% (n = 45), or (3) GBL ≥13.5% (n = 14). Acromion measurements were performed on MRI and included acromial tilt, posterior acromial height, anterior acromial coverage, and posterior acromial coverage. RESULTS: Patients without GBL had a steeper acromial tilt (58.5° ± 1.4°) compared with those with 0%-13.5% GBL (64.3° ± 1.5°) or GBL ≥13.5% (67.7° ± 1.8°) (P = .004). Patients without GBL also had greater posterior coverage (65.4° ± 1.7°) compared with those with GBL (60.3° ± 1.4°) (P = .015). Posterior acromion height was not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that an acromion with a flatter sagittal tilt and less posterior coverage is associated with GBL in the setting of posterior glenohumeral instability. This is important to consider as posterior GBL has been identified as a risk factor for failure of posterior soft tissue-stabilizing procedures.

Structured-Liquid Batteries.

Chemical systems may be maintained far from equilibrium by sequestering otherwise reactive species into different microenvironments. It remains a significant challenge to control the amount of chemical energy stored in such systems and to utilize it on demand to perform useful work. Here, we show that redox-active molecules compartmentalized in multiphasic structured-liquid devices can be charged and discharged to power a load on an external circuit. The two liquid phases of these devices feature charge-complementary polyelectrolytes that serve a dual purpose: they generate an ionically conductive coacervate membrane at the liquid-liquid interface, providing structural support; they also mitigate active-material crossover between phases via ion pairing with the oppositely charged anolyte and catholyte active materials. Structured-liquid batteries enabled by this design were rechargeable over hundreds of hours. We envision that these devices may be integrated with soft electronics to enable functional circuits for smart textiles, medical implants, and wearables.

A case of chimerism-induced paternity confusion: what ART practitioners can do to prevent future calamity for families.

In the fertility clinic setting, a negative DNA paternity test result usually suggests a sample mix-up likely occurred at the testing company or in the clinic. However, we report a case where, despite repeat negative paternity test results, the alleged father (referred to as "the proband") was confirmed to be the baby's father. The proband, a 34 year-old male, contacted our research group when routine blood testing revealed discrepant blood types between the parents and the baby, repeat paternity tests were negative (excluding the proband as the baby's father), and the fertility clinic found no evidence of any wrongdoing. Microarray technology was utilized to confirm biological relatedness, which revealed an avuncular (uncle/nephew) relationship. Additional tissue samples were analyzed and family studies were conducted at paternity and forensic laboratories using STR-based DNA tests to elucidate the proband's condition of congenital tetragametic chimerism. His paternity was subsequently affirmed and the fertility clinic exonerated of claims of a semen sample mix-up. This case underscores the possibility that some allegations of fertility clinic missteps may be explained by undiagnosed chimerism, a condition where an individual harbors two distinct genomes. We offer specific suggestions for improving laboratory reporting and creating clinical guidelines to aid in identifying and rectifying future cases of false exclusions of paternity due to chimerism.

Acute Simple Elbow Dislocations in the United States: An Epidemiological Analysis of Trends Including COVID-19.

Background Elbows are one of the most frequently dislocated large joints; however, there is limited epidemiological data, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study characterizes elbow dislocations presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) over the last decade. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive, epidemiologic analysis of isolated elbow dislocations presenting to EDs from 2011-2020 using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database. Patients under 10, those with radial head subluxation, and those with complex fractures were excluded. Data on incidence ratios, patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, and incident locales were analyzed. Results Approximately 83,996 simple, primary elbow dislocations occurred from 2011-2020 (n=2,328), generating an incidence of 2.98/100,000 person-years. Incidence was higher among males (3.26 versus 2.69/100,000 person-years). Dislocations peaked in patients aged 10-19, with higher rates in males (11.12 versus 5.31/100,000 person-years; injury rate ratio 2.09, CI=2.05-2.14, p<0.001). Rates of elbow dislocations decreased with age in males (age 20-29=11.12, age >80=0.63/100,000) but increased in females over 40 (age 40-49=1.59, age 70-79=2.83/100,000). Athletic activities accounted for 55% of dislocations (n=45,902), with 15% from football and 14% from wrestling. The fewest annual dislocations occurred during COVID-19 (n=6440). Injuries occurring at schools and during contact and indoor sports decreased, while those from soccer increased. Conclusions Elbow dislocations are common, with trends of decreasing incidence with age among men and increasing incidence in women over 40. COVID-19 impacted sports-related and epidemiologic injury patterns. Ultimately, understanding population-level risks for elbow dislocations enables orthopaedic surgeons to predict injury trends and conceive educational preventative measures.

Evaluation of a Military Global Health Engagement Mission for Critical Wartime Surgical Specialty Readiness.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical volume at Military Treatment Facilities (MTFs) has been gradually decreasing for roughly the past 2 decades. The Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) Clinical Readiness Program linked surgical volume and readiness using a tool known as the KSA metric. However, the extent to which military medical missions contribute to the readiness of critical wartime specialties has not been evaluated using this metric. METHODS: In this study, a retrospective analysis was conducted using the surgical case logs from the US Naval Ship (USNS) Comfort missions in 2018 and 2019. The comprehensive case log data were categorized by year, surgeon, procedure, and location. The analysis focused on providing detailed descriptive statistics, including percentages pertaining to the types of procedures performed during these missions. The 2018 mission was 11 weeks in duration, and supported activities in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Honduras. The USNS Comfort mission in 2019 lasted 6 months (June-November 2019), and visited 12 countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. RESULTS: The 2019 mission case log, spanning 6 months, was evaluated using the KSA score in order to assess readiness and compare against 6 months of MTF KSA values within the same calendar year. In 2019, the orthopedic surgeon aboard the USNS Comfort had a total KSA score of 44,006, but the 6-month USNS Comfort mission only contributed 5,364 points (12% of the annual score). The general surgery practice aboard the USNS Comfort produced lower KSA scores compared to each surgeon's respective MTF practice (Table III). Analyzing the cases logged by general surgeons also highlights minimal surgical diversity during these missions, with more than 90% of cases being hernia repairs or laparoscopic cholecystectomies (Table I). In addition, 35% of total procedures performed in 2018 and 2019 were performed laparoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of operative data from the 2019 USNS Comfort mission, in comparison with the surgeons' work at their respective MTFs, reveals limited benefit in the ability of hospital-ship missions to bolster surgical readiness as measured by the KSA score. However, this is not a reflection on the value of Global Health Engagement (GHE) itself but a review of the way in which it is leveraged to support surgical readiness. Military surgeons participate in GHE as part of a larger strategy to strengthen relationships with partner nations, improve military medical force interoperability, and bolster partner nation medical capacity and capabilities. The KSA score offers an excellent tool to compare readiness metrics across significantly different GHE missions, and facilitates the opportunity for future prospective studies to improve case volume, diversity, and ultimately readiness.

Global assessment of military and civilian trauma systems integration: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The global burden of trauma disproportionately affects low-income countries and middle-income countries (LMIC), with variability in trauma systems between countries. Military and civilian healthcare systems have a shared interest in building trauma capacity for use during peace and war. However, in LMICs it is largely unknown if and how these entities work together. Understanding the successful integration of these systems can inform partnerships that can strengthen trauma care. This scoping review aims to identify examples of military-civilian trauma systems integration and describe the methods, domains, and indicators associated with integration including barriers and facilitators. METHODS: A scoping review of all appropriate databases was performed to identify papers with evidence of military and civilian trauma systems integration. After manuscripts were selected for inclusion, relevant data was extracted and coded into methods of integration, domains of integration, and collected information regarding indicators of integration, which were further categorized into facilitators or barriers. RESULTS: Seventy-four studies were included with authors from 18 countries describing experiences in 23 countries. There was a predominance of authorship and experiences from High-Income Countries (91.9 and 75.7%, respectively). Five key domains of integration were identified; Academic Integration was the most common (45.9%). Among indicators, the most common facilitator was administrative support and the lack of this was the most common barrier. The most common method of integration was Collaboration (50%). CONCLUSION: Current evidence demonstrates the existence of military and civilian trauma systems integration in several countries. High-income country data dominates the literature, and thus a more robust understanding of trauma systems integration, inclusive of all geographic locations and income statuses, is necessary prior to development of a framework to guide integration. Nonetheless, the facilitators identified in this study describe the factors and environment in which integration is feasible and highlight optimal indicators of entry.

[Cp2TiCH2CHMe(SiMe3)]+, an alkyl-titanium complex which (a) exists in equilibrium between a ß-agostic and a lower energy γ-agostic isomer and (b) undergoes hydrogen atom exchange between α-, ß-, and γ-sites via a combination of conventional ß-hydrogen elimination-reinsertion and a nonconventional CH bond activation process which involves proton tunnelling.

The compound [Cp2Ti(Me)(CD2Cl2)][B(C6F5)4] reacts with trimethylvinylsilane (TMVS) to form the 1,2-insertion product [Cp2TiCH2CHMe(SiMe3)](+) (III), which exists in solution as equilibrating ß- and γ-agostic isomers. In addition, while free rotation of the ß-methyl group results in a single, averaged γ-H atom resonance at higher temperatures, decoalescence occurs below ~200 K, and the resonance of the γ-agostic hydrogen atom at δ ~ -7.4 is observed. Reaction of [Cp2Ti(CD3)(CD2Cl2)](+) with TMVS results in the formation of [Cp2TiCH2CH(CD3)(SiMe3)](+), which converts, via reversible ß-elimination, to an equilibrium mixture of specifically [Cp2TiCH2CH(CD3)(SiMe3)](+) and [Cp2TiCD2CD(CH3)(SiMe3)](+). Complementing this conventional process, exchange spectroscopy experiments show that the ß-H atom of [Cp2TiCH2CHMe(SiMe3)](+) undergoes exchange with the three hydrogen atoms of the ß-methyl group (ß-H/γ-H exchange) but not with the two α-H atoms. This exchange process is completely shut down when [Cp2TiCH2CH(CD3)(SiMe3)](+) is used, suggesting an H/D kinetic isotope effect much larger (apparently >16,000) than the maximum possible for an over-the-barrier process. It is proposed that ß-H/γ-H exchange is facilitated by quantum mechanical proton tunnelling in which a hydrogen atom of the 2-methyl group of the alkene-hydride deinsertion product [Cp2TiH{CH2═CMe(SiMe3)}](+) undergoes reversible exchange with the hydride ligand via the allyl dihydrogen species [Cp2TiH2{(η(3)-CH2C(SiMe3)CH2}](+). Complementing these findings, DFT calculations were carried out to obtain energies and NMR parameters for all relevant species and thence to obtain better insight into the agostic preference(s) of complex III and the observed exchange processes. In all cases where comparisons between experimental and calculated data were possible, agreement was excellent.

Informatics-based, highly accurate, noninvasive prenatal paternity testing.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an informatics-based, noninvasive, prenatal paternity test using array-based single-nucleotide polymorphism measurements of cell-free DNA isolated from maternal plasma. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 21 adult pregnant women (with gestational ages between 6 and 21 weeks), and a genetic sample was taken from the corresponding biological fathers. Paternity was confirmed by genetic testing of the infant, products of conception, control of fertilization, and/or preimplantation genetic diagnosis during in vitro fertilization. Parental DNA samples and maternal plasma cell-free DNA were amplified and analyzed using a HumanCytoSNP-12 array. An informatics-based method measured single-nucleotide polymorphism data, confirming or rejecting paternity. Each plasma sample with a sufficient fetal cell-free DNA fraction was independently tested against the confirmed father and 1,820 random, unrelated males. RESULTS: One of the 21 samples had insufficient fetal cell-free DNA. The test correctly confirmed paternity for the remaining 20 samples (100%) when tested against the biological father, with P values of <10(-4). For the 36,400 tests using an unrelated male as the alleged father, 99.95% (36,382) correctly excluded paternity and 0.05% (18) were indeterminate. There were no miscalls. CONCLUSION: A noninvasive paternity test using informatics-based analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism array measurements accurately determined paternity early in pregnancy.

Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinosis With Polyurethane Urea-Based Matrix Augmentation.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment for insertional Achilles tendinosis (IAT) sometimes requires tendon repair augmentation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of polycaprolactone-based polyurethane urea (PUUR) matrix augmentation in the treatment of IAT. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed in surgically treated IAT. Repairs were augmented with a PUUR matrix. Factors evaluated included date of full weightbearing, patient satisfaction, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, strength, and ankle motion. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare baseline and final follow-up VAS scores. RESULTS: A total of 18 cases were included in the study. The mean patient age was 54.61 ± 8.25 (40-75) years with a mean follow-up of 163.61 ± 57.81 (92-314) days. Patient satisfaction was obtained on 15 of 18 patients, with 14 patients satisfied with their outcome. Mean VAS for pain significantly decreased from 6.19 ± 1.97 (2.5-9) to 0.83 ± 1.54 (0-5) postoperatively, which was statistically significant (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Achilles tendon augmentation with the PUUR matrix is a viable option in the treatment of IAT. Its use in this condition has minimal morbidity and can be an alternative to other forms of augmentation. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level IV: Retrospective case series.

Glenoid microfracture in active-duty military patients: minimum 5-year follow-up demonstrates 75% survival.

Background: To present midterm patient-reported outcomes and survivorship data of active-duty military patients undergoing microfracture for full-thickness cartilage defects of the glenoid. Methods: All consecutive patients from January 2013 through December 2016 who underwent glenoid microfracture for full-thickness cartilage injuries with complete outcome scores were identified. Twenty patients met the final inclusion criteria for the study, and all were active-duty military at the time of surgery. A separate subgroup analysis was performed to determine if dominant-shoulder involvement portends worse outcomes. Results: The mean follow-up was 81.45 ± 19.43 months (range, 60-108). Of the 20 patients, 5 required a secondary surgical procedure within 5 years of their index procedure, with an average time to failure of 45.6 ± 13.15 months. For the 15 patients who did not fail, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (57.20 vs. 88.27, P < .0001) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (45.00 vs. 86.33, P < .0001). Mean pain decreased significantly as measured by the pain visual analog scale (5.40 vs. 1.37, P < .0001). Range of motion in forward elevation, external rotation, and internal rotation did not change significantly postoperatively (P = .4528, .4810, and .1919, respectively). Concomitant procedures did not predict changes in pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, or Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores. A majority of patients (13/20, 65%) were able to remain on unrestricted military active-duty service, but 7 (35%) underwent medical discharge, including the 5 patients who had experienced treatment failure, plus 2 additional patients. Conclusion: Glenoid microfracture can result in pain relief and symptomatic improvement for a select group of active-duty military patients, with 75% survivorship at 5 years. Approximately one in three (35%) patients, however, were unable to remain on active-duty military service.

AOA Critical Issues: Perceptions on the State of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Survey of the AOA Membership.

BACKGROUND: Orthopaedic surgery continues to trail other specialties in increasing diversity among its physician workforce. Various efforts have been and are currently being made to not only increase diversity, but also promote equity and inclusion in the field. The purpose of this study was to survey members of the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA) to determine how leaders in orthopaedics view diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) at the present time and to understand their perspective while moving into the future. METHODS: An anonymous 11-question survey was disseminated online to AOA members in May 2022. These individuals were identified by the AOA membership directory and the email ListServe. The survey included free-response and multiple-choice questions. Demographic information was self-identified, and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 1,657 AOA members who were provided the survey, 262 (15.8%) responded. Approximately 29.5% (77) and 45.6% (119) of the surveyed population ranked "retention of underrepresented populations in orthopaedic residency (women, URiM)" as "very important" or "absolutely essential," respectively. The answers to the free-response questions identified multiple core themes that responders were passionate about, namely resident and attending physician recruitment and retention, as well as resident selection. CONCLUSIONS: Leaders in the field of orthopaedic surgery desire for action to be taken in the field of DEI. The findings of this survey denote positive attitudes even though many inequalities still pervade the field of orthopaedics. Through mentorship, objective evaluation, transparency, and continued intentional action, orthopaedic surgery is well-positioned to continue to move forward with DEI.

A 25-Year Analysis of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Research in Orthopaedics Shows Majority Female Authorship and Increasing Gender Parity Research.

Introduction: Orthopaedic surgery is one of the least diverse fields in medicine. In recent decades, there has been a concerted effort to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the specialty, in addition to the institution of several organizations to establish the pipeline and facilitate underrepresented minority students into orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to examine trends in orthopaedic surgery DEI research. Methods: A search of DEI articles was conducted in orthopaedic surgery using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Education Resources Information Center. The year of publication, article topic of focus, sex of the primary author, publishing journal, citation index, and primary contributing institution were recorded for each article. Sex of the primary author was predicted by the authors using an online image search of the author and institution. Articles were excluded if the research was conducted outside of the United States or if they were not specific to orthopaedic surgery. Results: A total of 143 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 52.4% of authors (n = 75) were women and 44.1% (n = 63) were men. A total of 42.7% of the articles were written about sex (n = 61), 39.9% about race/ethnicity and sex (n = 57), and 11.9% about race/ethnicity (n = 17). A total of 10 articles were affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis while 51 other institutions wrote the remaining articles, with none having more than 4. Information could not be confirmed for 5 articles. In 2018, 5 articles were published, followed by 17 in 2019, 25 in 2020, 34 in 2021, and 30 in 2022. Conclusion: DEI research in orthopaedic surgery is a relatively new venture within the specialty and has room to grow, specifically in the examination of race/ethnicity and inclusion strategies. Leading journals and academic institutions in orthopaedic surgery should incentivize productivity and authorship in DEI research. Level of Evidence: III.

Pipeline to Military Orthopaedic Leadership: 20 Years of Race and Gender Diversity Trends Within Military Orthopaedic Surgery Fellowship Training.

Background: The lack of trainees from underrepresented race and gender backgrounds in orthopaedic surgery fellowship training has been well reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic trends of federally sponsored military orthopaedic surgery fellows in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. We hypothesize that there has been an increase in women selected for fellowship but that there has been no change in the race demographics of military fellows over the past 2 decades. Methods: A retrospective review of all available demographic data collected by the Army, Air Force, and Navy since the beginning of tracking federally funded fellowship training in orthopaedic surgery was completed (1998-2021). Data were grouped into 4-year periods for analysis to closely mirror the military assignment cycle. Results: Three hundred sixty-two military orthopaedic surgery fellowship board selectees were included in our analysis. The proportion of women fellows increased from 3% (n = 2/69) over 2001 to 2004 to 21% (n = 17/82) during 2017 to 2020 (p < 0.05). Fellows who identified as White comprised 82% (n = 297) of the cohort during the study period. Individuals who identified as Asian were the next highest proportion of fellows at 4% (n = 16), followed by Black (n = 14, 4%) and Hispanic (n = 13, 3%). Individuals who identified as Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander represented 1% (n = 3), and an additional 6% (n = 20) fellows identified as "other" or "undeclared." Over the 20-year study period, representation of Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian, and Hispanic fellows did not increase (p = 0.79, 0.81, 0.45, 0.34, respectively). Conclusions: Within military orthopaedics, there has been increased representation of women in fellowship training over the past 20 years. However, the proportion of fellows from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups has remained stagnant. One barrier to improving gender and race representation is the currently imprecise and inconsistent collection of demographic information. Importantly, fellowship training has a direct effect on future leadership opportunities within the military orthopaedic surgery community. A more diverse leadership may help to inspire future generations of military orthopaedic surgeons. Level of Evidence: IV.

Incidence of sports-related sternoclavicular joint dislocations in the United States over the last two decades.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological understanding of acute sternoclavicular (SC) dislocations secondary to sports across the United States is poorly defined. AIM: To identify and assess epidemiological trends of SC dislocations occurring secondary to sports-related mechanisms across United States over the past two decades. METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive epidemiological study evaluates epidemiological trends of SC dislocations from sports that present to emergency departments (EDs) across the United States. Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database spanning two decades. Data on incidence, patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, dislocation types, incident locales, and patient dispositions were collected. RESULTS: 1622 SC dislocations occurred nationwide from 2001 to 2020 [incidence = 0.262/1000000 people, confidence interval (CI) = 0.250-0.275], comprising 0.1% of shoulder/upper trunk dislocations. Most patients were male (91%, n = 1480) and aged 5-17 (61%, n = 982). Football, wrestling, and biking were the most frequently implicated sports, with contact sports responsible for 59% of athletic injuries (n = 961). Recreational vehicle-related sports injuries, such as all-terrain vehicles, dirt bikes, and mopeds accounted for 7.8% of all injuries (n = 126), with dirt bikes specifically comprising 3.7% (n = 61). Ultimately, 82% were discharged from the ED (n = 1337), 12% were admitted (n = 194), and 6% were transferred (n = 90). All recorded posterior dislocations were admitted or transferred from the ED. Patients sustaining SC dislocations from contact sports had a significantly increased risk of hospital admission or transfer rather than discharge from the ED as compared to patients whose injuries were from non-contact sports (incidence rate ratio = 1.46, CI: = 1.32-1.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: SC dislocations from sports continue to be rare with a stably low incidence over the past two decades, likely comprising a smaller proportion of shoulder dislocations than previously thought. Contact sports are a frequent source of injury, especially among school-aged and teenage males. Most patients are discharged directly from the ED; however, a substantial number are hospitalized, many of which had documented posterior dislocations. Ultimately, understanding the epidemiology and mechanism-related trends of acute SC dislocations is important given the potential severity of these injuries, concentration in a specific population, and uncertainty linked to rare presentation.

The last days: The medical response of United States and allied military teams during the Afghanistan Exodus.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to describe the United States and allied military medical response during the withdrawal from Afghanistan. BACKGROUND: The military withdrawal from Afghanistan concluded with severe hostilities resulting in numerous civilian and military casualties. The clinical care provided by coalition forces capitalized on decades of lessons learned and enabled unprecedented accomplishments. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational analysis, casualty numbers, and operative information was collected and reported from military medical assets in Kabul, Afghanistan. The continuum of medical care and the trauma system, from the point of injury back to the United States was captured and described. RESULTS: Prior to a large suicide bombing resulting in a mass casualty event, the international medical teams managed distinct 45 trauma incidents involving nearly 200 combat and non-combat civilian and military patients over the preceding 3 months. Military medical personnel treated 63 casualties from the Kabul airport suicide attack and performed 15 trauma operations. US air transport teams evacuated 37 patients within 15 hours of the attack. CONCLUSION: Lessons learned from the last 20 years of combat casualty care were successfully implemented during the culmination of the Afghanistan conflict. Ultimately, the effort, teamwork, and system adaptability exemplify not only the attitudes and character of service members who provide modern combat casualty care but also the paramount importance of the battlefield learning health care system. A continued posture to maintain military surgical preparedness in unique environments remain crucial as the US military prepares for the future.Retrospective observational analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level V.

A molecular classification of moles and its use in filiation tests.

Pregnancies, including ones that follow sexual assaults, occasionally produce hydatidiform moles. The alleged fathers (AFs) of moles have been tested for paternity by identifying the mole's locus phenotype-the one or two visible paternal obligate alleles (POAs) per locus. The probability that the mole inherited the POAs from the AF was divided by the probability that the mole inherited the POAs from a random man. This likelihood ratio (LR) would increase if the mole's specific genotype was known. Moles are generated in five different ways that produce five distinct genotypes. Examining a mole's multilocus STR profile reveals a mole's pathogenesis, determines locus genotypes, and increases paternity LRs.

Lower Reoperation and Higher Return-to-Sport Rates After Biceps Tenodesis Versus SLAP Repair in Young Patients: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To evaluate patient-reported outcomes, return to sport, and adverse events after SLAP repair versus biceps tenodesis (BT) in a young patient population undergoing treatment of SLAP tears. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), and Web of Science databases for comparative studies discussing outcomes after SLAP repair and BT in patients younger than 40 years with at least 1 year of follow-up. Results: Four studies were included, comprising a total of 274 patients who underwent treatment of SLAP tears with SLAP repair (169 patients) or BT (105 patients). Most patients were male patients (79.8%) and athletes (74.5%). Preoperative and postoperative pain visual analog scale scores decreased similarly in both groups (range, 6.6-6.7 preoperatively to 0.8-2.6 postoperatively in SLAP repair group vs 5.6-7.3 preoperatively to 0.7-1.9 postoperatively in BT group). Similar and substantial American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment score increases were observed after both procedures (range, 40.6-45.8 preoperatively to 75.4-92.0 postoperatively in SLAP repair vs 41.9-55.0 preoperatively to 85.7-91.2 postoperatively in BT group). Patient satisfaction rates were similar but showed slightly higher ranges after BT (8.5-8.8 vs 8.0-8.2). Rates of return to sport were higher after BT (63%-85% vs 50%-76%), with higher odds of returning to sport after BT reported by all studies. Surgical complications were rare after SLAP repair and BT. Rates of reoperation were substantially higher after SLAP repair (3%-15% vs 0%-6%), with 3 of 4 studies reporting no reoperations after BT. BT comprised 78% to 100% of reoperation procedures after SLAP repair. Conclusions: Postoperative pain, function, and patient satisfaction were similar after SLAP repair and BT in patients younger than 40 years. There are higher rates of reoperation and lower rates of return to sport after SLAP repair than after BT. Level of Evidence: Level III, systematic review of Level III studies.

Molecular Engineering of Polyoxovanadate-Alkoxide Clusters and Microporous Polymer Membranes to Prevent Crossover in Redox-Flow Batteries.

The ongoing development of redox-active charge carriers for nonaqueous redox-flow batteries has led to energy-dense storage concepts and chemistries with high cell voltages. However, rarely are these candidates for flowable energy storage evaluated in tandem with cell separators compatible with organic solvent, limiting progress in the identification of suitable charge carrier-separator pairings. This is important, as the efficiency of a redox-flow battery is dictated by extent of active species crossover through a separator, dividing the two cells, and the contribution of the separator to cell resistance. Here, we report the size-dependent crossover behavior of a series of redox-active vanadium(III) acetoacetonate, and two polyoxovanadate-alkoxide clusters, [V6O7(OR)12] (R = CH3, C5H11) through separators derived from polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs). We find that highly efficacious active-material blocking requires both increasing the size of the vanadium species and restricting pore swelling of the PIMs in nonaqueous electrolyte. Notably, increasing the size of the vanadium species does not significantly affect its redox reversibility, and reducing swelling decreases the conductivity of the separator by only 50%. By pairing polyoxometalate clusters with PIM membranes in nonaqueous redox-flow batteries, more efficient systems may well be within reach.