Shell neurons of the master circadian clock coordinate the phase of tissue clocks throughout the brain and body.

BACKGROUND: Daily rhythms in mammals are programmed by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN contains two main compartments (shell and core), but the role of each region in system-level coordination remains ill defined. Herein, we use a functional assay to investigate how downstream tissues interpret region-specific outputs by using in vivo exposure to long day photoperiods to temporally dissociate the SCN. We then analyze resulting changes in the rhythms of clocks located throughout the brain and body to examine whether they maintain phase synchrony with the SCN shell or core. RESULTS: Nearly all of the 17 tissues examined in the brain and body maintain phase synchrony with the SCN shell, but not the SCN core, which indicates that downstream oscillators are set by cues controlled specifically by the SCN shell. Interestingly, we also found that SCN dissociation diminished the amplitude of rhythms in core clock gene and protein expression in brain tissues by 50-75 %, which suggests that light-driven changes in the functional organization of the SCN markedly influence the strength of rhythms in downstream tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results reveal that body clocks receive time-of-day cues specifically from the SCN shell, which may be an adaptive design principle that serves to maintain system-level phase relationships in a changing environment. Further, we demonstrate that lighting conditions alter the amplitude of the molecular clock in downstream tissues, which uncovers a new form of plasticity that may contribute to seasonal changes in physiology and behavior.

"I'm Going to Shut Down All of Your Tricks": Depictions of Treatment Professionals in Addiction Entertainment.

BACKGROUND: Previous research on addiction themed reality television shows has focused on the depiction of addiction and treatment and has concluded that these shows reinforce stigma. Existing research has not investigated the depiction of treatment professionals in these series. OBJECTIVES: This study fills the gap in existing research by analyzing the representations of treatment professionals in reality television shows, including the ways that the shows are edited, the statements made by treatment professionals, and interactions between treatment professionals and laypersons. METHODS: The data for this study was drawn from two popular reality shows Intervention and Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. Using a total of 117 episodes, a qualitative content analysis of the representations of treatment professionals in the two series was conducted. RESULTS: The data reveal the ways that depictions of treatment professionals are carefully controlled compared to those of people with substance use issues. In addition, treatment professionals are granted opportunities to interpret, explain, and diagnose the behaviors and experiences of people with substance use problem. Finally, when confronted with resistance treatment professionals assert their authority and demand compliance with their orders. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: In strategically presenting treatment professionals in sharp contrast to people with substance use problems, these portrayals of treatment professionals actually reinforce rather than contradict the stigma of addiction.

Mapping the Anti-Cancer Activity of α-Connexin Carboxyl-Terminal (aCT1) Peptide in Resistant HER2+ Breast Cancer.

Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a protein encoded by the GJA1 gene and is a component of cell membrane structures called gap junctions, which facilitate intercellular communication. Prior evidence indicates that elevated GJA1 expression in the HER2-positive (HER2+) subtype of breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Prior evidence also suggests that HER2+ breast cancers that have become refractory to HER2-targeted agents have a loss of Cx43 gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). In this study, a Cx43-targeted agent called alpha-connexin carboxyl-terminal peptide (aCT1) is examined to determine whether GJIC can be rescued in refractory HER2+ breast cancer cells. A proposed mechanism of action for aCT1 is binding to the tight junction protein Zonal Occludens-1 (ZO-1). However, the true scope of activity for aCT1 has not been explored. In this study, mass spectrometry proteomic analysis is used to determine the breadth of aCT1-interacting proteins. The NanoString nCounter Breast Cancer 360 panel is also used to examine the effect of aCT1 on cancer signaling in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Findings from this study show a dynamic range of binding partners for aCT1, many of which regulate gene expression and RNA biology. nCounter analysis shows that a number of pathways are significantly impacted by aCT1, including upregulation of apoptotic factors, leading to the prediction and demonstration that aCT1 can boost the cell death effects of cisplatin and lapatinib in HER2+ breast cancer cells that have become resistant to HER2-targeted agents.

The localized inflammatory response to bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation.

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation (BTVA) reduces lung volumes in emphysema patients by inducing a localized inflammatory response (LIR) leading to a healing process of fibrosis, but may also increase symptoms. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate whether the clinical manifestation of LIR correlated with patient outcome. METHODS: Respiratory adverse events and inflammatory markers were analyzed from a multicenter trial of BTVA in patients with upper-lobe-predominant emphysema. End points including changes in forced expiratory flow (FEV1), lobar volume, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and 6-minute-walk distance (6-MWD) were analyzed according to the presence or absence of a respiratory adverse event requiring treatment with an antibiotic or steroid. RESULTS: Forty-four patients received BTVA. Increases of inflammatory markers were observed with a peak between the second and fourth week. Eighteen respiratory adverse events occurred in 16 patients within 30 days of BTVA, requiring antibiotics and/or steroids. These patients had significantly greater lobar volume reduction (65.3 vs. 33.4%, p = 0.007) and a change in residual volume at 12 months (-933 vs. 13 ml, p < 0.001) associated with a greater improvement of exercise capacity and health-related quality of life than patients without respiratory adverse events. CONCLUSION: Patients with more prominent respiratory symptoms in the first 30 days following BTVA experience greater efficacy. The clinical manifestations of the LIR are predictive of long-term clinical benefits.

Goffman on the jury: real jurors' attention to the "offstage" of trials.

Social psychologist Erving Goffman, in his classic work The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, provides a framework that explains why jurors may turn their attention at the courthouse to information not formally presented from the witness stand. We dub this "offstage observation," a type of juror behavior that has not been systematically examined empirically. Analyzing a unique data source of 50 actual jury deliberations in civil trials, we find that jurors do look to the offstage in evaluating the claims of the parties. However, in contrast to predictions, these observations played a surprisingly minor role in the jury deliberation process.

Long days enhance recognition memory and increase insulin-like growth factor 2 in the hippocampus.

Light improves cognitive function in humans; however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying positive effects of light remain unclear. One obstacle is that most rodent models have employed lighting conditions that cause cognitive deficits rather than improvements. Here we have developed a mouse model where light improves cognitive function, which provides insight into mechanisms underlying positive effects of light. To increase light exposure without eliminating daily rhythms, we exposed mice to either a standard photoperiod or a long day photoperiod. Long days enhanced long-term recognition memory, and this effect was abolished by loss of the photopigment melanopsin. Further, long days markedly altered hippocampal clock function and elevated transcription of Insulin-like Growth Factor2 (Igf2). Up-regulation of Igf2 occurred in tandem with suppression of its transcriptional repressor Wilm's tumor1. Consistent with molecular de-repression of Igf2, IGF2 expression was increased in the hippocampus before and after memory training. Lastly, long days occluded IGF2-induced improvements in recognition memory. Collectively, these results suggest that light changes hippocampal clock function to alter memory, highlighting novel mechanisms that may contribute to the positive effects of light. Furthermore, this study provides insight into how the circadian clock can regulate hippocampus-dependent learning by controlling molecular processes required for memory consolidation.

Ets-2 interacts with co-repressor BS69 to repress target gene expression.

BACKGROUND: The ETS-family of proteins consists of over 30 members that regulate the growth, differentiation and survival of both normal and tumor cells. How specificity is achieved within this family remains largely unresolved. One mechanism for attaining specificity is through the action of signaling pathways on specific family members. For example, Ets-2 is an activator modulated by ras-dependent phosphorylation of a single residue in the conserved pointed domain of this factor. We hypothesized that phosphorylation of the pointed domain regulates the proteins that can interact with ets-2 in the cell nucleus, resulting in regulation of target genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a combination of biochemical assays, yeast two-hybrid screens and transfection assays to identify and characterize proteins interacting with the pointed domain. RESULTS: BS69, a known co-repressor, was identified in a yeast two hybrid screen as an ets-2 interacting partner. BS69 can interact with ets-2 in vivo and phosphorylation of the ets-2 pointed domain decreased the interaction with BS69 in vitro. In transfection assays, co-expression of ets-2 and BS69 resulted in repression of defined ets-2 target genes. CONCLUSION: These results support a role for ets-2 as a repressor and indicate that BS69 is required as co-repressor. Phosphorylation of ets-2 may switch its activity from repressor to activator by interfering with formation of the BS69 complex.

Tracking regional tissue volume and function change in lung using image registration.

We have previously demonstrated the 24-hour redistribution and reabsorption of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid delivered to the lung during a bronchoscopic procedure in normal volunteers. In this work we utilize image-matching procedures to correlate fluid redistribution and reabsorption to changes in regional lung function. Lung CT datasets from six human subjects were used in this study. Each subject was scanned at four time points before and after BAL procedure. Image registration was performed to align images at different time points and different inflation levels. The resulting dense displacement fields were utilized to track tissue volume changes and reveal deformation patterns of local parenchymal tissue quantitatively. The registration accuracy was assessed by measuring landmark matching errors, which were on the order of 1 mm. The results show that quantitative-assessed fluid volume agreed well with bronchoscopist-reported unretrieved BAL volume in the whole lungs (squared linear correlation coefficient was 0.81). The average difference of lung tissue volume at baseline and after 24 hours was around 2%, which indicates that BAL fluid in the lungs was almost absorbed after 24 hours. Regional lung-function changes correlated with the presence of BAL fluid, and regional function returned to baseline as the fluid was reabsorbed.

Characterization of outcomes 1 year after endoscopic thermal vapor ablation for patients with heterogeneous emphysema.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic lung volume reduction has been developed as a therapeutic option for advanced emphysema. Six-month results following treatment with endoscopic thermal vapor ablation (InterVapor; Uptake Medical, Tustin, CA) were described previously, and here we report observations from the 12-month assessment. METHODS: Two multicenter, international, single-arm trials of InterVapor (unilateral upper lobe treatment) in patients with upper lobe predominant emphysema were conducted. INCLUSION CRITERIA: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) 15%-45% predicted, residual volume > 150%, total lung capacity > 100%, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) > 140 m, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide > 20% predicted. Efficacy endpoints: spirometry, body plethysmography, lung volumes by high-resolution computed tomography, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, and 6MWD. All adverse events were collected and independently adjudicated. RESULTS: Forty four patients were treated at a mean (standard deviation) age of 63 (5.6) years, FEV(1) 0.86 mL (0.25 mL) (n = 22 men and 22 women). Mean (standard deviation) changes from baseline at 12 months were: FEV(1) 86.2 mL (173.8 mL), St George's Respiratory Questionnaire -11.0 (14.0) units, treated lobar volume from high-resolution computed tomography -751.8 mL (653.9 mL), residual volume -302.8 mL (775.6 mL), 6MWD 18.5 m (63.7 m), and modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale score -0.83 (0.97) (P < 0.05 for all except 6MWD). Improvements were numerically larger at 6 versus 12 months. GOLD stage III and IV patients had similar outcomes at 6 months; however, improvements relative to baseline were numerically higher in GOLD stage IV patients. Larger improvements were observed in patients with higher heterogeneity. In total, 39 serious adverse events were reported in 23 patients with 10 events in 8 patients between 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION: Unilateral lobar InterVapor treatment of heterogeneous emphysema improved lung function and health outcomes 1 year following treatment. The magnitude of improvement was larger at 6 months compared to 12 months. Improvements relative to baseline continue to be exhibited at 12 months despite the expected disease related decline over time.

Effect of segmental bronchoalveolar lavage on quantitative computed tomography of the lung.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: With employment of both multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and endobronchial procedures in multicenter studies, effects of timing of endobronchial procedures on quantitative imaging (Q-MDCT) metrics is a question of increasing importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six subjects were studied via MDCT at baseline, immediately following and at 4 hours and 24 hours post-bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (right middle lobe and lingula). Through quantitative image analysis, non-air, or "tissue" volume (TV) in each lung and lobe was recorded. Change in TV from baseline was used to infer retention and redistribution of lavage fluid. RESULTS: Bronchoscopist reported unrecovered BAL volume correlated well with Q-MDCT for whole lung measures, but less well with individual lobes indicating redistribution. TV in all lobes except the right lower lobe differed significantly (P < .05) from baseline immediately post lavage. At 24 hours, all lobes except the left lower lobe (small 1% mean difference at 24 hours) returned to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest fluid movement affecting Q-MDCT metrics between lobes and between lungs before eventual resolution, and preclude protocols involving the lavage of one lung and imaging of the other to avoid interactions. We demonstrate that Q-MDCT is sensitive to lavage fluid retention and redistribution, and endobronchial procedures should not precede Q-MDCT imaging by less than 24 hours.

Ets-2 and components of mammalian SWI/SNF form a repressor complex that negatively regulates the BRCA1 promoter.

Ets-2 is a transcriptional activator that can be modulated by ras-dependent phosphorylation. Evidence is presented indicating that ets-2 can also act as a transcriptional repressor. In the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, exogenous ets-2 repressed the activity of a BRCA1 promoter-luciferase reporter dependent on a conserved ets-2-binding site in this promoter. Conditional overproduction of ets-2 in MCF-7 cells resulted in repression of endogenous BRCA1 mRNA expression. To address the mechanism by which ets-2 could act as a repressor, a biochemical approach was used to identify proteins that interacted with the ets-2 pointed domain. From this analysis, components of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex were found to interact with ets-2. Brg-1, the ATP-hydrolyzing component of the SWI/SNF complex, along with the BAF57/p50 and Ini1 subunits could be co-immunoprecipitated from cells with ets-2. The pointed domain of ets-2 directly interacted in vitro with the C-terminal region of Brg-1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The combination of Brg-1 and ets-2 could repress the BRCA1 promoter reporter in transfection assays. These results support a role for ets-2 as a repressor and indicate that components of the mammalian SNF/SWI complex are required as co-repressors.